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DOWNLOAD TORRENT- FILME  E LEGENDA Sinopse: Na casa dos irmãos Andi (Emma Roberts) e Bruce (Jake T. Austin) há uma rígida regra: é proibido ter animais de estimação. Isto faz com que eles sempre tenham que arrumar meios para esconder Sexta-feira, seu cachorro faminto. Um dia eles encontram, por acaso, um hotel abandonado onde já vivem dois cães de rua. Os irmãos chamam seus amigos e, juntos, decidem transformar o local em um hotel para vira-latas. Repleto de adoráveis cães, um grupo de garotos espertos e objetos engenhosos, esta comovente aventura vai fazer todo mundo pensar: quem deixou os cachorros entrarem? Baseado no romance infantil "Lost Treasures: Hotel for Dogs" escrito por Lois Duncan em 1971. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: Hotel for Dogs País de Origem: USA Gênero: Comédia Tempo de Duração: 100 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Estréia no Brasil: 20/02/2009 Site Oficial: Estúdio/Distrib. Paramount Pictures do Brasil Direção: Thor Freudenthal Elenco: Emma Roberts. Andi Jake T. Austin. Bruce Don Cheadle. Bernie Johnny Simmons. Dave Kyla Pratt. Heather Troy Gentile. Mark Lisa Kudrow. Lois Scudder Kevin Dillon. Carl Scudder Ajay Naidu. ACO Jake Eric Edelstein. ACO Max Robinne Lee. Carol Yvette Nicole Brown. Ms. Camwell Andre Ware. Officer Jeff Jonathan Klein. Evan Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 800MB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: Pt-Br.

Cette femme est très Jolie, en general elle est parfait

I feel so bad for those people Rest In Peace ✌️ god bless. See other formats This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. 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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at. books. google. com/ Digitized by Google i * 4 THE > HISTORY OF AMERICA. VOL. 1. ^ I THE By WILLIAM ROBERTSON, D. D. wmtMciTAi. or nn uioviksitt of xDiKiuEOHy HUvoiuoGRAnntR TO HIS UAJEm FOR SCOTLAlflH AND MEMRR OP TUB ftOTAL ACADIICT OP HUTORT AT MADRID. THE FOURTEENTH EDITION. In which is included the Posthumous Volume, oomiAiNDrc THE BI8T0KT OF TIROINIA TO THE YEAR 1668^ AND OF NSW ENGLAND TO THE TBAB 1652. IN THREE VOLUME& VOL. I. OM)ON: rEiirTf3> FOE T. cadill; f. c. AiO) j« RrmcoTOK; j. innnr; j. cuthxll; U>2fOMAir, HURn> RXRSy OBIfP, AKB BROWN; B. JBPPBBT; J. BOOKER; J, Ajn> A. abch; j. and v. gray; jorn bicharpion; j. m. ri> CHAftocoir; j. cabpbntbr; r. h. etans; j. murrat; j. hardiko; W. STEWART; J. MAWMAN i BALDWIN, CRADOCK^ AND JOT; 6HBRW00D, NECLT, AND JONES; OOLE AND CO, i. XIRBT; 6. AND W. B. WHITTAJCXR; AKB tUf PUN AND MARSHAIX. Checked ZVlav 1913 fmpnrsD mt k. and a. tatlob, tBOB-LAJf^ LOVDOV. • • • • • • •• • • I • ••• • • •• ••• •• PREFACE. IN fulfilling the engagement which I had come under to the Public with respect to the History of America, it was my inten- tion not to have published any part of the work until the whole was completed. The present state of the British Colonies has induced me to alter that resolution. While they are engaged in civil war with Great Britain, inquiries and speculations concern- ing their ancient forms of policy and laws, which exist no longer, cannot be interest- ing. The attention and expectation of man- kind are now turned towards their future condition. In whatever manner this un- happy contest may terminate, a new order of things must arise in North America, and its affairs will assume another aspect. I wait with the solicitude of a good citizen, until the ferment subside, and regular go- vernment be re-established, and then I shall return to this part of my work, in which I VOL. I. a vi PREFACE. had made some progress. That, together with the history of Portuguese America, and of the settlements made by the several na- tions of Europe in the West-India Islands, will complete my plan. The three volumes which I now publish contain an account of the discovery of the New World, and of the progress of the Spanish arms and colonies there. This is not only the most splendid portion of the American story, but so much detached, as by itself to form a perfect whole, remark- able for the unity of the subject. As the principles and maxims of the Spaniards in planting colonies, which have been adopted in some measure by every nation, are un- folded in this part of my work; it will serve as a proper introduction to the history of all the European establishments in America, and convey such information concerning this important article of policy, as may be deemed no^ less interesting than curious. In describing the achievements and insti- tutions of the Spaniards in the New World, I have departed, in many instances, from the accounts of preceding historians, and have often related facts which seem to have PREFACE. vii been unknown to them- It is a duty I owe the Public to mention the sources from which I have derived such intelligence as justifies me either in placing transactions in a ivew light, or in forming any new opinion with respect to their causes and effects. This duty I perform with greater satisfaction, as it will afford an opportunity of expressing my gratitude to those benefactors who have honoured me with their countenance and aid in my researches. As it was from Spain that I had to ex- pect the most important information, with regard to this part of my work, I considered it as a very fortunate circumstance for me, when Lord Grantham, to whom I had the honour of being personally known, and with whose liberality of sentiment, and dis- position to oblige, I was well acquainted, was appointed ambassador to the court of Madrid. Upon applying to him, I met with such a reception as satisfied me that his endeavours would be employed in the most proper manner, in order to obtain the gra- tification of my wishes; and I am perfectly sensible, that what progress I have made in my inquiries among the Spaniards, ought a2 Vlll PREFACE. to be ascribed chiefly to their knowing hoAV much His Lordship interested himself in my success. But did I owe nothing more to Lord Grantham, than the advantages which I have derived from his attention in engaging Mr. Waddilove, tlie chaplain of his embassy, to take the conduct of my literary inquiries in Spain, the obligations I lie under to him would be very great. During five years tliat gentleman has carried on researches for my behoof, with such activity, perseverance, and knowledge of the subject, to which his attention was turned, as have filled me with no less astonishment than satisfaction. He procured for me the greater part of the Spa- nish books which I have consulted; and as many of them were printed early in the six- teenth century, and are become extremely rare, the collecting of these was such an oc- cupation as alone required much time and assiduity. To his friendly attention I am indebted for copies of several valuable ma- nuscripts, containing facts and details which I might have searched for in vain in works that have been made public. Encouraged by the inviting good-will with which Mr. PREFACE. JX Waddilove conferred his favours, I trans- mitted to him a set of queries, with respect both to the customs and policy of the native Americans, and the nature of several insti- tutions in the Spanish settlements, framed in such a manner that a Spaniard might answer them without disclosing any thing that was improper to be communicated to a foreigner. He translated these into Spanish, and obtained, from various persons who had resided in most of the Spanish colonies, such replies as have afforded me much in^ struction. Notwithstanding those peculiar advan^ tages with which my inquiries were carried on in Spain, it is with regret I am obliged to add, that their success must be ascribed to the beneficence of individuals, not to any communication by public authority- By a singular arrangement of Philip II., the re- cords of the Spanish monarcy are deposited in the Archivo of Simancas, near Valladolid, at the distance of a hundred and twenty miles from the seat of government, and the supreme courts of justice. The papers re- lative to America, and chiefly to that eai:ly period of its history towards which my at- Digitized d by Google tention was directed, are so numerous, that they alone, according to one account, fill the largest apartment in the Archivo; and, according to another, they compose eight hundred and seventy-three large bundles. Conscious of possessing, in some degree, the industiy which belongs to an historian, the prospect of such a treasure excited my most ardent curiosity. But the prospect of it is all that I have enjoyed. Spain, with an excess of caution, has uniformly thrown a veil over her transactions in America^ From strangers they are concealed with peculiar solicitude. Even to her own sub- jects the Archivo of Simancas is not opened without a particular order from the crown; and, after obtaining that, papers cannot be copied, without paying fees of office so ex- orbitant, that the expense exceeds what it would be proper to bestow, when the gra- tification of literary curiosity is the only ob- ject. It is to be hoped, that the Spaniards will at last discovei this system of conceal- ment tq be no less impolitic than illiberal. From what I have experienced in the course of my inquiries, I am satisfied, that upon a piore minute scrutiny into their early oper^ PREFACE. XI tions in the New World, however reprehen- sible the actions of individuals may appear, the conduct of the nation will be placed in a more favourable light. In other parts of Europe very different sentiments prevail. Having searched, with- out success, in Spain, for a letter of Cortes to Charles V. written soon after he landed in the Mexican Empire, which has not hi- therto been published; it occurred to me, that as the Emperor was setting out for Germany at the time when the messengers from Cortes arrived in Europe, the letter with which they were intrusted might pos- sibly be preserved in the Imperial library of Vienna. I communicated this idea to Sir Robert Murray Keith, with whom I have long had the honour to live in friendship, and I had soon the pleasure to learn, that upon his application Her Imperial Majesty had been graciously pleased to issue an or- der, that not only a copy of that letter (if it were found) but of any other papers in the library which could throw light upon the History of America, should be trans- mitted to me. The letter from Cortes is not in the Imperial library; but an authentic Xll - PJlErACE. copy, attested by a notary, of the letter written by the magistrates of the colony planted by him at Vera Cruz, which I have mentioned. Vol. ii. p. 143., having been found, it was transcribed, and sent to me. As this letter is no less curious, and as little known as that which was the object of my inquiries, I have given some account, in its proper place, of what is most worthy of notice in it. Together with it, I received a copy of a letter from Cortes, containing a long account of his expedition to Hon- duras, with respect to which I did not think it necessary to enter into any particular de- tail; and likewise those curious Mexican paintings, which I have described, vol. iii. p. 23. My inquiries at St. Petersburgh were car- ried on with equal facility and success. In examining into the nearest communication between our continent and that of America, it became of consequence to obtain authen- tic information concerning the discoveries of the Russians in their navigation from Kamchatka towards the coast of America. Accurate relations of their first voyage, in 1741, have been published by Muller and Google, PREFACE. xiii Gmelin. Several foreign authors have en- tertained an opinion that the court of Rus- sia studiously conceals the progress which has been made by more recent navigators, and suffers the Public to be amused with false accounts of their route. Such con- duct appeared to me unsuitable to those libend sentiments, and that patronage of science, for which the present sovereign of Russia is eminent; nor could I discern any ' political reason, that might render it im^ proper to apply for information concerning the late attempts of the Russians to open a communication between Asia and America. My ingenious countryman. Dr. Rogerson, first physician to the Empress, presented my request to Her Imperial Majesty, who not only disclaimed any idea of conceal- ment, but instantly ordered the journal of Captain Krenitzin, who conducted the only voyage of discovery made by public author- rity since the year IT^l, to be translated, and his original chart to be copied for my use. By consulting them, I have been ena- bled to give a more accurate view of the progress and extent of the Russian discover xiv PREFACK. ries, than has hitherto been communicated to the Public- From other quarters I have received in- formation of great utility and importance. M. le Chevalier de Pinto, the minister from Portugal to the court of Great Britain, who commanded for several years at Matagros- 80, a settlement of the Portuguese in the interior part of Brazil, where the Indians are numerous, and their original manners little altered by intercourse with Europeans, was pleased to send me very full answers to some queries concerning the character and institutions of the natives of America, which his polite reception of an application made to him in my name encouraged me to propose. These satisfied me, that he had contemplated with a discerning attention the curious objects which his situation pre- sented to his view, and I have often followed him as one of my best-instructed guides. M. Suard, to whose elegant translation of the History of the Reign of Charles V. I owe the favourable reception of that work on the continent, procured me answers to the same queries from M. de Bougainville, XV who had opportunities of observing tlie In- dians both pf North and South America, and from M. Gocjinle Jeune, who resided fifteen years among Indians in Quito, and twenty years in Cayenne. The latter are more valuable from having been examined by M. de la Copdamine, who, a few weeks ' before his death, made some short additions to them, which may be considered as the last effort of that attention tq science which occupied ^ long life. My inquiries were not confined to one region in America. Governor HutchiuBon took the trouble of recommending the con- sideration of my queries to Mr. Hawley and Mr. Brainerd, two pjrotestant missionaries employed among the Indians of the Five Nations, who favoured me with answers which discover a considerable knowledge of the people whose customs they describe. From William Smith, Esq^ the ingenious historian of New York, I received some useful information. When I enter upon the History of our Colonies in North America, I shall have occasion to acknowledge how much I have been indebted to many other gentlemen of that country. XVI PREFACE. From the valuable Collection of Voyages made by Alexander Dalrymple, Esq., with whose attention to the History of Naviga- tion and Discovery the Fublic is well ac- quainted, I have received some very rare books, particularly two large volumes of Memorials, partly manuscript and partly in print, which were presented to the court of Spain during the reigns of Philip III. and Philip IV. From these I have learned many curious particidars with respect to the interior state of the Spanish colonies, and the various schemes formed for their improvement. As this collection of Meroo^ rials formerly belonged to the Colbert Li- brary, I have quoted them by that title. All those books and manuscripts I have consulted with that attention which the re- spect due from an Author to the Public required; and by minute references to them, I have endeavoured to authenticate what- ever I relate. The longer I reflect on the nature of historical composition, the more • I am convinced that this scrupulous accu- racy is necessary. The historian who re- cords the events of his own time, is credited in proportion to the opinion which the Pub- PRFFACE. Xvii He entertains with respect to his means of information and his veracity. He who delineates the transactions of a remote pe-» riod, has no title to claim assent, unless he produces evidence in proof of his assertions. Without this, he may write an amusing tale, but cannot be said to have composed an authentic history. In those sentiments I have been confirmed by the opinion of an Author* whom his industry, erudition, and discernment, have deservedly placed in a high rank among the most eminent historians of the age. Imboldened by a hint from him, I have published a catalogue of the Spanish books which I have con- sulted. This practice was frequent in the last century, and was considered as an evi- dence of laudable industry in an author; in the present, it may, perhaps, be deemed the effect of ostentation; but, as many of these books are unknown in Great Britain, I could not otherwise have referred to them as authorities, without encumbering the page with an insertion of their full titles. To any person who may choose to follow me in this * Mr. Gibbon. sd by Google Xkki PREFACE. path of inquiry, tiie catalogue must be very useful. My readers will observe, that in men- tioning sums of money, I have uniformly followed the Spanish method of computing by pesos. In America, the peso fuertCy or duroy is the only one known; and that is always meant when any sum imported from America is mentioned. The peso fiierte, as well as other coins, has varied in its nti- merary value; but I have been advised, without attending to such minute variations, to consider it as equal to four shillings and six-pence of our money. It is to be re- membered, however, that, in the sixteenth century, the effective value of a peso, i. e. the quantity of labour which it represented, or of goods which it would purchase, was five or six times as much as at present. N. Since this edition was put into the press, a History of Mexico, in two volumes in quarto, translated from the Italian of the Abb6 D. Francesco Saverio Clavigero, has been published. From a person who is a native of New Spain, who has resided forty years in that country, and who is acquainted with the Mexican language, it was natural to expect much new information. Upon perusing his work, however, I find that it contains hardly any addition to the ancient History of the Mexican Empire, as related by Acosta and Herrera, but what is derived from the improbable narratives and fanciful conjectures of Torquemada and Boturini. Having copied their splendid descriptions of the high state of civilization in the Mex- ican Empire, M. Clavigero, in the abund- ance of his zeal for the honour of his native. country, charges me with having mistaken some points, and with having misrepresented others, in the History of it. When an author is conscious of having exerted industry in re- search, and impartiality in decision, he may, without presumption, claim what praise is due to these qualities, and he cannot be insensible to any accusation that tends to M'eaken the force of his claim. A feeling of this kind has induced me to examine such strictures of M. Clavigero on my History of America as merited any attention, especially XX PRKFACF. as these are made by one who seemed to possess the means of obtaining accurate information; and to show that the greater part of them is destitute of any just founda- tion. This I have done in notes upon the passages in my History which gave rise to his criticisms. College of Edinburgh^ March Ist^ 1788. C O NT E N T S. VOLUME Hffi FIBST* BOOK I. Jpii O GltUSS of Navigation among the ancients ' View of their discoveries as preparatory to those of the modems — Imperfection of ancient navigation and geography — Doctrine of the zones — Further discoveries checked by the ir- ruption of barbarous nations — Geographical kn&wledge still preserved in the ast, andamong the Arabians — Revival of commerce and navi' gation in JSurope- avoured by the Croisades — extended by travellers into the East — promoted by the invention (fthfi marines compass — First regular plan of discovery formed by Portugal — State of that kingdom, — Schemes of Prince Henry- Early attempts feeble — Progressalong the western coast of Africa — Hopes of discover- ing a new route to the East Indies — Attempts to accomplish this — Prospects of success. VOL. 1. b xxu CONTENTS BOOK II. JSirth and education of Columbus — acquires naval skill in the service of Portugal — conceives hopes of reaching the East Indies by holding a westerly course. Jiis system founded on the ideas of the ancients^ and knowledge of their navigation — and on the discoveries of the Portuguese — His ftegotiations with different courts — Obstacles which he had to surmount in Spain- yoyage of discovery — d^cuUies - success — return to Spain — Astonishment of mankind on this disco* very of a New World — Papal grant of it — Second Voyage — Colony settled — Further dis* coveries — War with the Indians — First tcup imposed on them — Third voyage- He discovers the continent. State of the Spanish colony — Errors inthe first system ofcoloni%ing^ Voyage of the Portuguese to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope — Effects of this — Disco* veries made by private adventurers in the New World — Name of America given to it — Afo- chinations against Columbus — disgrmed and sent in chains to Europe — Fourth voyage of Columbus — His discoveries^ eSsasters- ath. BOOK III. State of the colony in Dispuf^ioh — New war wtth the Indians — Cruelty if the Spaniards — Fata regulations concerning the condition of the In- dians — Diminution of that people^ Discoveries and settlements — First colony planted on the comsms. ^ continent — Conquest of Cuba- Discovery of Iforida- ftAe South Ska— Great eajtectations raised by this— Causes of disey^ointment with respect to thiie/or some time— Controversy con- eermng the treatment of the Indians— Contrary ditisiom—Zeal of the eedesiasties, particularly of Las Casaa— Singular proeeadngs of Xi- menes- Negroes ia^ported into j4merica—Las Casas's idea of a new colony— permitted to at- tempt it- imauecessfitl^ Discoveries towards the fFest— Yucatan — Campeaeky—New Spain — preparations for invading it » ♦ Book IV. P^tew of America when first discovered^ and of the manners and policy of its most uncivUized inha^ bitants — Fast content of America- grandeur of the objects it presentB to view — its mountains- rivers — takes — itsformfavottrable to commerce — ten^ferature^ edommanceofcold — cansesof this — unctdtivated— unwholesome — its animals — soil — Inquiry how America was peopled- various theories — what appears most probable^ Conditiofi and character of the Americans Att^ the Mexicms and Peruvians excepted, in the state of savages — Inquiry confined to the unci^ vilized tribes — Difficulty of obtaining informa* tioH. varums causes of this— Method observed in the Inquiry— I. The bodily constitution of the Americans considered— ^I I. The qualities of < their minds^JII. Their domestic state. b2 ^uuv CONTENTS. VOLUME THB SECOND. D O O K IV. condnued. IF. Their poUiical state and mstiiutUms^ V. Their system of^ar and pubHe security— yi. Theartswithwhiehtheywereacquamied— VII. Thnr r^ oas ideas and institutions— P^III. Such s^gular and detached customs as are not reducible to am^ of the farmer heads— IX. General review and estimate of their vir- tues and defects. BOOKV. History of the conquest of New Spain by Cortes. BOOK VI. History of the conquest of Peru by Pi%arro—md (f the dissentions and civil wars of the Spa- niards in that country- Origin, progress, and effects of these. VOLUME THE THIRD. BO O K VII. View of the institutions and manners of tJu Mexicams and Peruvians — Civilized states in compairison of other yimericans — Recent origin of the Mewicans — Facts which prove thetr pro- gress in civilization — View of their polity in its varums branches—^ their arts— Fads which imScate a small progress in ckilization' rFhat vincias de N. Espagna. Exst. Barcia Historiad. Primit. torn. 1. Lettere due, c. Ramoa. iii. 296. Aparicio y Leon (D. Lorenzo de) Discurso Historioo-PoliticQ del Hospitd San Lasauo de Lima. Lim. 1761. Aranseles Reales de loa Ministros de la Ileal Audiencia de N. (bl. Mex. 1727. Argenaola (Bartolome Leonardo de) Conquista de las IblaB Malucas. fol. 1609. Anaks de Aragon. foL Sarago^a, 1630. ArgueHo (Eman. Sentum Confessionis. 1703. Arriago (P. Pablo Jos. de) Extirpacion de la Idolafeia de Peru. Lima, 1621. Avendagno (Didac. Th&iaurus Indicus, ceu Generalis In- structor pro Regimine Conscientis, in ys que ad Indias spectant. 2 vols. Antwerp, 1660. Aznar (D. Bern. Fran. Discurso tocante a la real haziendii y administradon de ella. 4to. B Bandini (Angelo Maria) Vita e Lettere di Amerigo Vespucci. 4to. Firenze, 1745. Barcia (D. And. Gonzal. Historiadores Primitivos de las Indias Occidentales. 3 vols. 1749. Barco-Centinera (D. Martin de) Argentina y Conquista del Rio de la Plata: Poema. iii. SPANISH BOOKS ANB MANUSCRIPTS. Xtx Barros (Joae de) Decadas de Ask. 4 vob. Lkboa, 1682. BeUetteros (D. Thomas de) Ordenanxas del Peru. fol. 2 vols. Lima, 1685. Beltran (P. F. Pedro) Arte de el Idioma Maya reducido a «uciatas reg^ y Semilexicon. 1746. Beozo (HieroH. Novi Orbis HiBtorue — ^De Bry America, Part IV. V. VI. Betasciirt y Figuero (Don Luis) DerechO de las Inglesias Metrc^ oMtanas de las Indias. 1637^ Blanco (F. Matias Ruiz) Conversion de Pirita de Indbs Cumanagotos y otroa. 12pM>. 1690. Boturini Benadud (Lorenzo) Idea de una nneva Historic general de la America Septentrional, fundada sobre material copiosa de Figuras, Symbolas, Caracteres, Cantares, y Manu* scrxtoa de Autores Indios. 1746. Botello de Moraes y Vasconcellos (D. Francisco de) 1 NuevoMundo: Poema Heroyco. Barcelona, 1701. Botero Benes (Joan) Description de Todas las Provindas, Reynos, y Ciudades del Mundo. Girona, 1 748. Brietius (Plul. Parallela Geogfaphise VeUris & Novae. 4to. Paris, 1648. C CabezadeBaca (Alvar. Nugnez) Reladon delos Naufracios. Exst. Baccia Hist. Prim. i. • Examen Apologetico de la Histor. Narra- tkm de los Naufiragios. Barcia Hist. i. j i Commentarios de k) succedido duarante su gubiemo del Rio dela Plata. i,»id. Cabo de Vacca, Relatione de. Ramus. UL 310. Cabota (8ebast. Navigazipne de. Ramus, ii. 211. Cadamustns (Aloysius) hfavij^atio ad Terras iiicognitas. Exst. Nov. Orb. Grynei, p. 1. Calancha (F. Antpi. de la) Cronica moralizada del Orden de San Augustin en el feru. Barcelona, 1 638. California — Diario Historico de los Viages de Mar y Tlerra hechos en 1768, al Norte de California di orden del Marques de Croix Vi-rey de Nueva Espagna, c. MS. Calle (Juan Diaz de la) Memorial In/ozmatorio de lo que a su Magestad Provien de la Nueva Espagna y Peru. 1 645. XXX A CATALOGUE OP Camponumes (D. Pedro Rodrig. Antigoedad Maritima de la Rqmblica de Carlago^ oon en Periplo de su General Hannon traducido e Olnttiado. 4lo. Mad« 1756. Discnno sobre el femento de la Induairia popular. 1774. Diacinao sobre la Edncacion popular de k» Arteaanot. 5vol. 1775, c. Caracas — Real Cedula de Fundacion de la Real Compagnia Giiipasooana de Caracas. 12nio. 1765. Caravantes (Fr. Lopei de) Relacion de las ProYiocias que tiene el Goriemo del Pern, los Officios que en el se Pnyrlen, y la Hacienda que alii tiene su Mag^tad, lo que ae Gasia de dlayleqnedaLibre, AcAc Dedicado al Marqves de Santos Oaros, Agno de 1611. MS. Cardenas y Cano (Gabr. Ensayo Cronologico paim la His- toria general de la Florida, fol. 1733. Caranaana (D. Gonzales) A Geographical D^K^vtion of the Coasts, Ac. of the Spwiish West-Indies. 8yo. Lond. 1740. Casas (Bart, de bto) Brevissima Relacion de la Deatruydon delaslndias. 1552. (Bart de (as) Narrado Iconibns ilhmtn^a per Theod. de Bry. 4 to. Oppent. 1614. (Bart de las) An Account of the first Voyages and Discoveries of the Spaniards in America. 1693. Cassani (P. Josef^ Historiade la Pnmndade Compagnia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada. M. 1741. Castanheda (Fern. Lop. de) Historio do Descobrimento 3t Conquista de India pdos Portugueses, fol 2 yoi. Lisb. 1552. Castellanos (Juan de) Primera y Secunda de las Elegiaa de Varones Illustres de Indias. 2 vol Mad. 1589. Castillo (Bemal dias Del) Historia Verdadeia de la Con- quista de Nueva Espagna. 1632. Castro^ Figueroa y Salazar (D. Pedro de) Relacion di au ancimiento y senridos. 12mo. Cavallero (D. Garcia) Brieve Coii^o y Valance de las Pesas y Medidas di varias Naciones^ reducidas a las que corren enCastilla. 1731. Cepeda (D. Fern. Relacion Universal del Sitio en que esta fundada la Ciudad de Mexico, fol. 1 637. Cie9a de Leon (Pedro dc) Cronica del Peru. Seville^ 1553. SPANISH BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS. XXHl Cisneros (Diego) Sitio, hhktitfttkza, y Prdpiediikii de U Ciudad de Mexico. Mexico^ 16 IS. Ckmente (P. Claudio) TMm Chionologicas, en que con- tienen Iob Sucesos Ecclesiasticos y Seculares de Indiiis. 4te- • Val. 1689. Cogullado (P. Fr. Diego Lopez) Historia de Yucatan. M. Mad. 1688. Collecao dos Biives Pontificos e Leyeii Regias que fbrao Expedidos y Publicadas desde o Anno 1741^ sobre a la liber* duda das Pessooa bede e Commercio dos Indoe de BfcsL CoHecdoB General de la ProvidenciaB basta aqui toraadas par el Gobiemo Bobre el fistragnimento^ y Oeeupadon de Temporalidades de los Regulares de la Compagma de Eipegna, Indias, c. P^n^ IV. 1767. Colon. (D. Fernando) La Historia del Almirante D. Cbm- to? al Colon. 1, Cohimbus ( Christ) Navigatio qua multas Regiones hactenus incognitas inTenit. Grynsi^ p. 90. (Ferd. Life and Actions of his Father Admiral ChristofA. Columbus^ Exst. Churchill's Voyagesi; ii. 479. Compagnia Real de Commercio para las Islas de S^ Dor mingo, Puerto-rico^ y la Margarita. 12mo. Compendio General de las contribuciones y gattos que oc- casionan todos los efEectot^ ihitos^ caodales^ c. que trafican entre los reynos de Castilla y America. 4to. Concilios Piomciales Prhnero y Segundo ceMnradoa en la muy NoWe y muy Leal Ciudad de Mexico en los Agnpa de 1555 & 1565. Mexico, 1769. Concflium Mexkanum Pnmnciale tertium cddiratiim Mexici« anno 1585. Mexici, 1779. Continente Americano, Argonauta de las coetas de Nueva E^Nigna y Tierra Firm. 12mo. Cordeyro (Antonio) Historia Insulana das nhaa a Poitugaa sugeytas no Oceano Occidental, fol. 1717. CpntBL (Dr. Alonzo) Breve y sumaria Reladon de los S. nores, Manera, y Differencia de ellos, que havia en la Nueva Espajgna, y otras Provincias sua Comarcanas, y de sua Leyes, Uaos' y Coatumbres, y de la Forma que tenian en Tdbutar sua Vasallos en Tiempo de su Gentilidad, c. MS. pp. 307. Coronada (Fr. Vasq. de) Sommario di due sue Lettere del XXxii A OF Viaggio 8alto del Fra. Marco da Nizza al sette Cittade Cevola. Exst. Ramiuio iii. 354. Coronada (Fr. de) Relacion Viaggio alle sette Citta. Ramus« iii. 359. Cortes (Hem. Quattro Cartas dirigidas al Eknperador Carlos V. en que ha Relacion de sus Conquistas en la Nueva Espagna. 1. Cortessii (Ferd. De Insulis nuper inventis Narrationes ad CandumV. 1532. Cortese (Fern. Reladoni^ kc. 225. Cirf^ro (D. Pedro) Peregrinacion del Mayor Parte del Mundo. Zaragoss. 1688. Cumana^ Govierno y Noticia de. foL MS. Davila Padilla (F. Aug. Historia de la Fundacion y Pis- curso de Provincia de St. Jago de Mexico, fol. Bruss. 1625. ■ ■ (Gil Gonzalez) Teatro Ecclesiastico de la Primi- tlva Iglesia de los Indias Occiden tales, fol. 1649. Documentos tocantes a la Persecucion^ que los Regulares de la Compagnia suscitaron contra Don B. de Cardenas Obi- spo de Paraguay. 1768. Echaveri (D. BernHrdo Ibagnez de) El Re3mo Jesuitico del Paraguay. iv. CoUeccion de Documentos^ 4to. Mad. 1770. Echave y Assu (D. Francisco de) La Estrella de Lima con- vertida en Sol sobre sur tres Coronas, fol. Amberes^ 1688. EgC(iara El Egueren (D. J. Bibliotheca Mexicana^ sive Eruditorum Historia Virprum in America Boreali niEttomm, ko. torn. prim. 1775. N. No more than one volume of this work has been published. ErdUa y Zuniga (D. Alonzo de) La Araucana: Po^a Eroico. 1733. 2 vols. 1 777. Escalona (D. Gaspar de) Gazophylacium Regium Penivicum. fol. ; SPANISH BOOKS AND MAKUSCRIPTS. XXXllI Faria y Sousa (Manuel de) Historia del Reyno de Portu- gal, fol. Amber. 1730, Faria y Sousa, History of Portugal from the first Ages to the Revolution under John IV. 1698. Fernandez (Diego) Prima y secunda Parte de ki Historia del Peru. SevilL 1571. ■ (P. Juan Patr. Relacion Historic de las Mis- siones de lo«i Indias que claman Chiquitos. 1726. Feyjoo (Benit. Geron. Espagnoles Americanos — Discurso VI. del torn. hr. del Teatro Critico. 1769. — 2 Solucion del gran Problema Historico sobre la Poblacion de la America — ^Discurso XV. v. de Tea- tro Critico. li (D. Miguel) Relacion Descriptiva de la Cludad y Provincia Truxillo del Peru. 1763. Freyre (Ant. Piratas de la America. 4to. Frasso (D. Petro) De Regio Patronatu Indianim. Matriti, 1775. Galvao (Antonio) Tratado dos Descobrimentos Antigos y Modemos. Lisboa, 1731. Galvano (Ant. the Discoveries of the World from the first Original unto the Year 1555. Osborne's Collect, ii. 354. Gamboa (D. Xavier de) Comentarios a los ordinan- zasdeMinas. 1761. Garcia (Gregorio) Historia Ecclesiastica y Seglar de la In- dia Oriental y Occidental^ y Predtcacion de la Santa Evangelia endla. Baeca^ 1626. * Fr. Gregorio) Origen de los Indios del Nuevo Mundo. 1729. Gastelu (Anton. Velasquez) Arte de LenguaMexicana. 4to. Puibla de los Angeles. 1716. Gazeta de Mexico por los Annos 1 728^ 1729, 1730. 4to. Girava (Hieronymo) Dos Libros de Cosmographia. Mllan^ 1556. 4jodoy (Diego de) Relacion al H. Cortes, qua trata del XXxiv A CATAXOGUE OP bescubrimiento de divenas Ciudades^ y Prorincias^ Guerras que tuio con los Indios. Prim, torn i. Godoy Lettera a Cortese^ c. Exat. 300. Gomara (Fr. Lopez de) La Histona general de las Indias I2mo. Anv. 1554. Hifitoria general de las Indias. E^st. Barcia Hiat. Prim. iL Gomara (Fr. Lopez de) Cronica de la Nueva Enpagna o Conquesta de Mexico. ii. Guatemala — Razon puntual de los successos mas memora biies^ y de los estragos y dannos que ha padecido la Ciudad de Guatemala, fol. 1774. Gumilla (P. Joa. El Orinoco illustrado y defendido; His- toria Natural^ Civil> y Geographica de este Gran Rio, c. 4to. 2 torn. 1745. - — — — Histoire Naturelle^ Civile. Geographique deVOrenoque. Traduite par M. Eidous. Avig. 1758. Gusman (Nugno de) Relacion scritta in Omitlan Provincia de Mechuacan della maggior Spagna nell 1530. Ramu- sio iii. 331. H Henis (P. Thadeus) Ephemerides Belli Guiaranici^ ab Anno 1754. CoUeccion general de Docum. iv. Hemandes (Fran. Plantanim^ Animalium & Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia. Rom. 1651. Herrera (Anton, de) Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firma de Mar Oceano. fol. 4 vols. 1601. Historia General^ Sec 4 vols. 17^0. General History, fire. TVanslated by Stephens. 8fo. 6 vols. 1740. Descriptio Indie Occiden talis, fol. Amst. 1622. Huemex y Horcasitas (D. Juan Francisco de) Extracto de los Autos de Diligendas y reconociraientos de loe rio8, lagunas, verttentes^ y desaguas de Mexico y su valle^ c. ' 1748. SPANISH BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS. 3rXXV Jesutas— CoKeccioii de las applicaciones que se vmn haci- endo de Iob Cienes, Casas y Coligias que focron de la Com- pagnia de Jesm, expatriados de estos Realet dominioB. 4to. 2 vols. Lima, 1772 y 1773. -CoUecdon General de Providencias haita aqui tomadas por el Gobierao sobre el Estrannamiento y Occupackm de temporalidades, de lot Regulares de la Compagnia de Es- pagna, Indias, e Islas Filipinas. 1 7^7. Retrato de los Jesnitas formado al natural. 4to. 2to18. 1768. ^ Relacion Abbreriada da Republica que o« Rdigi- 0808 Jesuitas estabeleceraon. 12ixio. ' Idea del Origeu, Gobiemo, 5cc. dela Compagnia de Jesus. 1768, LsTHiius (AppoUonius) Libri V. de Peniyise Invention. • rebus in eadem gestis. Ant. 1567. Leon (Fr. Ruiz de) Hemandia, Po^ma Heroyco de Con- quista de Mexico. 1755. (Ant. de) Epitome de la BibUotheca Oriental y Oc- cidental, Nautica y Geographica. 1737. Lima: A true Account of the Earthquake which happened there 28th October 1746. Translated from the Spanish. 8vo. London, 1748. lima Gozosa, Description de las festibas Demonstraciones, con que esta Ciudad celebr6 la real Proclamacion de el Nora- bre Augusto del CatolicoMonarcho D. Carlos III. Lima. 4 to: 1760. Lano Zapata (D. Euseb. Preliminar al Tomo 1. de las Memortas Histcmco-Physicas, Critico-Apologeticas de la Ame- rica Meridional. Cadiz, 1759. Lopez (D. Juan Luis) Discurso Historico Politico en defenso de la Jurisdiction Real. 1685. (Thom. Atlas Geographico de la America Septen- trional y Meridionak 12mo. Par. 17Bd. Lorenzana (D. Arzoblspo de Mexico, ahora de To- ledo^ Historia de Nue^ a Espagna, eacrita por au Eiiclarecido MXVi A CATALOGUE OF Conquistador Hernan. Cortes, Aumentada con otros Doctt« mentos y Notas. 1770. Lozano (P. Pedro) Description Chorogn^bica, del Terreto- riosy Arbdes, Animales del Gran Chaco, y de los Ritos y Cct- tumbres de las innumerabiles Naciones que la habitan. 4to. Cordov. 1733. 1 — Historia de la Compagnia de Jesus en la Prorincia del Paraguay, fol. 753. M Madriga (Ped^ de) Description dtt Gouvemement du Pe- rou. Voyages qui ont servi i TEtablissement de la Comp. des Indes, torn. ix. 105. Mariana (P. Juan de) Discurso de les Enfermedades de la Compagnia de Jesus. 1658. Martinez de la Puente (D. Compendio de las Historias de los Descubrimientos, Conquistas, y Guerras de la India Ori- ental, y sus Islas, desde los Tiempos del In&nte Don Enrique de Portugal su Inventor. 1681. Martyr ab Angleria (Petr. De Rebus Oceanicis & Novo Orbe Decades tres. Colon. 1574. — ■ ' De Insulis nuper inventis. de Moribus Inco- larum. Ibid. 329. Opus Epistolarum. Amtt. 1670. II Sommario cavato della sua Historia del Nu- evo Mundo. i. Mata ( Fern, de) Ideas politicas y morales. 12nK>. Toledo, 1640. Mechuacan — Relacion de las Ceremonias^ Ritos, y PoUa- cion de los Indios de Mechuacan hecha al I. S. D. de Mendoza Vi-rey de NoevaEspagna. MS. Melendez (Fr. Juan. Tesoros Verdaderos delas Indias His- toria de la Provincia de S. Juan Baptista dd Peru, del Ordea de Predicadores. 1681. Memorial Adjustado por D. A. Fern, de Heredia Gobemador de Nicaragua y Honduras, fol. 1753. Memorial Adjustado contar los Officjales de Casa de Moneda a Mexico de el anno 1 729. fol. Mendoza (D. de) Lettera al Imperatore del Discopri- y SPANISH BOOKS AND MANUSCRIFJ S. XXXvil mento deUa Terra Firma della N. Spagna verso Tramontane. Exst. 355. Mendoza (Juan Gmm. de) Hiatoria del gran Reyno de China, Goa un Itmerario del Nnevo Mundo. 1585. Miguel (Vk. Tablas de los Sucesos Ecdesiasticos en Africa^ Indkii Orietttales y Occidentales. Val. 1689. Mincellanea Economico^ oUtioa^ c. Pampl. 1749. Molina (P. Anton. Vocabulario Castellano y Mexicano. fol. 1571. Monardes (El Dottor) Primera y Segunday Tercera Parte de la Hiflloria Medicinal^ de las Cosas que se traen de neustras IndiaifOccidentales^ quesirven en Sevilla^ 1754. Moncada (Sancho de) Restauracion Politica deEspagna^ y de seos Publicos. 1746. Morales (Ambrotio de) Coronica General ile Espagna. Alcala, 1574. Moreno y Escaudon (D. Description y Estado del Virreynato de Santa F^ Nuevo Reyno de Granada> &c. fd. MS. Munoi (D. Antonio) Disourso sobre Economia politica. 8vo. Mad. 1769. N. Nizza (F. Marco) Relatione del Viaggio fatta per Tena al Cevole^ Regno di cette Cittk. Ramus, iii. 356. Nodal — Relacion del Viage que hicieron los Capitanes Barth. y Gonz. de Nodal al descubrimiento del Estrecho que hoy es nombrado de Marie, y reconocimiento del de Magellanes. 4to. Kfad. Noticia Individual de los derechos segun lo reglado en ultimo proyectodel720. Barcellona, 1732. Nueva Espagna — Historia de los Indios de Nueva Elspagna dibidida en tres Partes. En la primera trata de los Ritos, Sacri- ficios y Idolatria^ del Tiempo de su Gentilidad. En la segunda de tu maravillosa Conversion a la F& y modo de celebrar las FieataB de Nuestra Santa Igle&io. En la tercera del Genio y Caracter de aquella Gente; y Figuras con que notaban sus Acontedroientos, con otras particularidades y Noticias de las fMindpales Ciudades en aquel Reyno. Escrita en el Agho 1541 por ono de los doce Religiosos Franciscos ^que primero pa&sa- ron a entender en su Conversion. 618. XXXviii A CATALOGUE OF bgha (P^drode) Aiauco Domado. Potoa. 1605. Ordenahzas del Conscjo real de las Indias. 1681. Ortega (D, Casimiro de) Refumen Historico del primer Vi- age hecho al rededor del Mundo. 4to; Mad. 1769. Ossorio (Jerome) History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Eminanuel. 2 toIs. 1752. Ossorius (Hieron. De Rebus Emmanuelis Lusitanift K^ 8vo. Col. Agr. 1752. Ovalle (Alonso) Historica Relacion del Reyno de ChOi. foL- Rom. 1646. An Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Chili. Exst. Churchill*8 Collect, iii. 1. Oviedo y Bagnos (D. Historia de la Conquista y Pobia- cion de Venezuela, fol. 1723. Oviedo Sommaria^ c. 44. Oviedo (Gonz. Fern, de) Relacion Sommaria die la Hbtcnria Natural de los Indian. i. Oviedo Historia Generale & Naturale dell Indie Occid^o- tale. 74. Relatione della Navigatione per la grandissiflia Fiume Maragnon. 416. Palacia (D. Raim. Mlg. Discurso Ecobdmibd Politico. 4to« Mad. 1778. Palafox y Mendoza (D. Juan) Virtudes del Indios, o Natum- leza y Costumbres de los Indios de N. 4to. Vie de Venerable Dom. Jean Palafox Ev^ue de I'Angeldpolis. Cologne, 1772. Pegna (Juan Nugnez de la) Conquista y Antiguedades de las Islas de Gran Canana. 1676. Pegna Montenegro (D. Alonso de la) Itinerario para Pa- rochos de Indios, en que tratan les materias mas particulares^ tocantes a ellpct para se buen adminisl^acion. Amberes, 1754. Penidosa y Mondragdn (Fr. Benito de) Cinco Excellen- cias del Espagnol que des pueblan a Espagna. Pampl. 1G29. SPANISH BOOKS AKD MANUSCEI? T9. XXxh Pendta Barnuevo (D. Pedro de) Lima fiindada^ o Conqiwta ^el Peni^ Po^ma Eroyco. Lima, 1732. Pteralta Calderon (D. Mathias de) 1 Apostol de las Indias y nuevcs gentes Saa Francisco Xayier de la Compagnia de Jesuf Efntome de 908 Apostolico* Hecho. 1665. Perdra de Berrido (Bernard. Annales Historicos do Estado do Maranchao. ibl. Lisboa, 1749. Pern — Relatione d*un Capitnno Spagnuolo del Descopri? mento y Conquista del Peru. Ezst. 371. Peru — Relatione d'un Secretario de Franc. Pizarro della Conqusta del Peru. 371. Relacion del Peru. MS. Pesqoisa de los Oydores de Panama contra D. Jayme f u* gnos^ c. pro harerlos Commerciado illicitamente en tiempo de Querra. 1755. Philipinas — Carta que escribe un Religioso antiguo de Philir pinas, a un Amigo suyo en Espagna^ que le pregunta el Naturel y Genio de los Indios Naturales de estas Islas. 4to. Piedrahita (Luc. Historia general de las Conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, fol. Ambres. Pinelo (Ant. de Leon) Epitome de la Bibliotheca Oriental y Occidental en que se continen los Escritores de las Indias, Orir entales y Occidentales. 1737. Pinzonius socius AdmtrantisColumbi — Navigatio 5c Res per earn repertae. Grynsei, p. 1 19. Pizarro y Orellana (D. Varones illustres del N. Mundo. 1639. Planctus Judorum Cbristianornm in America Peruntina. I^np. Poente (D. Martinez de la) Compendio de las Historias de los Deacubrimientos de la India Oriental y sus Islas. 4to. Mad. 1681. Quit (Ferd. de) Terra Australia incognita; or, a new South- em Discovery, containing a fifth part of the World lately found out. 1617. Ramusio (Giov. Battista) Racolto delle Navigation! e Viaggi. foL 3 vols. Venet. 1588. Real Compagnia Guipuzcoana de Caracas^ Notidas histo? c2 A CATALOGUE OF rialeti Practices, de los Sucesos y Adelantuiuentoi de esta Compagnia desde su Fundacion en 1 728 hasta 1746. 1765. Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de lai indias. 1756. Reglamento y Aranceles Reales pftra el Comerclo de Espagna aindias. 'Mad. 1778. Relatione d'un Gentilhuomodel Sig. CoKtese della gran Cittk Temistatan, Mexico. delle altre cose della Nova Spagna. 304. Remesal (Fr. Historia general de las Indias Ocdden- tales y particular de la Govemadon de Chiapa a Guattmala. iol. 1620. Ribadeneyra (D. Diego Portichuelo de) Relacion did Viage desde qui salio de Lima, hasta que Uegd a Espagna. Maik 1625. Ribandeneyra y Barrientos (D. Joach. Manuel Com- pendio de el Regio Patronate Indiano. Mad» 175. Ribas (Andr. Perez de) Historia de los Triumphos de Nuesta Sta Fe, eutre Gentes la mas Barbaras, en las Missiones de Nueva Espagna. 1645. Riol (D. Santiago) Representacion a Philipe V. soibre el s- tado ae tual de los Papales universales de la Menarchia. MS. Ripia (Juan de la) Practica de la Admtnistracion y Cobranza de las rentas reales. 1 768. Rocha Pitta (Sebastiano de) Historia de America Portou- gueza desde o Anno de 1500 du sa Descobrimento ate o de 1724. Lisboa, 1730. Rodriguez (Manuel) Eiplicacion de la Bulla de la Santa Cruzada. Alcala, 1589. (P. Man. El Maragnon y Amazonas Historia de los Desoubrimientos, Entradas y Reducion de Na- ciones. 1684. Roman (Hieron. Republicas del Mundo. Mad. 1595. Roma y Rosell (De Franc. Las segnales de la felicidad de Espagna y medios de hacerlas efficaces. 1768. Rosende (P. Gonz. de) Vida del Juan de Palafox Arzo- bispo de Mexico, fol. 1671. Rubaclava (Don Jos. Gutierrez de) Tratado Historico-Poli' tico y Legal de el Commercio de las Indias Occidentales. 12mo. Cad. 1750. SPANISH BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS. xli Ruix (P. Coiiquutas{nritafilhecha per los Religiosos de la Compagnia de Jesus^ en las Provincias de la Paragoay, Uraguaj^ Parana y Tape. 1639. Sabzar de Mendoza (D. Pedro) Monarquia de Espagna, torn. I ii. Hi. 1770. ■ y Olarte (D. Ignacio) Historia de la Conqnista de Mexico— Segunda parte. Cordov. 1743. — y ZevalloB (D. Alonz. Ed. de) Consti- tadoneii y Ordenanzas antiguas Agnadidas y Modemas de la Real Universidad y estudio general ste San Marcos dela Ciudad de lo8 Reyes del Peru. foL En la Ciudad de los Reyes, 1735. Sandiez (Ant. Ribero) Dissertation sur TOrigine de la Ma« ladie Venerienne^ dans laquelle on prouve qu*elle n'a point ^ port^ de TAnerique. Paris, 1765. Siarmiento de Gomboa (Pedro de) Viage el Estrecho de Ma- gelanes. 1768. Saota Cruz (El Marques) Commercio Suelto y en Compa« nias General. 1732. Santa Domingo, Puerto Rico^ y Margarita, Real Compagnia de Commercio. 1756. Schemidel (Hulderico) Historia y Discubrimiento del Rio de la Plata y Paraguay. tom. iii, Sebara da Sylva (Jos. de) Recueil Chronologique & Analy- tique de tout ce qa*a fait en Portugal la Society dite de Jesus, depuis son ntr6e dans ce Royaume en 1540 jusqu*k son Ex- pulsion 1759. 1769. Segni (D. Diego Raymundo) Antiquario Noticiosa General de Espagna y sus Indios. 1 769. Sepulveda (Genesius) Dialogus de justis Belli Causis, prse- sertim in Indos Novi Orbis. MS. (Jo. Genesius) Epistolarum Libri VII. * 12mo. Salam. 1557. Sepulveda de Regno, Libri III. Ilerdae^ 1570. S^as y Lovero, D. Theatro Naval Hydrographico. 4 to. 1648. Description Geographfca y Derrotera de la Re- ligion Austral Magellanica. 1690. Simon (Pedro) Noticias Historiales de las Conquistas de Terra Firroe en las Indias Occidentales. Cueu^a, 1627. Xlii A CATALOGUE OF Solis (D. de) Hbtorias de las Conquistas de Mexico. M, Mad. 1684. « History of the Conquest of Mexico. — ^TranH- lated by Townshcnd. 17? 4. Solarzono y Perey^ Joan. Politica Indiana, fol. 2 vols. Mad. 1776. De Indianim Jure^ slve de justa Indiarum Oc- ddentalium Gubematione. Lugd. 1672. Obras Varias posthumas. 1776. SotQ y Mame (P. Franc, de) Copia de la Relacion de Viage qui desde la Ciudad de Cadiz a la Cartagena de Indian hizo. 4to. 1753. Spilbergen et Le Maire Speculum Orientafis Occidentalisque Navigationum. L. Bat. 1619. Suarez de Figueroa (Christov. Hechos de D. Garcia Hur- tado de ^endoza. 1613. T Tanpo (Luis Bezerra) Felicidad de Mexico en la admirable Aparicion de N. Signora di Guadalupe. 1745. Tarragones (Hieron. Gir. Dos Libros de Cosmogn^hia. 4to. Milan, 1556. Techo (F. Nichol. de. The History pf the Provinces Para- guay, Tucuman, Rio de Plata, c. Churchill's Coll. vi. 3. Torquemada (Juan de) Monarquia Indiana, fol. 3 vols. Mad. 1723. Torres (Sim. Per. de) Viage del Mundo. Barcia Hist. Prim. iii. (Franc. Caro de) Historia de las Ordenes Militarea de Santiago, Calatrava y Alcantara, desde su Fundacion hasta el ReyEf. Felipe II. Administrador perpetuo dellas. Mad. 1629. Torribio (P. Aparato para la Historia Natural Es- pagnala. 1754. Dissertacion Historico-Politica y en mucha parte Geographica de las Isla3 Philipina. 1753. Totanes (F. Sebastian de) Manual Tagalog para auxilio d^ ProvinciadelasPhHipinas. SamplaienlasPhilipinas. 1745. U Ulloa (D. de) Voyage Historique de TAmerique Mcri- dionale. 2 torn. Parjs^ 1752. SPANISH BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS. xlill Ulloa ( D. Apt. de) Notidas Americanas^ Entretenimien- tos Pbysicofi-Historicos, sobre la America Meridional y la Septentrional Oriental. 1772. Ulloa (D. Bern, de) Restablecimiento de las Fabrecas^ Tra- feo^ y Comercio maritimo de Espagna. 2 voU. Mad* • (Franc. Navigatione per scoprire Thole dellc Spedere finoall Mare detto Vermejo nel 1539. Ramus. iu. d39. — — — (D. Bernardo) Retablissement des Manufisu^tures & da Commerce d'Espagne. 1753. Uztariz (D. Theoria y Practica de Comercio & de Uarina. Ibl. 1757. The Theory and Practice of Conittierce, and Ma- ritime Afiairs^ 8vo. 1751. Verages (D. Thom. Tamaio de) Restauracion de la Ciudad del Salvador y Baia de todos Sanctos en la Provinda del Bra- sfl. 1628. Vargas Mach^ica (D. Bern, de) Milicia y Description de las Indias. 1699. Vega (Gardlasso de la) Histoire de la Conqn^te de la Floride. Traduite par Richelet. 2 tom. Leyd. 1731. Royal Commentaries of Peru, by Rycaut. Lond. 1688. Vega (L'Ynca Gardlasso de la) Histoires des Guerres Ci- ▼Ues dos Espagnoles dans les Indes, par Baudouin. 2 tom. Vdtia Linage (Jos. The Spanish Rule of Trade to the Weert- Indies. 1702. -——-——— Dedamacion Oratoria en Defensa de D. Veitia Linage, fol. 1702. — — Norte de la Contratacion de las Indias Occiden- taks. SeviU. 1672. Vin^ as (Miguel) A Natural and Civil History of California. 8vo. 1759. Verazzano (Giov. Relatione delle Terra per lui scoperta nd 1524, Exst. 420. Vesputius - Americus) Duse Navigationes sub auspiciis Fer-> dinandi^ c« Exst. de Bry America. Pars X. Xliv A CATALOGUE OF SPANISH BOOKS, C. Vesplitii Navigatio prima^ secunda^ tertia^ quarta. xst. Nov. Grynaei, p. 155. Viage de Espagna. 6 torn. 1776. Victoria (Franc. Relationes 'Rieologicse de Indis Se de Jure Belli contra eos. 1765. Viera y Clavijo (D. Noticias de la Historia general de las Islas de Canaria. 3 torn. 1772. Villalobos (D. Juan de) Manifesto sobre la introduccion de esclavos Negros en las Indias Occidentales. SeviUa, 1 682. Villagra (Gasp, de) Historia de Nueva Mexico, Poema. 1 2mo. AlcalaJ610. Villa Segnor y Sanchez (I>. J^os. Theatro Americano. Description general de los Reynos y Provindas de la Nutva Espagna. 1746. ' ■ Res puesta sobre el precio de Azogue. Vo- cabulariaBrasiHano y Portugues. MS. W Ward (D. Bernardo) Proyecto Economico «obre la poblacion de Espagna, la agricultura en todos sus ramos, y de mas esta- blecimientos de industria, comercio con nuestra marina, arreglo de nuestra interese^ en America, libertad del comercio en ln« dias, c. MS. X Xeres (Franc, de) Verdadera Relacion de la Conquista del Peru y Provincia de Cuzco, Embiada al Emperador Carlos V. Exst. iii. Relatione, c. &c. 372, Zarate (Aug. de) Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista dc la Provincia del Peru. iii. Histoire de la D^couverte & de la Conqufite du Pe- rou. Paris, 1742. Zavala y Augnon (D. Miguel de) Representacion al Rey N. Segnor D. Philipe V. dirigida al mas seguro Aumento del Real Erario. Noplace. 1732. Zevallos (D. Pedro Ordognez de) Historia y Viage del Mundo. 1691. K y^ ritE NEW vr. r T. OBLIC. i r. • r lasi H I STORY OF> AM E RICA. BOOK L TIE progress of men in discovering and peo- book pling the various parts of the earth, has been. • extremely slow. Several ages eli^sed before they Th^ removed far from those mild and fertile regions in s^o^ y which they were originally placed by their Creator. The occasion of their first general dispersion is known; but we are unacquainted with the course of their migrations, or the time when they took possession of the different countries which they now inhabit. Neither history nor tradition furnishes such information concaming those ren^ote events^ as en- ables us to trace, with any certidnty, the operations ( the human race in the infancy of society. We may conclude, however, that all the early Fmt ml. migrations of mankind were made by land. The ^ ocean, which surrounds the habitable earth, as well as the various arms of the sea which separate one VOL. B 2 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK region from another, though destined to facilitate. •. the communication between distant countries, seem. at first dew, to be formed to check the progress of man, and to mark the bounds of that portion of the globe to which nature had confined him. It was long, we may believe, before men attempted to pass these formidable barriers, and became so sldlful and adventurous as to commit themselves to the mercy of the winds and waves, or to quit their na- tive shores in quest of remote and unknown re- gions. First at- Navigation and ship-building are arts so nice and wds"n^ complicated, that they require the ingenuity, las weU vigation. gg experience, of manysuccessive ages to bring them to any degree of perfection. From the raft or canoe, which first served to carry a savage over tlie river that obstructed him in the chase, to the construc- tion of a vessel capable of conveying a numerous crew with safety to a distant coast, the progress in improvement is immense. Many efforts would b6 made, many experiments would be tried, and much labour as well as invention would be employed, be- fore men could accomplish this arduous and im- portant undertaking. The rude and imperfect state in which navigation is still found among all nations which are not considerably civilized, corresponds with this account of its progress, and demonstrates that in early times the art was not sa far improved as to enable men to undertake distant voyages^ or to attempt remote discoveries. lotroduc- As soon, however, as the art of navigation be- tion of 1 • « 1 commerce. known, a new species of correspond^M^e among men took place. It is from this lera that HISTORY OF AMERICA. 3 we must date the commencement of such an inter- book course between nations as deserves the appellation. of commerce. Men are, indeed, far advanced in. improvement before commerce becomes an object of great importance to them. They must even have made some considerable progress towards civiliza- tion, before they acquire the idea of property, and ascertain it so perfectly as to be acquainted with the most simple of all contracts, that of exchanging by barter one rude commodity for another. But as soon as this important right is established, and every individual feels that he has an exclusive title to pos. sess or to alienate whatever he has acquired by his own labour and dexterity, the wants and ingenuity of his nature suggest to him a new method of in- creasing his acquisitions and enjoyments, by dis- posing of what is superfluous in his own stores, in order to procure what is necessary or desirable in those of other men. Thus a commercial inter- course begins, and is carried on among the mem- bers of the same community. By degrees, they discover that neighbouring tribes possess what they themselves want, and enjoy comforts of which they wish to partake. In the same mode, and upon the same principles, that domestic traffic is carried on within the society, an external commerce is esta- blished with other tribes or nations. Their mutual interest and mutual wants render this intercourse desirable, and imperceptibly introduce the maxims and Jaws which facilitate its progress and render it secure. But no very extensive commerce can take place between contiguous provinces, whose soil and Ornate being nearly the same yield similar pro- 4 niSTORY OF AMERICA; BOOK ductions. Remote countries cannot convey their '•^ commodities, by land, to those places where on ac. count of their rarity they are desired, and become valuable. It is to navigation that men are indebted for the power of transporting the superfluous stock of one part of the earth to supply the wants of an- other. The luxuries and blessings of a particular climate are no longer confined to itself alone, but the enjoyment of tliem is communicated to the most distant regions... In proportion as the knowledge of the advantages derived from navigation and commerce continued to spread, the intercourse among nations extended. The ambition of conquest, or the necessity of pro- curing new settlements, were no longer the sole motives of visiting distant lands. The desire of gain became a new incentive to activity, roused ad- venturers, and sent them forth upon long voyages, in search of countries whose products or wants might increase that circulation which nourishes and gives vigour to commerce. Trade proved a great source of discovery, it opened unknown seas, it pe- netrated into new regions, and contributed more than any other cause to bring men acquainted with the situation, the nature, and commodities of the different parts of the globe. But even after a regular commerce was established in the world, after na- tions were considerably civilized, and the sciences and aits were cultivated with ardour and success^ navigation continued to be so imperfect, that it can hardly be said to have advanced beyond the infancy of its improvement in the ancient world. Among all the nations of antiquity, the structure HISTORY OF AMERICA. 5 of their vessels was extremely rude, and their me- book thod of working ihem very defective, They were ' unacquainted with several principles and operations i. in navigation, which are now considered as the first ' «no^»»a- elements on which that science is founded. Though w. ug1he that property of the magnet by which it attracts »ncieuu. iron was well known to the ancients, its more im- portant and amazing virtue of pointing to the poles had entirely escaped their observation. Destitute of this fiuthful guide, which now conducts the pilot with so much certainty in the unbounded ocean, during the darkness of night, or when the heaven^s are covered with clouds, the ancients had no other method of regulating their course than by observing the sun and stars. Their navigation was of conse- quence uncertain and timid. They durst seldom quit sight of land, but crept along the coast, ex- posed to all the dangers, and retarded by all the ob- structions, unavoidable in holding such an awkward course. An incredible length of time was requisite for performing voyages which are now finished in a short space. Even in the mildest climates, and in seas the least tempestuous, it was only during the summer months that the ancients ventured out of thejr harbours. The remainder of the year was lost in inactivity. It would have been deemed most in- considerate rashness to have braved the fury of the winds and waves during winter *• While both the science and practice of navigation continued to be so defective, it was an undertaking of no small difficulty and danger to visit any remote • Vegetius de Re milit. lib. iv. 6 HlSTOllY OF AMERICA... BOO K region of the earth. Under every disadvantage, • however, the active spirit of commerce exerted itself. jjj. The Egyptians, soon after the establishment of their ^n and monarchy, are said to have opened a trade between commerce. Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, and the western Egypiians. qq^i of the great Indian continent The commo- dities which they imported from the East, were car- ried by land from the Arabian Gulf to the banks of the Nile, and conveyed down that river to the Me- diterranean. But if the Egyptians in early times applied themselves to commerce, their attention to it was of short duration. « The fertile soil and mild climate of Egypt produced the necessaries and com* forts of life with such profiision, as rendered its in- habitants so independent of other countries, that it became an established maxim among that people, whose ideas and institutions differed in almost every point from those of other nations, to renounce aU intercourse with foreigners. In consequence of this, they never went out of their own country; they held all sea-faring persons in detestation, as impious and profane; and fortifying their own harbours, they denied strangers admittance into them. It was in the decline of their power, and when their vene- ration for ancient maxims had greatly abated, that they again opened their ports, and resumed any communication with foreigners. Of the The character and situation of the Phenicians were as favourable to the spirit of commerce and disqovery as those of the Egyptians were adverse to ^ Diod. Sicul. i. 78. ed. Wesselingii... 1/56. Strabo, lib. xvii. 1 142. 1707. Pheni- ciant HISTOUT OF AMEEICA. 7 it. They had nodistinguishiDg peculiaril^ in their book numners and institutions; they were not addicted, to any singular and unsocial form of superstition. they could mingle with other nations without scruple or reluctance. The territory which they possessed was neither large nor fertile. Commerce was the only source from which they could derive opulence or power. Accordingly, the ti'ade carried on by the Pbenicians of Sidoh and Tyre, was more extensive and enterprising than that of any state ia the ancient world. The genius of the Phenicians, as well as the object of their policy and the spirit of their laws, were entirely commercial. They were a people of merchants who aimed at the empire of the sea, and actually possessed it. Their ships not only frequented all the ports in the Mediterranean, but they were the first who ventured beyond the ancient boundaries of navigation^ and, passing the Streights of Gades, visited the western coasts of Spain and Afripa. In many of the places to which they resorted, they planted colonies, and commu- nicated to the rude inhabitants some knowledge of their arts and improvements. While they extended their discoveries towards the north and the west, they did hot neglect to penetr&te into the more opulent and fertile regions of the south and east. Having rendered themselves mioisters of several com- modious harbours towards the bottom of the Ara- bian Gulf, they, after the example of the Egyptians^ established a regular intercourse with Arabia and the continent of India on the one hand, and with the eastern coast of Africa on the other. From these countries they imported many valuable commodi. 8 UISTOEY OF AMERICA. BOOK ties unknown to the rest of the worlds and daring. • a long period engrossed that lucrative branch of. commerce without a rival^ of the iTie vast wealth whidi the Phenicians acquired ' by monopolizing the trade carried on in the Red Sea, incited their neighbours the Jews, under the prosperous reigns of David and Solomon, to aim at being admitted to some share of it. This they ob- tained, partly by their conquest of Idumea, whidi stretches along the Red Sea, and partly by their al- liance with Hiram King of Tyre. Solomon fitted out fleets, which, under the direction of Phenician pilots, sailed from the Red Sea to Tarshish and Ophir. These, it is probable, were ports in India and Africa, which their conductors were accustomed to frequent, and fix)m them the Jewish ships re* turned with such valuable cargoes as suddenly dif- fosed wealth and splendour through the kingdom of Israel. But the singular institutions of the Jews, the observance of which was enjoined by their divine Legislator, with an intention of preserving them a separate people, uninfected by idolatry, formed a national character, incapable of that open and liberal intercourse with strangers which com- merce requires. Accordingly, this unsocial genius of the people, together with the disasters which befel the kingdom of Israel, prevented the commer- cial spirit which their monarchs laboured to intro- duce, and to cherish, from spreading among them. The Jews cannot be numbered among the nations «= See NOTE I. * M^moire sur le Pays d'Ophir, par M. d'Anvillc^ Mem. de I'Acaden. dcs Inscript. lorn. xx3. 83, niSTOEY OF AMERICA. 9 whidi ccmtribnted to improTe navigations or to ex- b o o k tend discovery. But though the instructions and example of the ofthT* Fhenicians were unable to mould the manners and CuthiiP temper of die Jews, in opposition to the tendency. of their laws, they transmitted the commercial spirit with facility, and in full vigour, to their own de- scendants the Carthaginians. The commonwealth of Carthage applied to trade and to naval affairs, with no less ardour, ingenui^ and success, than its parent-state. Carthage early rivalled and soon sur* passed T^re in opulence and power, but seems not to have aimed at obtaining any share in the com- merce with India. The I^enicians had engrossed this, and had such a command of the Red Sea as secured to them the exclusive possession of that lu- crative branch of trade* The commercial activity of the Carthaginians was exerted in another direc- tion. Without contending for the trade of the Eiast with their mother-country, they extended their na- vigation diiefiy towards the west and north. Fol- lowing the course which the Phenicians had opened, they passed the Streights of Gades, and, pushing theiT discoveries far beyond those of the parent- state, visited not only all the coasts of Spain, but those of Gaul, and penetrated at last into Britain. At the same time that they acquired knowledge of new countries in this part of the globe, they gra- dually carried their researches towards the south. They made considerable progress by land into the interior provinces of Africa, traded with some of them, and subjected others to their empire. They sailed along tlie western coast of that great conti- 10 HISTORY OP AMERICA. BOOK nent almost to the tropic of Cancer/ and planted ' several colonies, in order to civilize the natives and. accustom them to commerce. They discovered the Fortunate Islands, now known by the name of tl^ Canaries, the utmost boundary of ancient navigation in the western ocean. Nor was the progress of the Phenicians and Car- thaginians in their knowledge of the globe, owing entirely to the desire of extending their trade from one country to another. Commerce was followed by its usual effects among both these people. It awakened curiosity, enlarged the ideas and desires of men, and incited them to bold enterprises. Voy* ages were undertaken, the sole object of which was to discover new countries and to explore unknown seas. Such, during the prosperous age of the Car- thaginian republic, were the famous navigations of Hanno and Himlioo, Both their fleets were equip- ped by authority of the Senate, and at public ex- pense. Hanno was directed to steer towards the south, along the coast of Africa, and he seems to have advanced much nearer the equinoctial line than «ny former navigator ^ Himlico had it in charge ^ proceed towards the north, and to examine the western coasts of the European continents. Of the ^me nature was the extraordinary navigation of the « Plinii Nat. Hii^t. 37. edit, in usum Delph. 4to« 1685. ' Plinii Nat. Hist, lib. Hannonis. Periplus ap, Geo- graph. minores^ edit. Hudsoni^ vol. i. « Plinii Nat. Hist. c, 67. Festus Avienus apud Bor chart. Geogt. Sacr. 60. 652. Oper. vol. Bat. 17Q7. • HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 1 Phenicians round Africa. A Phenician fleet, we are B o o K told, fitted out by Necho King of Egypt, took its ^V. departure about six hundred and four years before. the Christian sera, from a port in the Red Sea, doubled the southern promontory of Africa, and af« ter a voyage of three years returned by the Streights of Gades to the mouth of the Nile. Eudoxus of Cyzicus is said to have held the same course, and to have accomplished the same arduous undertaking^ These voyages, if performed in the manner which I have related, may justly be reckoned the greatest effort of navigation in the ancient world; and if we attend to the imperfect state of the art at that time, it is difficult to determine, whether we should most admire the courage and sagacity with which the design was formed, or the conduct and good for- tune with which it was executed. But unfortunate- ly all the original and authentic accounts of the Phenician and Carthaginian voyages, whether un- dertaken by public authority or in prosecution of their private trade, have perished. The information which we receive concerning them from the Greek and Roman authors is not only obscure and inac- curate, but, if we except a short narrative of Hanno*s expedition, is of suspicious authority. Whatever acquaintance with the remote regions of the earth the Phenicians or Carthaginians may have acquired, was concealed from the rest of mankind with a mer- cantile jealousy. Every thing relative to the course^ of their navigation was not only a mystery of trade, •* Herodot. 42. * Plinii Nat. 67. ^ See NOTE II, 12 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK but a secret of state. Extraordinai^ facts are r^ lated concerning their solicitude to prevent other. nations from penetrating into what they wished should remain undivulged K Many of their discover ries seem, accordingly^ to have been scarcely known beyond the precincts of their own states. The na* vigation round Africa, in particular, is recorded by the Greek and Roman writers rather as a strange amusing tale, which they did not comprehend or did not believe, than as a real transaction which enlarged their knowledge and influenced their opi- nions. As neither tlie progress of the Phenician or Carthaginian discoveries, nor the extent of their navigation, were communicated to the rest of man- kind, all memorials of their extraordinary skill in naval afiiurs seem, in a great measure, to have pe- rished, when the maritime power of the former was annihilated by Alexander's conquest of Tyre, and the empire of the latter was overturned by the Ro- man arms, of the Leaving, then, the obscm*e and pompous ac- counts of the Phenician and Carthaginian voyages to the curiosity and conjectures of antiquaries, history must rest satisfied with relating the pro- gress of navigation and discovery among the Greeks and Romans, which, though less splendid, is better ascertained. It is evident that the Phenicians, who instructed the Greeks in many other useful sciences and arts, did not communicate to them that extensive knowledge of navigation which they ' Strab. Geogr. 265. xviii. 11 54. "» See NOTE III. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 13 ^mselves possessed; nor did the Romans imbibe book that commercial spirit and ardour for discovery v^ j which distinguished their rivals the Carthaginians. ^ Though Greece be almost encompassed by the sea, which formed many spacious bays and commodious harbours; though it be surrounded by a great fiumber of fertile islands, yet, notwithstanding such a favourable situation, whidi seemed to invite that ingenious people to apply themselves to navigation; it was long before this art attained any degree of perfection among them. Their early voyages, the object of which was piracy rather than commerce, were so incohsiderable, that the e? pedition of the Argonauts from the coast of Thessaly to the Euxine Sea, appeared such an amazing effort of skill and courage, as entitled the conductors of it to be ranked among the demigods, and exalted the vessel in which they sailed to a place among the heavenly eonstellations. Even at a later period, when the Greeks engaged in their famous lenterprise against Troy, their knowledge in naval afiairs seems not to have 1)een much improved. According to the ac- count of Homer, the only poet to whom history ventures to appeal, and who, by his scrupulous ac- curacy in describing the manners and arts of early ages, merits this distinction, the science of navi- gation at that time had hardly advanced beyond its rudest state. The Greeks in the heroic age seem to have been unacquainted with the use of iron, the most serviceable of all the metals, with- out which no considerable progress was ever made in the mechanical arts. TTieir vessels were of in- considerable burden, and mostly without decks. 14 HISTORY OP AMERICA* BOOK Thef had only one oiast, which was erected ot '• taken down at pleasure. They were strangers to. the use of anchors. AJl thdr operations in sailing were clumsy and unskilful. They turned their ob- servation towards stars, which were improper for regulating their course, and their mode of observing them was inaccurate and fallacious. When they had finished a voyage they drew their paltry barks ashore, as savages do their canoes, and these re- mained on dry land until the season of returning to sea approached. It is not then in the early or he- roic ages of Greece that we can expect to observe the science of. navigation, and the spirit of dis- covery, making any considerable progress. During that period of disorder and ignorance, a thousand causes concurred in restndning curiosi^ and enter- prise within very narrow bounds. But the Greeks advanced with rapidity to a state of greater civilization and refinement. Govern- ment, in its most liberal and perfect form, began to be established in their different communities; equal laws and regular police were gradually intro- duced; the sciences and arts which are useful or ornamental in life were carried to a high pitch of improvement; and several of the Grecian common- wealths applied to commerce with such ardour and success, that they were considered, in the ancient world, as maritime powers of the first rank. Even then, however, the naval victories of the Greeks must be ascribed rather to the native spirit of the people, and to that courage which the enjoyment of liberty inspires, than to any extraordinary pro- gress in the sdence of navigation. In the Persian HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 5 war, those exploits which the genius of the Greek book historians has rendered so famous, were performed '• by fleets, composed chiefly of small vessels without. decks" the crews of which rushed forward with impetuous valour, but little art, to board those of the enemy. In the war of Peloponnesus, their ships seem still to have been of inconsiderable bur- den and force. The extent of their trade, liow highly soever it may have been estimated in ancient times, was in proportion to this low condition of their marine. The maritime states of Greece hardly carried on any commerce beyond the limits of the Mediterranean sea. Their chief intercourse was with the colonies of their countrymen planted in the Lesser Asia, in Italy and Sicily. They some- times visited the ports of Egypt, of the southern provinces of Gaul, and of Thrace, or, passing through the Hellespont, the^ traded with the countries situated around theEuxine Sea. Amazing instances occur of their ignorance, even of those countries which lay within the narrow precincts to which their* navigation was confined. When the Greeks had assembled their combined fleet against Xerxes at E^na, they thought it unadvisable to sail to Samos, because they believed the distance between that island and Egina to be as great as the distance between Egina and the Pillars of Her- cules. They were either utterly unacquainted with all the parts of the globe beyond the Mediter- ranean sea, or what knowledge they had of them was founded on conjecture, or derived from the in- ■ Tliucyd. 14. Hcrodot. viii. 132. 1 6 HISTORY OF AMERICA* BOOK formation of a few persons whom curiosity and the. love of science had prompted to travel by land into. the Upper Asia, or by sea into Egypt, the andent seats of wisdom and arts. After all that the Greeks learned from them, they appear to have been igno- rant of the most important facts on which an ac- curate and scientific knowledge of the globe is founded. The expedition of Alexander the Great into the East, considerably enlarged the sphere of naviga- tion and of geograpliical knowledge among the Greeks. That extraordinary man, notwithstanding the violent passions which incited him at some times to the wildest actions and the most extra^ vagant enterprises, possessed talents which itted him not only to conquer but to govern the woi4d. He was capable of framing those bold and original schemes of policy, which gave a new form to hu- man affairs. The revolution in commerce brought about by the force of his genius, is hardly inferior to that revolution in empire occasioned by the sue* cess of his arms. It is probable, that the opposi- tion and efforts of the republic of Tyre, which checked him so long in the career of his victories, gave Alexander an opportunity of observing the vast resources of a maritime power, and conveyed toiiim some idea of the immense wealth which the Tynans derived from their commerce, especially that with the East-Indies. As soon as he had ac- complished the destruction of Tyre, and reduced Egypt to subjection, he formed the plan of render- ing the empire which he proposed to establish, the centre of commerce as well as the seat of dominion. HftSTbRt 0^ AMERICA. 17 Vtlli tkid iibW he foatided a gi^at Atf. 9cft li^B o o it hoHotfr^ with his own naim, rieaif one of the. tifKHithsof the riteirNRle, that by the Mediterranean. ^et, and ilie neighbourhood of the Arabiacn hitf, it might eommand the trade both of the East and West. This situation was chosen with such *w- nihent, that Alexandria soon became the chief eommercio! eity in the world. Not only daring the tob^dlenee of the Greelan Empire in Egypt and in the BiE^ but amidst all the snccessiire rerolu- tions in those countries from the time of the Pto- lemies to the discovery of the navigation by the Cape of Good Hope, edrnmerce^ particularly that of the East-Indiesi continued to flow in the channel which the sagadity and foresight of Alexander had marked out for it. Hi^ ambttidn was not satisfied with haiang opened to the Greeks a commtinication with India by sea; he aspired to the sovereignty (A those regions which firrliisfaed the rest of ntanidnd with so many pre^ Cfous commodities, and condueted his attny thither by land. Enterpnsing, however, as he niras^ he may be siud rather to htirve viewed than to have coli- qiiered that country. He did not, in his progresii toi^rds the East, advance beyond the banks of the rivers that fall into the Indus, which is now the western boundary of the vast continent of India* Amidst the wild exploits which distinguish this part of his history, he pursued mea^res that mark the superiority of his genius as wett as the extent of his views. He had penetrated as far into India •! Strab. 1 143. 1 149. VOL. C 18 HISTORY OF AMERICA. B O a K as to confirin his opinion of its commercial uBpot^ taiy. and to perceive that immense wealth might ^ x^ be derived from intercourse with a country where the arts of el^ance, having been more early culti- vated* were arrived at greater perfection thwi in any other part of the earths. Full of this idea, re- solved to examine the course of navigation from the mouth of the Indus to the bottom of the Per* sian Gulf; and, if it should be found pracUcable, to establish a regular communication between them. In order to effect this, he proposed to ronove the cataracts, with which the jealousy of the Persians, and their aversion to correspondence with fo- reigners, had obstructed the entrance into the Eu- prates' to carry the commodities of the East up that river, and the Tigris, which unites with it, into the interior parts of his Asiatic dominions; while, by the way of the Arabian Gulf, and the river Nile, they might be conveyed to Ale3{ andria, and dbtributed to the rest of the world. Nearchus, an officer of eminent abilities, was intrusted with the command of the fleet fitted out for this expedi- tion. He performed this voyage, which was deemed an enterprise so arduous and important, that Alexander reckoned it one of the most extra- ordinary events which distinguished his reign. In- considerable as it may now appear, it was at that, time an undertaking of no little merit and diffi- culty. In the prosecution of it, striking instances occur of the small progress which the Greeks had. ^ Strab. icv. 10^6. Q. Curtius, lib. 9. ' Strab. xvi. 1075. IirSTORY OP AMERICA, 19 made in naval knowledge. Having never sailed book b^nd the bounds of the Mediterranean, whera i^ j the ebb and flow of the sea are hardly perceptible. v- when they first observed t^is phssnomenon at the mouth of the Indus, it appeared to them a prodigy, by which the gods testified the displeasure of hea-f ven against their enterprise ^ During their whole course, they sean never to have lAst sight of land, but followed the bearings of the coast so servilely, that they could not much avail themselves of those pmodieal winds which facilitate navigation in the Indian ocean. Accordingly, they spent no less than ten months in performing this voyage" which, from the mouth of the Indus to that of the Persian Grulf, does not exceed twenty degrees. It is pro- bable, that, amidst the violent convulsions and fre^ quent revolutions in the East, occasioned by the contests among the successors of Alexander, the naidgation to India by the course which Nearchus had opened was discontinued. The Indian trade <^arried on at Alexandria, not only subsisted, but was so much extended, under the Grecian mo'narchs of Egypt, that it proved a great source of the wealtl^ which distinguished their kingdom. The progress which the Romans made in navirofu^ gation and discovery, was still more inconsiderable. than that of the Greeks. The genius of the Roman people, their military education, and the spirit of their laws, concurred in estranging them from com* laEierce and naval affairs. It was the necessity of • See NOTE IV. « See NOT^ V, » plin. Nat. e. 23. 20 HlstORY 09 AMEBICA. BOOK oppoBuig a fonnidable riral, not the desire of ex* tending trade, which first prompted them to aim. at maritime power. Though they soon perceived that, in order to acquire the unirersal dominion after which thejr aspired, it was necessary to render tfaemt selves masters of the sea, they still considered the naval service as a subordinate station, and reserved for it such citizens as were not of a rank to be ad- mitted into the l^ions In the history of the Ro- man republic, hardly one event occurs, that marks attention to navigation any further than as it was instrumental towards conquest. When the Romcu valour and discipline had subdued all the maridme states known in the ancient woiid; when Carthage, Greece, and Egypt, had submitted to their power, tlie Romans did not imbibe the commercial spirit of the conquered nationa. Among that people of soldiers, to have applied to trade would have been deemed a d^radation of a Roman citizen. They abandoned the mechanical arts, commerce, and na- vigation, to slaves, to freedmen, to provincials, and to citizens of the lowest class. Even after the sub- version of liberty, when the severity and haughtiness of ancient manners began to abate, commerce did not rise into high estimation among the Romans. Tlie trade of Greece, Egypt, and the other conquer- ed countries, continued to be carried on in its usua) chanmls, after they were reduced into the form of Roman provbces. As Rome was the cq>ital of the world, and the seat of government, all the wealth and valuable productions of the provinces « Polyb. V. HISTORY OF AMBRICA. fi I «owed mrturally thither. The Romans, satisfied book with this, seem to have sufficed commerce to remain ' afanost entirely in the hands of the natives of the re. •v* speetire countries. The extent, however, of the Roman power, whidi reached over thegrei^est jiart of the known world, th^ vi^lant inspection of the Roman magistrates, and the spirit of the Roman government, no less inteOigent than active, gave such additional security to commerce as animated it with new vigour. The union among nations was never so entire, nor the intercourse so perfect, as within the bounds of this vast Entire. Commerce, «nder the Roman dominion, was not obstructed by the jealousy of rival states, interrupted hj Arequent hostilities, or limited by partial restrictions. One superintemling powesr moved aiid regulated the in« dustry of Imankind, and enjoyed the fruits of th^ joint efforts. Navigation felt this influ^ice, and improved under it. As soon as the Romans acquired a taste for the luxuries of tiie East, the trade with India through Egypt was pushed with new vigour, and carried on to greater extent. By frequenting the Indian con* tinent, navigators bec^une acquainted with the pe<- riodidd course of the winds, wfaidi, in the ocean that separates Africa from India, Mow with little variation during one half of the year from the east^ aad during the other half blow with e(pial steadiness from (he west. Encouraged by observii^ tiiis, the ^ots who sailed from Egypt to India abandoned their ancient slow and dangerous course along the coasts and, as soon as the western monsoon set in, took their departure from Ocdis^ at tiie mouth of 23 inSTORY OF AMERICA. B d o K {he Arabian Gulf, and stretched boldly acro^ th K. oceany. The uniform direction of the wind, sup. plying the place of the compass, and tendering the guidance of the stars less necessary, conducted them to the port of Musiris, on the western shore of the Indian continent. There they took on board their cargo, and, returning with the eastern monsoon, finished their voyage to the Arabian Gulf within the year. This part of India, now known by the name of the Malabar coast, seems to have been the utmost iimU of ancient navigation in that, quarter of the globe. Vliat imperfect knowledge the ancients had of the immense countries which stretch beyond this towards the East, they received from a few adven- turers who had visited them by land. Such ex- cursions were neither frequent nor extensive, and it is probable that, while the Roman intercourse with India subsisted, no traveller ever penetrated further than to the banks of the Ganges. The fleets from Egypt which traded at Musiris were loaded, it is true, with the spices and other rich commodities of the continent and islands of the further India; but these were brought to that port, which became the staple of the commerce between the east and west, by the Indians themselves in canoes hollowed out of one ti'ee. The Egyptian and Roman mer- chants, satisfied with acquiring those commodities in this manner^ did not think it necessary to explore unknown seas, and vehture upon a dangerous na- vigation, in quest of the countries which produced y Plip. Hist: lib. 23. * Strub. xv. 1006. 1010. See NOTE VI. " Plin. Hi&t. 26. lllSTOUY OP AMRllICA. 2S ^ihem. Bat though the discoveries of the Bomahs book in In(fia were so limited^ their commerce there was ^ such as w31 appear considerable, even to the present ^ Btge, in which the Indian trade has been extended far beyond the practice or conception of any pre- ceding period. We are informed by one author of credit^ that the commerce with India dmined the Roman empire every year of more than four hun- dred thousand pounds; and by another, that one hundred and twenty ships sailed annually from the Arabian Gulf to that country. The discovery of this new method of sailing to Disco- India, is the most considerable improvement in na- Sf^aL vigation made during the continuance of the Ro-«^ y man power. But in ancient times, the knowledge of remote countries was acquired more frequently by land than by sea. and the Romans, from their pe- culiar disinclination to naval afiairs, may be said to have n^ected totally the latter, though a more easy and expeditious method of discovery. The progress, however, of their victorious armies through a considerable portion of Europe, Asia, and Africa, contributed greatly to extend discovery by land, and gradually opened the navigation of new and un- known seas. Previous to the Roman conquests, the civilized nations of antiquity had little commu- fiication with those countries in Europe which now form its most opulent and powerful kingdoms. The interior parts of Spain and Gaul were imperfectly known. Britain, separated from the rest of the k Plm. Hist, c. 26. « Strob, Gcogr. Ub, u. 179. Sec NOTE Vll. S4 UiSTOAlT Of AMn)C4T BOOK W4^ bad iwfffr>wo vmi^ exoept 1^ ito oeighv. boutf the Gmub» wd l^y a few Cafthf^iaii mar a« iiur ^ the banks of tbe river SSbe. In AMoa, they iK)i)ttiied a (X)n^d0rabie Ip^owlf^ge^of the provin^pes, wbicfa stretch along th Meditienra^ nean Sea, from%ypt westweid to the 9treig^ q( Gades. In A^ia, they not only subj^M to their power most of the provinces whiph composed the Persian and the Maoedonii^u Empires, h^t itftiar their victorlfts over l^ithridates and 'llgranes, they s^em to bav^ m^ a more ao^nirate sucv^ of the comi? tries contiguous tp the JB^xio^ find Caspian Seas^ And to have carri^ on a more actensive trade thmi. t)iat of the Qreelfs with the opulent and oommiefeial lifrtions th^n seated round th^ mfine Sea. imperfeor Ffprn this ificcinct su)rvey of disqovei^y apd Vifmr ^ 1^ gation, whicl) I haVe traced from the eiurUest dawn knowledge of historical knowledge, to the full estahlbhmen^ J. J* of the ^QiuAn dominion^ thf^ progress of both ap»]>ears tq ha^ b^w wonderfully stow. It seems ne- ther adequf^te to wha^ we might luiire eocpect^ 004 the activ^ and enterprise of the human mind» nor to what might b^ve been performed by the pow^ of th, great Smpirfs Minch fH^ccessbely gowei»e4 the worldr If we fcgect a^ipQiqita tM are fabulom fmd obscure; if we adhere steadily to the light and Information of f^uthentic history^ without snbsti? t,l)g in its i^lace (he poi^ectures of Sfntcy pf th<6 HISTORY OF AMfiUICA. S>o dr«aiM of ^ rmologUts, we must coodude^ that tbaiii^dge which (he andf nts had acquired of the ^ im^itabkglol^ was extremely confined. In Europe. «^ tfa^ ext^9Bive provinces in the pastern part oT Ger^r mai^ were little known to them. They were al- moat toto% unacquainted with the vast countries whiieb ar^ noi; subject to the Kings pf Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Poland, and the Russiaq Empire. Tim nfOTt barren regions, that stretph within the aretic pird^ were quite unexplored. In Affic^ their l^se^rehes did not extend far beyond the provinces which border on the Mediterranepm, nd those situ- ated im the western shore of the Arabian Gulf. In Am, 0iey were unacquainted, as I formerly ob- syervQJL ^th all the fiertUe and opulent countries be* yood the Qaoges^ which furnish the most valuable l^lOimodities that in modem times have been the ^ 9t digeet of the European commerce with India; ppf 4^ tb^ seem U> have ever penetrated into those}mniG, i, le^ns occupied by the wandering tribes, whifih thi^ called by the general name of Sarma- tiana or Soythims, and which are now possessed by Tartairs of iwious denominations, and by the Asi« litie 9}bjeets of Russia But there is one opinion, that universally pre- Yfrn. vail^ among the ancients, which conveys a moreofthi^ ItrilpBg idw of the small progress they had made in the knowledge of the habiti^ble globe, than can be deri^ from any detidl of thdr discoveries. Th^ supposed the earth to be divided into five re- gionsy which they distinguished by the name of jSones. Two of these, which were nearest the poles, f^cnr terpMid Fri^ zones^ and believed that the ex- 526 UISTOUY OF AMERieA. BOOK treme cold which reigned perpetually there, rendered, • them unuihabitable. Anothfer, seated under tht. line, and extending on dther side towards the tro- picsi they called the Torrid atone, and imagined it to be so burnt up with unremitting heUt, as to be equally destitute of inhabitants. On the two other zones, which occupied the remainder of the earth, they bestowed the appellation of Temperate, and taught that these, being the only regions in which life could subsist, were allotted to man for his ha<^ bitation. This wild opinion was not a conceit of the uninformed vulgar, or a fanciful fiction of the poets, but a system adopted by the most enlightened phi- losophers, the most accurate historians and geogra- phers in Greece and Rome. According to this theory, a vast portion of the habitable earth was pronounced to be unfit for sustaining the human species. Tliose fertile and populous regions within the torrid zone, which are now known not only to yield their own inhabitants the necessaries and com- IForts of life with most luxuriant profusion, but to communicate their superfluous stores to the rest of the world, were supposed to be the mansion of per- petual sterility and desolation. As all the parts of the globe with which the ancients were acquainted, lay within the northern temperate zone, their opi- nion that the other temperate zone was filled with inhabitants, was founded on reasoning and conjec- ture, not on discovery. They even believed that, by the intolerable heat of the torrid zone, such an insuperable barrier was placed between the two temperate regions of the earth as would prevent for ever any intercourse between their respective iixha* HISTORY OP AMBRICAi 37 bitants. Thus, this extravagant theory lidt only book proves that the ancients were unacquainted with the. true state of the globe, but it tended to render their. • ignorance perpetual, by representing all attempts towards opening a communication with the remote regions of the earth, as utterly impracticable ^ But, however imperfect or inaccurate the geo^ graphical knowledge which the Greeks and Romans had acquired may appear, in respept of the present improved state of that science, their progress in dis- covery will seem considerable, and the extent to which they carried navigation and commerce be reckoned great, when compared with the igno- rance of early times. As long as the Roman Em- pire retained such vigour as to preserve its autho- rity over the conquered nations, and to keep them united, it was an object of public policy, as well as of private curiosity, to examine and. describe the countries which composed this great body. Even when the other sciences began to decline, geography, enriched with new observations, and receiving some accession from the experience of every age, and the reports of every traveller, continued to improve. It improve^ attmned to the highest point of perfection and ac-g^j^p. curacy to which it ever arrived in the ancient world, by Pto- by the industry;and genius of Ptolemy the philo«. sopher. He flourished in the second century of the Christian sera, and published a description of the terrestrial globe, more ample ^and exact than that of any of his predecessors. But, soon after, violent cpnvulsions began to 'See NOTE Vm. 88 HISTORY OF AMEEICA. BOOK shake the Roman state; the fatal and^Uion or ca- price of Ginstantine» bjr changing the seat of go- T^Ti^ vemnicnt, divided and verisentd its force; the bar- aion of the baroos natioos, whieh Providenee fnrepared as in* E^pi^by stmments to overturn the mighty &brie of the Ro- J. man power, began to assemble and to muster their armies on its frontier: the Bmpre tottered to its fall. During this decUne and old age of the Roman state, it was impossible that the seiences should go on improving. The eflbrts of genius were, at that period, as languid an4 feeble as those of govern* ment. From the time of Ptolemy, no eonsiderable addition seems to have been made to geographical knowlec^ nor did any important fevoUidon hap* pen in trade, excepting that Constantinople, by its advantageous situation, and the encouragement of ttie eastern Emperors, became a commercial city of idle first note. EiTcct^s of At length, die clouds which had been so long qiies'tTon g^ ug round the Roman Emphr^ burst into h * Mn««^ storm. Barbarous nations rushed in from several course. quarters widi irresistible impetuosity, and in the general wreck, occasioned by the inund^ion which overwhelmed ISurope, the arts, sciences, inventions, and discoveries of the Romans perished in a great measure, and disappeared. All th^ various tribes which settled in the different provinces of the Ro- man ISmpire were uncivilised, strtmgers to letters, destitute of arts, unacquiiinted with r^ular govenl* ment, subordination, or laws. The manners and institutii^s of some of them were so r^de as to be • Hisl. of Charies V. vol i. HisrrouT OF aueeica. S9 bardty comptttBile with astate of social unioii. Eu- boor Ripe, when occupied by SDcfa inhabitaats, may be ^ mid to have returned to a second inftmcy, and had. to begin anew its career in improvement, science, and civility. The first effect of the s^tkment of diose barbarous invaders was to dissohe the union by which the Roman power liad cemented man- kind together. They parcelled out Europe into many small and independent states, differing from each odier in language and customs. No inter- course subsisted between the members of those di* vided and hostile communities. Accustomed to a simple mode of life, and averse to industry, they had few wants to supply, and few superfluities to dispose of. The names of stranger and enemy be- came once more words of the same import. Cus« toms every where prevailed, and even laws were es- tabli^ed, which rendered it disagreeable and dan- gerous to visit any foreign country. Cities, in which alone an extensive commerce can be carried ot) were few, inconsiderable, and destitute of those immunities which produce security or excite enter- prise. The sciences, on which geography and na- vigation are founded, were littie cultivated. The accounts of ancient improvements and discoveries, contained in the Greek and Roman authors, were n^lected or misunderstood. The knowledge of remote r^ons was lost, their situation, their com- modities, and almost their names, were unknown. One circumstance prevented commercial inter- Comment course with distant nations from ceasing altogether, erv^n ' 30 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOO K Constantinople, though often threatened by tht. fierce inyaders who spread desolation oTer the rest ihTEastT of Europe, was so fortunate as to escape their de- ern Em. Btructive rage. In that city, the knowledge of an- cient arts and discoveries was preserved; a taste for splendour and el^ance subsisted; the producticms and luxuries of foreign countries were in request; and commerce continued to flourish there when it was almost extinct in every other part of Europe, The citizens of Constantinople did not confine their trade to the islands of the Archipelago, or to the adjacent coasts of Asia; they took a wider range, and; following the course whiph the ancients had marked out, imported the commodities of the East Indies firom Alexandria. When Egypt was torn from the Roman Empire by the Arabians, the in- dustry of the Greeks discovered a new channel by which the productions of India might be qonveyecl to Constantinople. They were carried up the In- dus, as far as that great river is navigable; thence * they were transported by land to the bartks of the • river Oxus, and proceeded^ down its streatn to the Caspian Sea. There they entered the Volga, and, sailing up it, were carried by land to the Tanais, which conducted them into the Euxine Sea, where vessels firom Constantinople waited their arrival. This extraordinary and tedious mode of conveyance merits attention, not only as a proof of the violent passion which the inhabitants of Constantinople had conceived for the luxuries of the East, and as d specimen of the ardour and ingenuity with which > JUmusioj vol i. 37! 2. F, HISTORY OF AMERICA. 81 they carried on commerce; but because it demon- b o o it strates that, during the ignorance which reigned in c. the rest of EJurope, an extensive knowledge of re. v- mote countries was still preserved in the capital of the Greek Empire. At the same time a gleam of light and knowledge «^ mnong broke in upon the Elast. The Arabians having con-» Wiuw. tracted some relish for the sciences of the people whose empire they had contributed to overturn^ translated the books of several of the Greek philo- sophers into their own language. One of the first was that valuable work of Ptolemy which I have already mentioned. The study of geography be- came, of consequence, an early object of attention to the Arabians. But that acute and ingetiious people cultivated chiefly the speculative and scien- tific parts of geopraphy. In order to ascertain the figure and dimensions of the terrestrial globe, they sopited the principles of geometry, tliey had re- course to astronomical observations, they employed experiments and operations, which Europe in more enlightened times has been proud to adopt and to imitate. At that period, however, the fame of the improvements made by the Arabians did not reach Europe. The knowledge of their discoveries was reserved for ages capable of comprehending and of perfecting them. By degrees the calamities and desolation brought Revival of upon die western provinces of the Roman Empire and wT^T by its barbarous conquerors were forgotten, and in f^ on m some measure repaired. The rude tribes which. settled there acquiring insensibly some idea of re- gular government, and some reJish for the functions i U ISTOll t Of AIIR1CA. BOOK and comforts of eivii life, Europe hegm i& atva^ • fifom its torpid and iinactive states Tiie first lym. ptoms of revival were discerned in Italj. Thenortli- ern tribes which took possession of this eoontry^ made progress in improvement with greater rapiditjr than the people settled in other parts of Europe. Various causes, which it is not the oli^Mt of this work to enumerate or explain, concurred in restor- ing liberty and independence to the cities of Itdy* The acquisition of these roused industry^ and gavcf motion and vigour to all the active powers of the human mind. Foreign commerce revived, naviga' tion was attended to and improved. Constantinople became the chief mart to which the Italiaiis resort* ed. There they not only met with a fevourable re« ception, but obtained such mercantile privileges as enabled them to carry on trade with great advail* tage. They were supplied both with the preckms commodities of the East, and with maiiy curious manufactures, the product of ancient arts and in" genuity which still subsisted among the Greeks^ As the labour and expense of conveying the pro- ductions of India to Constantinople by that long and indirect course which I have described, render- ed them extremely rare, and of an exorbitant price, the industry of the Italians discovered other me- thods of procuring them in greater abundance and at an easier rate. They sometimes purchased them in Aleppo, Tripoli, and other ports on the coast of Syria, to which they were brought by a route not tmknoHH to the ancients. They were conveyed ^ Hist, of Charles V^ vol. L HISTORY OF AMERICA. 33 fir6m India by sea up the Persian Gulf, and, ascend- book ing the Euphrates and Tigi'is as far as Bagdat, were k^ j carried by land across the desert of Palmyra, and. from tl^ence to the towns on the Mediterranean^ But, from the length of the journey, and the dan- gers to which the caravans were exposed, this proved always a tedious and often a precarious mode of CQQveyance. At length the Soldans of Egypt, hav- ing revived the commerce with India in its ancient channel, by the Arabian Gulf, the Italian merchants, notwithstanding the violent antipathy to each other with which Christians and the followers of Mahomet were then possessed, repaired to Alexandria, and enduring, from the love of gain, the insolence and exactions of the Mahometans, established a lucra- tive trade in that port. From that period the com- mercial spirit of Italy became active and enter- prising. Venice, Genoa, Pisa, rose from inconsi- derable towns to be papulous and wealthy cities. Hieir naval power increased; their vessels frequent- ed not only all the ports in the Mediterranean, but^ venturing sometimes beyond the Streights, visited the maritime towns of Spain, France, the Low- Countries, and England; and, by distributing their commodities over Europe, began to communicate to its various nations some taste for the valuable productions of the East, as well as some ideas of manufactures and arts, which were then unknown beyond the precincts of Italy. While the cities of Italy were thus advancing in Their pro- their career of improvement, an event happened, f. the most extraordinary, perhaps, in the history of the Cm- mankind, which, instead of retarding the commer. vol. D 3 If HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK aal progress of the Italians, rendered it more rapid. ^ The martial spirit of the Europeans, heightened ^ and inflamed by religious zeal, prompted them to attempt the deliverance of the Holy limd from the dominion of Infidels. Vast armies, composed of all the nations in Europe, marched towards Asia upon this wild enterprise. The Genoese, the Pisans, and Venetians, furnished the transports which car- ried them thither. They supplied them with pro- visions and military stores. Besides the immense sums which they received on this account, th^ ob- tained commercial privileges and establishments of great consequence in the settlements which the Crusaders made in Palestine, and in other provinces of Asia. From those sources prodigious wealth flawed into the cities which I have mentioned. This was accompanied with a proportional increase of power; and, by the end of the Holy War, Venice in particular became a great maritime state, pos- sessing an extensive commerce and ample territo- ries^ Italy was not the only country in which the Crusades contributed to revive and diffuse such a spirit as prepared Europe for future discoveries. By their expeditions into Asia, the other European na- tions became well acquainted with remote regions, which formerly they knew only by name, or by the reports of ignorant and credulous pilgrims. Tliey had an opportunity of observing the manners, the arts, and the accommodations of people more po- lished than themselves. This intercourse between the East and West subsisted almost two centuries. * Eti^di de THistoirc du Commerce dc Venise, p. 52, fire. HISTORY OF AHAE^ICA. 35 The adTenturers who returned from Asia oomnm- book nioated to their countrymen the ideas which they ^ had acquired, and the halnts of life they had con. v- tracted by visiting more refined nations, llie Euro- peans began to be sensible of wants with which they were formerly unacquainted: new desires were ex- cited; and such a taste for the conmBodities and arts of other countries gradually spread among them, that they not only encouraged the resort of foreigners to their harbours, but began to perceive the advan- ce and necessity of applying to commerce them- selves. This communication, which was opened between by the dis. Europe and the western provinces of Asia, en. i^ eonra^ged several persons to advance far beyond the ^y. » countries in which the Crusaders carried on their operations, and to travel by land into the more re- mote and opulent regions of the East. The wild fuiaticism, which seems at that period to have mingled in all the schemes of individuals, no leds than in all the counsels of nations, first incited men to enter upon those loqtg and dangerous peregrina- tions. Ttxey were afterwards undertaken from prospects of commercial advantage, or from mo- tives of mere curiosity. Benjamin, a Jew of Tu- dela, in the kingdom of Navarre, possessed with a superstitious veneration for the law of Moses, and solicitous to visit his countrymen in the East, whom he hoped to find in such a state of power and /Opulence as might redound to the honour of his sect, set out from Spain in the year 1 160^ and, w» Hist, of Charles V. i. d2 f Digitized byLjOOQlC 36 HISTORY OP AMERICA. BOOK travelling by land tp Constantinople, proceeded through the countries to the north of and Caspian Seas, as far as Chinese Tartary. From thence he took his route towards the South, and after traversing various provinces of the further In- dia, he embarked on the Indian Ocean, idsited several of its islands, and returned at the end of thirteen years, by the way of Egypt, to Europe, with much information concerning a large district of the globe altogether unknown at that time to the western world. The zeal of the head of the Chris- tian church co-operated with the superstition of Benjamin the Jew in discovering the interior and 1246. remote provinces of Asia. All Christendom having been alarmed with accounts of the rapid progress of the Tartar arms under Zengis Khan, Innocent IV., who entertained most exalted ideas concerning the plenitude of his own power, and the submis- sion due to his injunctions, sent Father John de Piano Carpini, at the head of a mission of Francis- can monks, and Father Ascolino, at the head of another of Dominicans, to enjoin Kayuk Khan, the grandson of Zengis, who was then at the head of the Tartar empire, to embrace the Christian faith, and to desist from desolating the earth by his arms. The haughty descendant of the greatest conqueror Asia had ever beheld, astonished at this strange mandate from an Italian priest, whose name and jurisdiction were alike unknown to him, re* oeived it with the contempt which it merited, though he dismissed the mendicants who delivered " Bergeron, Recueil des Voyages, c, torn. 1. UlSTORY OP AMERICA. 37 U with impunity. But, as they had penetrated into b o k the country by different routes, and followed for. some time the Tartar camps, which were always iii motion, they had opportunity of visiting a great part of Asia. Carpini, who proceeded by the way of Poland and Russia, travelled through its northern provinces as far as the extremities of Thibet. As- colino, who seems to have landed somewhere in Syria, advanced through its southern provinces into the interior parts of Persia ^ Not long after, St. Louis of France contributed 1253. further towards extending the knowledge which the Europeans had begun to acquire of those distant re- gions. Some designing impostor, who took ad- vantage of the slender acquaintance of Christendom with tiie state and character of the Asiatic nations, having informed him that a powerful Khan of the Tartars had embraced the Christian faith, the monarch listened to the tale with pious credulity, and instantly resolved to send ambassadors to this illustrious convert, with a view of enticing him tor attack their common enemy the Saracens in one quarter, while he fell upon them in another. As monks were the only persons in that age who pos- sessed such a degree of knowledge as qualified them for a service of this kind, he employed in it Father Andrew, a Jacobine, who was followed by Father William de Rubruquis, a Franciscan. With re- spect to the progress of the former, there is no me- morial extant. The journal of the latter has been published. He was admitted into the presence of " Hakluyt, i. 21. Bergeron, torn. i. 33 UISTOUY OF AMEiaCA. BOOK Mangu, the third Khan in succession from Zengis. M and made a circuit through the interior parts of Asia, more extensive than that of any European who had hitherto explored them p. To those travellers whom religious zeal sent forth to visit Asia, succeeded others who ventured into remote countries from the prospect of com- mercial advantage, or from motives of mere curi- osity. The first and most eminent of these was 1265. Marco Polo, a Venetian of a noble family. Having engaged early in trade, according to the custom of his country, his aspiring mind wished for a sphere of activity more extensive than was aflbrded o> it by the established traffic carried on in those ports of Europe and Asia which the Venetians fre- quented. This prompted him to travel into un- known countries, in expectation of opening a com- mercial intercourse with them more suited to the sanguine id^s and hopes of a young adventurer. As his father had already carried some European commodities to the court of the great Khan of the Tartars, and had disposed of them to advantage, he resorted thither. Under the protection of Ku- Ijlay Khan, the most powerful of all the successors of Zengis, he continued his mercantile peregrina- tions in Asia upwards of twenty-six years; and during that time advanced towards the east, far beyond the utmost boundaries to which any Euro- pean traveller had ever proceeded. Instead of fol- lowing the course of Carpini and Rubruquis, along the vast unpeopled plains of Tartary, he passed P Hakl. 71. RecueU des Voyages pat Bergeron, torn. i. HISTOEY OF AMERICA. 39 through the chief trading cities in the more culti- book vated parts of Asia, and penetrated to Cambalu, or tj. Peking, the a4>ital of the great kingdom of Cathay. or China, subject at that time to the successors of 2eiigis. He made more than one voyage on the Indian Ocean; he traded in many of the islands from which Eurc^e had long received spiceries and other commodities which it held in high estima- tion, though unacquainted with the particular countries to which it was indebted for those precious productions; and he obtained information con- cerning several countries which he did not visit in person, particularly the island Zipangri, probably the same now known by the name of Japan. On his return, he astonished his contemporaries with his descriptions of vast regions whose names had never been heerd of in Europe, and with such pom- pous accounts of their fertility, their populousness, their opulence, the variety of their manufactures, and the extent of their trade, as rose far above the conception of an uninformed age. About half a century after Marco Polo, Sir John 1322: Mandeville, an Englishman, encouraged by his example, visited most of the countries in the East which he had described, and, like him, published an account of them. The narrations of those early travellers abound with many wild incoherent tales concerning giants, enchanters, and monsters. But they were not from that circumstance less accept- able to an ignorant age, which delighted in what ^ Viaggi A Masco Polo. 2. ii. ' Voyagc« and Travels, by Sir John Mandeville. 40 inSTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK was marvellous. The ^renders whkh tb^y told, t. J mostly on hearsay, filled the multitude with admi- ration. The facts which they related from their own observation attracted the attention of the more discerning. The former, which may be considered as the popular traditions and fables of the countries through which they had passed, were gradually di^ regarded as Europe advanced in knowledge. The latter, however incredible some of them may have appeared in their own time, have been confirmed by the observations of modern travellers. By mean of both, however, the curiosity of mankind was ex^ cited with respect to the remote parts of the earth; their ideas were enlarged; and they were not only insensibly disposed to attempt new discoveries, but received such information as directed to that par- ticular course in which these were afterwards car- ried on. and by the While this spirit was gradually forming in Europe, invention. j* Ji. j of the a fortunate discovery was made, which contnbuted marinera' more than all the efforts and ingenuity of preceding. ages to improve and to extend navigation. That wonderful property of the magnet, by which it com- municates such virtue to a needle or slender rod of iron as to point towards the poles of the earth, was observed. The use which might be made of this in directing navigation was immediately perceived. That valuable but now familiar instrument, the mariners' compass y was constructed. When, by means of it, navigators found that, at all seasons and in every place, they could discover the north and south with so much ease and accuracy, it be- came no loftger necessary to depend merely on the ■ Digitized by tilSrORY OF AMERICA. 41 light of the stars and the observation of the sea- book coast. iTiey gradually abandoned their ancient i. timid and lingering course along the shore, veni- tured boldly into the ocean, and, relying on this new guide, could steer in the darkest night, v^d under the most cloudy sky, with a security and precision hitherto unknown. The compass may be said to have opened to man the dominion of the sea, and to have put him in full possession of the earth by enabling him to visit every part of it. Fhtvio Gioia, a citizen of Amalfi, a town of considerable trade in the kingdom of Naples, was the author of this great discovery, about the year one thousand three hundred and two. It hath been often the fate of those illustrious benefactors of mankind who have enriched science and Improved the arts by their inventions, to derive more reputation than benefit from the happy efiforts of their genius. But the lot of Gioia has been still more cruel; through the inattention or ignorance of contemporary histo- rians, he has been defrauded even of the fame to which he had such a just title. We receive from them no information with respect to his profession, his character, the precise time when he made this iitiportant discovery, or the accidents and inquirieci which led to it. The knowledge of this event, though productive of greater effeqts than any re- corded in the annals of the human race, is trans- mitted to us without any of those circumstances which can gratify the curiosity that it naturally awakens. But though the use of the compass » CoUinas & Trombellus He Acus Nauticae Inventore, Instit. Acad. Bonon. part iii. 372. 42 HISTORY 0:F AMEEICA. BOO K might enable- the Italians to perform the short. voyages to which they were accustomed with greater s^urity and expedition, its influence was not so sudden or extensive as immediately to render navi- gation adventurous, and to excite a spirit of dis- covery. Many causes combined in preventing thie beneficial invention from producing its full effect instantaneously. Men relinquish ancient habits slowly and with reluctance. They are averse to new experiments, and venture upon them with timidity. The commercial jealousy of the Italians^ it is probable, laboured to conceal the happy dis- covery of their countrymen from other nations. The art of steering by the compass with such skiU and accuracy as to inspire a full confidence in its direction, was acquired gradually. Sailors unac- customed to quit sight of land, durst not launch out at once and commit themselves to unknown seas. Accordingly, near half a century elapsed from the time vere very numerous in both these kingdoms. Geometry. astronomy, and geography, the sciences on which the art of navigation is founded, became objects of studious attention. The memory of the discoveries made by the ancients was revived, and the progress of their navigation and commerce began to be traced. Some of the causes which have obstructed the cultivation of science in Portugal, during this century and the last, did not exist, or did not ope- rate in the same manner, in the fifteenth century' and the Portuguese at that period seem to have kept pace with other nations on this side of the Alps in literary pursuits. As the genius of the age favoured the execution its success. t See NOTE IX. 48 HI9T0RY OF AMERICA. B o o K of that new undertaking, to which the peculiar state. of the country invited the Portuguese, it proved suc- cessful. The vessels sent on the discovery doubled that formidable Cape, which had terminated the progress of former navigators, and proceeded a hundred and sixty miles beyond it, to CapeBojad^r. As its rocky cliffs, which stretched a considerable way into the Atlantic, appeared more dreadful than the promontory which they had passed, the Portu- guese commanders durst not attempt to sail round it, but returned to Lisbon, more satisfied with hav- ing advanced so far, than ashamed of having ven- tured no further. Prince Inconsiderable as this voyage was, it increased dir^oro^ the passioH for discovery which began to, arise in the Portu- Portugal. The fortunate issue of the King's expe- coveries. dition against the Moors of Barbary, added strength. to that spirit in the nation, and pushed it on to new undertakings. In order, to render these suc- cessful, it was necessary that they should be con- ducted by a person who possessed abilities capable of discerning what was attainable^ who enjoyed lei- sure to form a regular system for prosecuting dis- covery, and who was animated with ardour that would persevere in ^pite of obstacles and re- pulses. Happily for Portugal, she found all those qualities in Henry Duke of Viseo, the fourth son of King John by Philippa of Lancaster, sister of Henry IV. King of England. That Prince, in his early youth, having accompanied his father in his expedition to Barbary, distinguished himself by many deeds of valour. To the martial spirit, which was' the characteristic of every man of noble. bilth HISTORY OP AMERICA. t 48 HISTORY OF AMERICA. Googl^ HISTORY OP AMERICA. 49 at that time, he added all the accomplishments of a B o o k more enlightened and polished age. He cultivated i. the arts and sciences, which were then unknown. and despised by persons of his rank. He applied with peculiar fondness to the study of geography; and by the instruction of able masters, as well as by the accounts of travellers, he early acquired such knowledge of the habitable globe, as discovered the great probability of finding new and opulent coun- tries, by sailing along the coast of Africa. Such an object was formed to awaken the enthusiasm and ardour of a youthful mind, and he espoused with the utmost zeal the patronage of a design which might prove as beneficial as it appeared to be splendid and honourable. In order that he might pursue this great scheme without interruption, he retired from court immediately after his return from Africa, and fixed his residence at Sagres, near Cape St. Vincent, where the prospect of the Atlantic Ocean invited his thoughts continually towards his favourite project, and encouraged him to execute it. In this retreat he was attended by some of the most learned men in his country, who aided him in his researches. He applied for ^information to the Moors of Barbary, who were accustomed to travel by land into the interior provinces of Africa in quest of ivory, gold-dust, and other rich commo- dities... He consulted the Jews settled in Portugal. Bjr promises, rewards, and marks of respect, he al- lured into his service several persons, foreigners as wdl as Portuguese, who were eminent for their skill in navigation. In taking those preparatory steps, the great abilities of the Prince were seconded VOL. E 50 UISTORY OF AMERICA. B o O K by his private virtues. His integrity, his afiabiKty». his respect for religion^ his zeal for the honour of. his country, engaged persons of all ranks to applaud his design^ and to favour the execution of it. His schemes were allowed; by the greater part of his countrymen, to proceed neither from ambition nor the desire of wealth, but to flow from the warm be- nevolence of a heart eager to promote the happi- ness of mankind, and which justly entitled him to assume a motto for his device, that described the quality by which he wished to be distinguished, the talent of doing good. Discovery His first effort, as is usual at the commencement Santo; of any new undertaking, was extremely inconsi- 1418. derable. He fitted out a single ship, and giving the command of it to John Gonzales Zarco and Tristan Vaz, two gentlemen of his household, who voluntarily offered to conduct the enterprise, he in- structed them to use their utmost efforts to double Cape Bojador, and thence to steer towards the south. They, according to the mode of navigation which still prevailed, held their course ^along the shore; and by following that direction, they must have encountered almost insuperable difficulties in attempting to pass Cape Bojador. But fortune came in aid to their want of skill, and prevented the voyage from being altogether fruitless. A sudden squall of wind arose, drove them out to sea, and, when they expected every moment to perish, landed them on an unknown island, which from their happy escape they named Porto Santo. In the in- fancy of navigation, the discovery of this small is- land appeared a matter of such moment, that they HISTORY OF AMERICA. 5 I instantly returned to Portugal with the good tidings, booh and were received by Henry with the applause and. honour due to fortunate adventurers. Tl/is faint 1419. dawn of success filled a mind ardent in the pursuit of a favourite object^ with such sanguine hopes as were sufficient incitements to proceed. Next year Henry sent out three ships under the same coin- manikrs, to whom he joined Bartholomew Peres- ftrellow, in order to take possession of the islands which they had discovered. When they began to settle in Porto Santo, they observed towards the south a fixed spot in the horizon like a small black cloud. By degrees, they were led to conjecture of Ma- that it might be land; and steering towards it, they. arrived at a considerable island, uninhabited and covered with wood, which on that account they called Madeira. As it was Henry's chief object to render his discoveries useful to his countiy, he immediately equipped a fleet to carry a colony of Portuguese to these islands. By his provident care, I ii. they were furnished not only with tlie seeds, plants, and domestic animals common in Europe; but, as he foresaw diat the warmth of the climate and, fer- tility of the soil would prove favourable to the rear- ing of other productions, he procured slips of the vine from the bland of Cyprus, the rich, wines of which were then in great request, and plants of the sugar-cane from Sicily, into which it had been lately introduced. These throve so. prosperously ia this new country, that the bwefit of cultivj^ing " Historical Relation of the first Discovery of Madeira, translated from the Portuguese of Fran. Alcafarana, p. 15, E 2 52 IIISTOKY OF AMERICA. BOOK them was immediately perceived, and the sHgar and. wine of Madeira quickly became articles of some consequence in the commerce of Portugal. As soon as the advantages derived from this first settlement to the west of the European continent began to be felt, the spirit of discovery appeared less chimerical, and became more adventurous. By their voyages to Madeira, the Portuguese were gra- dually accustoir>ed to a bolder navigation, and, in- stead of creeping servilely along the coast, ventured Double into the open sea. In consequence of taking this jadorj ^ course, Giliaucz, who commanded one of Prince Henry's ships, doubled Cape Bojador, the boundary of the Portuguese navigation upwards of twenty years, and which had hitherto been deemed un. 1433. passable. This successful voyage, which the igno- rance of the age placed on a level with the most famous exploits recorded in history, opened a new sphere to navigation, as it discovered the vast con- tinent of Africa, still washed by the Atlantic Ocean, and stretching towards the south. Part of this was advance 3oon explored; the Portuguese advanced within hvpics. tropics, and in the space of a few years they dis- covered the river Senegal, and all the coast extend- ing from Cape Blanco to Cape de Verd. Astonish- Hitherto the Portuguese had been guided in their ^et^db^ discoveries, or encouraged to attempt them, by the ▼ered light and information which they received from the. works of the ancient' mathematicians and geogra- phers. But when they began to enter the torrid zone, the notion which prevailed among the an- « Lud. Guicciardini Descntt. de Paesi Bassi, p! 180, ISI. HISTORY OF AMEiaCA, 53 cients, that the heat, which reigned perpetually book there, was so excessive as to render it uninhabitable, v. deterred them, for some time, from proceeding. Their owft observations, when they first ventured into this unknown and formidable region, tended to confirm the opinion of antiquity concerning the violent operation of the direct rays of the sun., As far as the river Senegal, the Portuguese had found the coast of Africa inhabited by people nearly re- sembling the Moors of Barbary. When they ad- vanced to the south of that river, the human form seemed to put on a new appearance. They beheld men with skins black as ebony, with short curled hair, fiat noses, thick lips, and all the peculiar features which are now known to distinguish the race of Negroes. This surprising alteration they naturally attributed to the influence of heat, and if they should advance nearer to the line, they began to dread that its effects would be still more violent. Those dangers were exaggerated; and many other objections against attempting further discoveries were proposed by some of the grandees, who, from ^ignorance, from envy, or from that cold timid pru- dence which rejects whatever has the air of novelty or enterprise, had hitherto condemned all Prince Henry's schemes. They represented, that it was altogether chimerical to expect any advantage from countries situated in that region which the wisdom and experience of antiquity had pronounced to be unfit for the habitation of men; that their forefa- thers, satisfied with cultivating the territory which Providence had allotted them, did not waste the strength of the kingdom by fruitless projects in 54 HISTORY OF AMERICA. B o OK quest of new settlements; that Portugal was alrea^ I- exhausted by the expense of attempts to discover. lands which either did not exist, or which nature destined to remain unknown; and was dndned of men, who might have been employed in under- takings attended with more certain success, and productive of greater benefit. But neither their ap- peal to the authority of the ancients, nor their reasonings concerning the interests of Portugal, made any impression upon the determined philo- sophic mind of Prince Henry. The discoveries which he had already made, convinced him that the niicients had little more than a conjectural know- ledge of the torrid zone. He was no less satisfied that the political arguments of his opponents, with respect to the interest of Portugal, were malevolent and ill-founded. In those sentiments he was stre- nuously supported by his brother Pedro, who go- verned the kingdom as guardian of their nephew 1438. Alphonso v., who had succeeded to the throne du- ring his minority; and, instead of slackening his efforts, continued to pursue his discoveries with fresh ardour. Papal But in order to ailence all the murmurs of oppo- Tortugd sition, he endeavoured to obtain the sanction of the of what highest authority in favour of his operations. With countries. • t it* i j it should ( this view he applied to the Pope, and represented, discover, jj^ pompous tcrms, the pious and unwearied zeal with which he had exerted himself during twenty years, in discovering unknown countries, the wretch- ed inhabitants of which were utter strangers to true religion, wandering in heathen daikness, or led iisliay by the delusions of Mahomet. He besought UISTORT OF AMERICA. 55 the holy fether, to whom, as the vicar of Christ, aU b O K the kingdoms of the earth were snbject, to confer i. on the crown of Portugal a right to all the coun. tries possessed by infidels, which should be dis- covered by the industry of its subjects, and subdued by the force of its arms. He entreated him to en- join all Christian powers, under the highest penal- tics, not to molest Portugal while engaged in this laudable enterprise, and to prohibit them from set- tling in any of the countries which the Portuguese should discover. He promised that, in all their ex- peditions, it should be the chief object of his coun- trymen to spread the knowledge of the Christian religion, to establish the authority of the Holy See, and to increase the flock of the universal pastor. As it was by improving with dexterity every favour- able conjuncture for acquiring new powers, that the court of Rome had gradually extended its usurpa- tions, Eugene IV., the Pontiff to whom this appli- cation was made, eagerly seized the opportunity which now presented itself. He instantly perceived that, by complying with Prince Henry' s request, he might exercise a prerogative no less flattering in its own nature than likely to prove beneficial in its consequences. A bull was accordingly issued, in which, after applauding in the strongest terms the past efforts of the Portuguese, and exhorting them to proceed in that laudable career on which they had entered, he granted them an exclusive right to all the countries which they should discover, from Cape Non to the continent of India. Extravagant as this donation, comprehending such a large portion of the habitable globe, would 66 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK now appear, even in Cat}iolic countries, no perspn. J in the fifteenth century doubted that the Pope, in the plenitude of his apostolic power, had a right to confer it. Prince Henry was soon sensible of the advantages which he derived from this transaction. His schemes were authorized and sanctified by the bull approving of them. The spirit of discovery was connected with zeal for religion, which in that age was a principle of such activity and vigour as to influence the conduct of nations; All Christian Princes were deterred from intruding into those countries which the Portuguese had discovered, or from interrupting the progress of their navigation and conquests y. Fame ind. Portuguese voyages soon spread progreM of over Europe. Men long accustomed to circum- guwe^di. scribe the activity and knowledge of the human coveries. mind within the limits to which they had been hitherto confined, were astonished to behold the sphere of navigation so suddenly enlarged, and a prospect opened of visiting regions of the globe the existence of which was unknown in former times. The learned and speculative reasoned and formed, theories concerning those unexpected db- coveries. The vulgar inquired and wondered; while enterprising adventurers crowded from every part of Europe, soliciting Prince Henry to employ them in this honourable service. Many Venetians and Genoese, in particular, who were at that time superior to all other nations in the science of naval affairs, entered aboard the Portuguese ships, and y See NOTE X. HISTORY OF AM ERICA. 57 acquired a more perfect and extensive knowledge book of their profession in that new school of navigation. ' In emulation of these foreigners, the Portuguese. exerted their own talents. The nation seconded the designs of the Prince. Private merchants formed 1446. companies, with a view to search for unknown countries. The Cape de Verd islands, which lie off the promontory of that name, were discovered, and soon after the isles called Azores. As the 1449. former of these are above three hundred miles, from the African coast, and the latter nine hundred miles from any continent, it is evident, by their venturing so boldly into ftie open seas, that the Portuguese had by this time improved greatly in the art of navigation. While the passion for engaging in new under- Death of takings was thus warm and active, it received an y" unfortunate check by the death of Prince Henry, 1^63. whose superior knowledge had hitherto directed all the operations of the discoverers, and whose pa- tronage had encouraged and protected them. But notwithstanding all the advantages which they de- rived from these, the Portuguese during his life did not advance in their utmost progress towards the south, within five degrees of the equinoctial line; and after their continued exertions for half a cen- From 1412 tury, hardly fifteen hundred miles of the coast oi ^ Africa were discovered. To an age acquainted with the efforts of navigation in its state of ma- turity and improvement, those essays of its early years must necessarily appear feeble and unskilful. But inconsiderable as they may be deemed, they were sufficient to turn the<;uriosity of the European 58 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK nations into a new channel, to excite an enterpris* '• ^ J ing spirit, and to point the way to future discove- ries. Tiie pas- Alphonso, who possessed the throne of P*»»• ther the time nor place of his birth is known with certainty^ but he was descended of an honourable family, though reduced to indigence by various misfortunes. His ancestors having betaken them* selves for subsistence to a sea-faring life, Columbus discovered in his early youth the peculiar character and talents which mark out a man for that profes- sion* His parents, instead of thwarting this origi- nal propensity of his mind, seem to have encouraged and confirmed it by the education which they gave him • After acquiring some knowledge of the Latin * Sec NOTE XL inSTOUY OP AMEBICA; 67 totigue, the only language in which science was book taught at that time, he was instructed in geometry. cosmography, astronomy, and the art of drawing. To these he applied with such ardour and predilec- tion, on account of their connexion with naviga- tion, his favourite object, that he advanced with ra- pid proficiency in the study of them. Thus quali<» l^ l* fled, he went to sea at the age of fourteen, and be- gan hid career oh that elenient which conducted him to so much glory. His early voyages were to thos^ ports in the Mediterranean which his coun- trynlett the Genoese frequented. This being a. Sphere too narrow for his active mind, he made an excursion to the northern seas, and visited the coasts of Iceland, to which the English and other nations had begun to resort on account of its fishery. As navigation, in every direction^ was now become en- terprisingj he proceeded beyond that island^ the Thule of the ancients, and advanced several degrees within the polar circle. Having satisfied his curi- osity, by a voyage which tended more to enlarge his knowledge of njival affairs than to improve his for- tune, he entered into the service of a famous sea- captain of his own name and family. This man commanded a small squadron fitted out at his own expense^ and by cruising sometimes against the Mahometiins, sometimes against the Venetians, th^ rivals of his country in trade, had acquired both wealth and reputation. With him Columbus con- tinued for several years, no less distinguished for his courage than for his experience as a sailor. At length, in an obstinate engagement off the coast of Portugal, with some Veiietian caravals returning f2 68 UlSTORY OF AMRICA. o o K richly laden from the Low-Countries, the vessid on y^ j board which he served took fire, together with one. of the enemy's ships to which it was fast grappled. In this dreadful extremity his intrepidity and pre* sence of mind did not forsake him. He threw him* self into the sea, laid hold of a floating oar; and by the support of it, and his dexterity in swimming, he reached the shore, though above two leagues distant, and saved a life reserved for great under- takings. He enters As soon as he recovered strength for the journey, Portu^ be repaired to Lisbon, where many of his country- gyeseser- men were settled. They soon conceived such a favourable opinion of his merit, as well as tal^its, that they warmly solicited him to remain in that kingdom, where his naval skill and experience could not fail of rendering him conspicuous. To every adventurer animated either with curiosity to visit new countries, or with ambition to distinguish him- self, the Portuguese service was at that time ex^ tremely inviting. Columbus listened with a fevour- able ear to the advice of his friends, and, having gained the esteem of a Portuguese lady, whom he married, fixed his residence in Lisbon. This alli- ance, instead of detaching him from a sea-faring life, contributed to enlarge the sphere of his naval knowledge, and to excite a desire of extending it still further. His wife was a daughter of Bartho- lomew Perestrello, one of the captains employed by Prince Henry in his early navigations, and who, un- der his protection, had discovered and planted the ^ Life of Cdumbus^ c. v. HISTORY OP AMERICA* 69 islands of Porto Santo and Madeira. Columbus book got possession of the journals and charts of this. experienced navigator; and from them he learned the course which the Portuguese had held in making their discoveries, as well as the various circum- stances which guided or encouraged them in their attempts. The study of these soothed and inflamed his favourite passion; and while he contemplated the maps, and read the descriptions, of the new countries which Perestrello had seen, his impa- tience to visit them became irresistible. In order to indulge it, he made a voyage to Madeira, and continued during several years to trade with that island, with the Canaries, the Azores, the settle- ments in Guinea, and all the other places which the Portuguese had discovered on the continent of Africa. By the experience which Columbus acquired. The effects during such a variety of voyages to almost every jf^ v^ part of the globe with which at that time any in- upon him. tercourse was carried on by sea, he was now become one of the most skilful navigators in Europe. But, not satisfied with that praise, his ambition aimed at something more. The successful progress of the Portuguese navigators had awakened a^ spirit of curiosity and emulation, which set every man of science upon examinilig all the circumstances that led to Uie discoveries which they had made, or that afforded a prospect of succeeding in any new and bolder undertaking. The mind of Columbus, na- turally inquisitive, capable of deep reflection, and « Life of Columbus, c. v. 70 IIISTOUY or AMEIUCA. BOOK turned to speculations of this kind, w^s so often. employed in revolving the principles upop which. the Portuguese had founded their schemes of dis? covery, and the mode on which they had carried them on, that he gradually began to form an idea of improving upon their plan, and of acpomplishr ing discoveries which hitherto they ha^ tt^mpted in vain, He forhis, To find oyt a passage by sea to the East Indies, a^new. was the great object in view at that period. From course to the time that the Portuguese doubled Cape de Verc^ this was the point at which they aim^ in all their navigations, and in comparison with it all their discoveries in Africa appeared inconsiderable. The fertility an4 riches of India had been known for many ages: its spices and other valuable commo- dities were in high request throughout Europe, and the vast wealth of the Venetians, arising from their having engrossed this trade, hid raised tht! envy of all nations. But how intent soever the Portuguese were upon discovering a new route to those desirable regions, they searched for it only by steering towards the south, in hopes of arriying at India by turning to the e^t after they had sailed round the further extremity of Africa. This course was still unknown, and, even if discovered, wns of such immense length, that a voyage from Europe to India must haye appeared at that peripd an un- dertaking extremely arduous, and of very uncertain issue. More than half a century had be^n employecl in advancing from Cape Non to the equator; a puch longer space of time might elapse before the jiiore extensive navigation from that to India coul^ HISTORr OP AMERICA. 71 be accompliabed* These reflections upon the un- b o o K -certainty, the danger, and t^ousness of the course ' • which the Portuguese were pursuing, naturally kd. v. Columbus to consider whether a shorter and more direct passage to the East Indies might not be found out. After revolving long and seriously every circumstance suggested by his superior knowledge in the theory as well as practice of navigation; after comparing attentively the observations of mov dem pilots with the hints and conjectures of ancient authors, he at last concluded, tbut by sailing dU redly towards the ^est, across the AtWtic Ocean, new countries, which probably formed a part of tlie great continent of India, must infj^Uibly be discor vered. Principles and arguments of various kinds, and The pnn- derived from difierent sources, induced him tp adopt ^j. J? this opinion, seemingly as chimerical as it was new theory w^ and extraordinary. The spherical figure of the. isarth was known, and its magnitude ascertained with some degree of accuracy. From this it was evident, that the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, as far 83 they were known at that time, formed but ^ stmll portion of the terraqueous globe. Jt was suitable to our ideas concerning the wisdom and beneficence of the Author of Nature, to believe that the vast space still unexpbred was not covered entirely by a waste unprofitable ocean, but occupied by countries fit for the habitation of man. It ap- peared likewise extremely probable, that the conti- nent on this side of the globe was balanced by a proportional quantity of land in the other hemi- sphere. These conclusions concerning the existence 72 HISTORY OF AMERICA. B o o K of another coatinenty dnwn from the figure and. structure of the globe, were confirmed by the ob. servations and conjectures of modem navigators. A Portuguese pilot, having stretched further to the west than was usual at that time, took up a piece of timber artificially carved floating upon the sea; and as it was driven towards him by a westerly wind, he concluded that it came from some un- known land situated in that quarter. Columbus's brother *in-law had found, to the west of the Ma- deira isles, a piece of timber fashioned in the same manner, and brought by the same vvind; and had seen likewise canes of an enormous size floating upon the waves, which resembled those described by Ptolemy as productions peculiar to the East Indies. After a course of westerly winds, trees torn up by the roots were often driven upon the coasts of the Azores; and at one time, the dead bodies of two men with singular features, resembling neither the inhabitants of Europe nor of Africa, were cast ashore there. As the force of this united evidence, arising from theoretical principles and practical observations, led G)lumbus to expect the discovery of new coun- tries in the western ocean, other reasons induced him to believe that these must be connected with the continent of India. Though the ancients had hardly ever penetrated into India further than the banks of the Ganges, yet some Greek authors had ventured to describe the provinces beyond that river. As men are prone, and at liberty, to mag» Mib. l7. MISTOUY OP AMERICA. 73 nify what is remote or unknown, t^y represented BOOK them as regions ofan immense extent. Ctesiasaf. firmed that India was as large as all the rest of Asia. Onesicritus, whom Pliny the naturalist follows ^ contended that it was equal to a third part of th^ habitable earth. Nearchus asserted, that it would take four months to march in a straight line from one extremity of India to the other ^ The journal of Marco Polo, who had proceeded towards the East far beyond the limits to which any European had ever advanced, seemed to confirm these exag- gerated accounts of the ancients. By his magni- ficent descriptions of the kingdoms of Cathay and GpangOy and of many other countries the names of which were unknown in Europe, India appeared to be a region of vast extent. From these accounts, which, however defective, were the most accurate that the people of Europe had received at that pe- riod with respect to the remote parts of the East, Columbus drew a just conclusion. He contended that, in proportion as the continent of India stretched out towards the East, it must, in consequence of the spherical figure of the earth, approach nearer to the islands which had lately been discovered to the west of Africa; that the distance from the one to the other was probably not very considerable; and that the most direct as well as shortest course to the remote regions of the East was to be found by sailing due Wests. This notion concerning the vicinity of India to the western parts of our conti- <^Nat. ' Strab. lOU. i See NOTE XII. 7* HISTORY OF AMERICA* BOOK tienU was countenanced by some eroinent writers ^i« among the ancients, the sanction of whose autho. rity was necessary, in that age, to procure a &voar- able reception to any tenet. Aristotle thought it probable that the Columns of Hercules, or Straits of Gibraltar, were not far removed from the East In* dies, and that there might be a communication by sea between them. Seneca, in terms still more explicit, afiirms, that with a fair'wind one might sail from Spain to India in a few days. The & mous Atlantic island descril>ed by Plato, and sup« posed b^ many to be a real country, beyond which an unknown continent was situated, is represented by him as lying at no great distance from Spsun. After weighing all these particulars, Columbus, in whose character the modesty and diffidence of true genius were united with th^ ardent enthusiasm of a projeptor, did not rest with such absolute assu* ranoe either upon his own arguments, or upon the authority of the ancients, as not to consult such of his contemporaries as were capable of pomprebendlumbus placed in him. He warmly ap. proved of the plan, suggested several facts in con. finnation of it, and encouraged Columbus to perse- vere in an undertaking so laudable, and which must redound so muc^ to t)ie hopour of h^ country fmd the beQeftt of Europe. To a mind less capable of forming and of exe* hu exiting great designs than that of Columbus, all. those reasonings and observations and authorities ing it into would have served only as the foundation of some. plausible and fruitless theory, which mtght have furnished matter for ingenious discourse or fanci- ful conjecture. But with his sanguine und enter- prising temper, speculation)ed directly to actioq. FuU^ satisfted himself with respect to the truth qf his tysteni, he was impatient to bring it to the test of experiment, and to set out upon a voyage of dis- Govoy. The first step towards (his was to ^ ecure the patronage of some of the considerable powers in Europe capable of undertaking such an enter- prise. As long absence had qot extinguished the affection which he bore to his native country, he wished that it should reap the fruits of his labours and invention. With this view, he Idd his scheme h^ appiiei before the Senateof Genoa, and, making his country. the g». the first tender of his service, offered, to sail under ' the banners of the republic in quest of (he new re- gions which he expected to discover. But Co- lumbus had resi4ed for so many years in foreign narts^ that his countrymen were unacquainted witl^ life of Colui)Abu^ c. viii. k^Google 76 lllSTOllY OF AMEIUCA. B o o K bis abilities and character; and, though a maritime. people, were so little accustomed to distant voyages. that they could form no just idea of the principles on which he founded his hopes of success. Tliqr inconsiderately rejected his proposal, as the dream of a chimerical projector, and lost for ever the op- portunity of restoring their Commonwealth to its ancient splendour^ to the Having performed what was due to his country, Po^gal, Columbus was so little discouraged by the repulse which he had received, that instead of rdinquishing his undertaking he pursued it with fresh ardour. He made his next overture to John 11. King of Por- tugal, in whose dominion? he had been long esta- blished, and whom he considered, on that account, as having the second claim to his service. Here every circumstance seemed to promise him a more favourable reception: he applied to a monarch of an enterprising genius, no incompetent judge in naval affairs, and proud of patronising every attempt to discover new countries. His subjects were the most experienced navigators in Europe, and the least apt to be intimidated either by the novelty or bold- ness of any maritime expedition. In Portugal, the professional skill of Columbus, as well as his per- sonal good qualities, were thoroughly known: and as the former rendered it probable that his scheme was not altogether visionary, the latter exempted him from the suspicion of any sinister intention ifi proposing it. Accordingly, the King Hstened to him in the most gracious manner, and referred the I Herrcra Hist, de las Indies Occid. dec, i. vii. HISTORY OF AMBRICA. 77 conmderation of his plan to Diego Ortiz, bishop of b o o k Ceuta, and two Jewish physicians, eminent cosmo. graphers, whom he was accustomed to consult in ^ v~ matters of this kind. As in Genoa, ignorance had opposed and disappointed Columbus; in Lisbon, he had to combat with prejudice, an enemy no less for-r mid able. The persons according to whose deci* sion his sdiemewas to be adopted^ or rejected, had been the chief directors of the Portuguese naviga- tions, and had advised to search for a passage ta In^ by steering a course directly opposite to that which Columbus recommended as shorter and more certain. They could not, therefore, approve of his proposal without submitting to the double morti- fication of condemning their own theory, and ac- knowledging his superior sagacity. After teasing by ^h^n^ him with captious questions, and starting innum6-V. ^«» rable objections, with a view of betraying him into sHch a particular explanation of his system as might draw from him a ftill discovery of its nature, they deferred passing a final judgment with respect to it. In the mean time they conspired to rob him of the honour and advantages which he expected from the success of his scheme, advising the King to 4iis- patch a vessel secretly, in order to attempt the pro- posed discovery by following exactly the course which Columbus seemed to point out. John, for- getting on this occasion the sentiments becoming a monarch, meanly adopted this perfidious counsel. But the pilot chosen to execute Columbus's plan had neither the genius nor the fortitude of its author. Contrary winds arose, no sight of approaching land appeared, his courage failed, and he returned to Lis- 78 HtStORt Of AUEUtCA. BOOR bon, execrating the project as equsiUy extravagant. and dangerous. He leaves Upon discovering this dishonourable transactioiit Portugal, Columbus felt the indiffnation natiiral to an infi:e' andrepairi. t-i irit to the nuous mmd^ and m the warmth oi his resentment ^ f determined to break oflF all intercourse with a na- tion capable of such flagrant treachery. He in- stantly quitted the kingdom, and landed in Sptiu towards the close of the year one thousand four hun- dred and eighty-four. As he was now at liberty to court the protection of any patron whom he could engage to approve of his plan, and to carry it into execution, he resolved to propose it in person to Ferdinand and Isabella, who at that time governed f. the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon« But into as he had already experienced the uncertiun issue Engiand. application to kings and ministers, he took the precaution of sending into England his brother Bar- tholomew, to whom he had fully communicated his ideas, in order that he might negotiate at the saone time with Henry VII., who was routed one of the most sagacious as well as opulent Princes in Europe. tohi. It was not without reason that Columbus enter- ce«s! ii tained doubts and fears with iiespect to die recep. tion of his proposals in the Spanish court. Spain was at that juncture engaged in a dangerous war with Granada, the last of the Moorish kingdoms in that country. The wary and suspicious temper of Ferdinand was not formed to relish bold or uncom- mon designs. Isabella, though more generous and enterprising, was under the influence of her bus- Life* of Columbus, c. xi. Herrera, dec, 1. iib. i, c. 7» HISTOUY OP ABIEHICA- 79 band in all her actions. The Spaniards had hither- book to made no efforts to extend navigation beyond its ' • ancient limits, and had beheld the amazing prop^ress. of discovery among their neighbours the Portuguese without one attempt to imitate or to rival them. The war with the Infidels afforded an ample field to the national activity and love of glory. Under cir- cumstances so unfavohrable, it was impossible for Columbus to make rapid progress with a nation naturally slow and dilatory in forming all its reso« hitions. His character, however, was admirably adapted to that of the people whose confidence and protection he solicited. He was grave, though cour* teous in his deportment; circumspect in his words and actions, irreproachable in his morals, and ex- emplary in his attention to all the duties and func- tions of religion. By qualities so respectable, he not only gained many private friends, but acquired su( general esteem, that, notwithstanding the plaiimess of his appearance, suitable to the medio- lumbus pretended, they could not have remauied so long concealed, nor would the wisdom aod st« gacity of former ages have left the gbry of this in« vention to an obscure Genoese pilot, who made It required all Columbus's patience and addre^ vuuraWe. negotiate with men capable of advancing aoch report strange propositions. He had to contend iiat only ing it. with the obstinacy of ignorance, but with what is still moi'e intractable, the pride of false knonde^ge. ttlStORir Of AMERICA. 8 1 After inmimerable conferences, and wasting five book years in fruitless endeavours to inform and to sa- y^ lisfy judges so little capable of deciding with pro. priety, Talavera at last made suclv an unfavourably rqport to Ferdinand and Isabella, as induced them to acquaint Columbus, that until the war with the Moors should be brought to a period it would be imprudent to engage in any new and extensive en- terprise. Whatever care was taken to often the harshness of' this dedaration, Columbus considered it as a final r^ection of his proposals. But, happily for man>- kind, that superiority of genius, which is capable of: forming great and uncommon designs, is usually accompanied with an ardent enthusiasm, which can neither be cooled by delays nor damped by disap- pointment. Columbus was of this sanguine tem- per. Though he felt deeply the cruel blow given to his hopes, and retired immediately from a court where he had been amused so long with vain ex- pectations, his confidence in the justness of his own system did not diminish, and his impatience to de- monstrate the truth of it by an actual experiment -beame greater than ever. Having courted the pro- tection of sovereign states without success, he ap- plied next to persons of inferior rank, and addressed successively the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Me- dina Celi, who, though subjects, were possessed of power and opulence more than equal to the enter- prise which he projected. His negotiations with them proved as fruitless as those in which he had been hitherto engaged; for these noblemen were either as little convinced by Columbus^s arguments VOL. G 82 HISTORY OF AMERICA. B o o K as their supeiiors, or tib^ were afraid of alarming ^ I' the jealousy and offending the pride of Ferdinand. by countenancbg a scheme which he had re- jected. Negoti. Amid the painful sensations occasioned by such ^therin ^ successlou of disappointments, Columbus had to EngUiML sustiun the additional distress of having reodved no accounts of his brother, whom he had sent to the court of England. In his voyage to that country, Bartholomew had been so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of pirates, who having stripped him of every thing detedned him a prisoner for several years* At length he made his escape, and arrived in London, but in such extreme indigence^ timt he was obliged to employ himself, during a consider- able time, in drawing and selling maps, in order to pick up as much money as would purchase a decent dress, in which he might venture to appear at court. He then lidd before the King the propo- sals with which he had been intrusted by his Into- ther; and notwithstanding Henry's excessive cau- tion and parsimony, which rendered him averse to new or extensive undertakings, he received Co- lumbus's overtures with more approbation than any monarch to whom they had hitherto been pre- sented. Columbus Meanwhile, Columbus being unacquainted witii ^09. brother's fate, and having now no prospect of •f en. encouragement in Spain, resolved to visit the court m^ tm" o^ Bngland in person, in hopes of meeting with a sp««; more favourable reception there. He had already » Life of Columb, c. 13. Hcrrera^ dec. 7. HISTORY OF AMEBICA. 83 made preparations for this purpose, and taken mea- book sures for the disposal of his children during his iJVj absence, when Juan Perez, the guardian of the mo. nastery of Rabida, near Palos, in which they had been educated, earnestly solicited him to defer his jo^lmey for a short time. Perez was a man of con- siderable learning, and of some credit with Queen Isabella, to whom he was known personally. He was warmly attached to Columbus^ with whose abilities as well as integrity he had many opportu- nities of being acquainted. Prompted by curiosity or by friendship, he entered upon an accurate ex- amination of his system, in conjunction with a phy- sician settled in the neighbourhood, who was a con- siderable proficient in mathematical knowledge. This investigation satisfied them so thoroughly, with respect to the solidity of the principles on which Columbus founded his opinion, and the probability of success in executing the plan which he proposed, that Perez, in order to prevent his country from being deprived of the glory and benefit which must accrue to the patrons of such a grand enterprise, < ventured to write to Isabella, conjuring her to con- sider the matter anew with the attention which it merited. Moved by die representations of a person whom dhe respected, Isabella desired Perez to repair im- mediately to the village of Santa Fe, in which, on account of the siege of Grranada, the court resided at that time, that she might confer with him upon diis important subject. The first efiect of their in- terview was a gracious invitation of Columbus back to courts accompanied with the present of a small g2 84 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK sum to equip him for the journey. A« there wa5 ' • now a certain prospect that the war with the Moots. ■. would speedily be brought to an happy issue by the reduction of Granada, which would leave the nation at liberty to engage in new undertakings; this, as well as the mark of royal favour, with which Columbus had been lately honoured, encouraged his friends to appear with greater confidence dian formerly in support of his scheme. The chief of tbese, Alonso de Quintanilla, comptroller of the finances in Castile, and Luis de Santangel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues in Aragon, whose meritorious zeal in promoting this great design en- titles their names to an honourable place in history, introduced Columbus to many persons of high rank, and interested them warmly in his behalf. IS again But it was not an easy matter to inspire Ferdi- L^ntcd. favourable sentiments. He still regarded Columbus^s project as extravagant and chimerical; and in order to render the efforts of his partisans ineffectual, he had the address to employ, in this new negotiation with him, some of the persons who had formerly pronounced his scheme to be imprac- ticable. To their astonishment, Columbus appeared before them with the same confident hopes of suc- cess as formerly, and insisted upon the same high recompense. He proposed that a small fleet should be fitted out, under his command, to attetnpt die discovery, and demanded to be Appointed here- ditary admiral and viceroy of all the seas and lands which he should discover, and to have the tenths of the profits arising from them settled irrevocably upon himself and his descendants. At the same HISTORY OF AlIliICA. 85 time, he ofered to advance the eighth part of the b o o K sum necessary for accomplishing his design, on ^J. condition that he should be entitled to a propor. tioaal share of benefit from the adventure. If the enterprise should totally miscarry, he made no stipulation for any reward or emolument whatever. Instead of viewing this conduct as the clearest evi- dence of his full persuasion with respect to the truth of his own system, or being struck with that mag- niuiimity which, after so many delays and repulses, would stoop to nothing inferior to its original claims, the persons with whom Columbus treated began s meanly to calculate the expense of the expedition, and the value of the reward which he demanded. - The expense, moderate as it was, they represented to be too great for Spain in the present exhausted state of its finances. They contended that the honours and emoluments claimed by Columbus were exorbitant^ even if he should periform the ut- most of what he had promised; and if all his san- guine hopes should prove illusive, such vast con- cessions to an adventurer would be deemed not only inconsiderate, but ridiculous. In this imposing garb of caution and prudence, their opinion ap- peared so plausible, and was so warmly supported by Ferdinand, that Isabella declined giving any countenance to Columbus, and abruptly broke off tha n^otiation with him which she had begun. • This was more mortifying to Columbus than all the disappointments which he had hitherto met with. The invitation to court from Isabella, like an unexpected 'ray of light, had opened such pro- spects of success as encouraged him to hope that 86 lllSTOllY OF AMERICA. B O o R his labours were at an end; but now darkness and 1. uncertwnty returned, and his mind, firm as it was, could hardly support the shock of such an unfoic- seen reverse. He withdrew in deep anguish firom court, with an intention of prosecuting his Tojfvge to England as his last resource, proves at About that time Ghuiada surrendered, and Fer* cessfiiL nand and Isabella, in triumphal pomp, took pos- januOT 2. s. f. ty. reduction of which extir^wted a foreign power from the heart of their dominions, and rendered them masters of all the provinces ex- tending from the bottom of the Pyrenees to tiie frontiers of Portugal. As the flow of spirits which accompanies success elevates the mind, and renders it enterprising, Quintanilla and Santangel, the vigilant and discerning patrons of Columbus, took advantage of this favourable situation, in order to make one effort more in behalf of their firiend. They addressed themselves to Isabella; and aftar expressing some surprise, that she, who had always been the munificent patroness of generous under- takings, should hesitate so long to countoianoe the most splendid scheme that had ever been pro^ posed to any monarchy they represented to her, that Columbus was a man of a sound understanding and virtuous character, well qualified, by his expe- rience in navigation, as well as his knowledge of geometry, to form just ideas with respect to the structure of the globe and the situation of its various regions; that, by offering to risk his own life and fortune in the execution of his scheme, he gave the most satisfybg evidence botii of his integri^ and hope of success; that the sum requisite for equip- JilSTORY OF AHRRICA. 87 II. 1492. ping such an amuunent as he demanded was ineon- b o o jc siderable^ and the advantages which might accrue from his undertaking were immense; Uiat he de- manifed no recompense for his invention and labour, but what was to arise from the countries which he should discover; that, as it was worthy of her mag- nanimity to make this noble attempt to extend the sphere of human knowledge, and to open an inter- course with regions hitherto unknown, so it would affi^ the highest satisfsu^on to her piety and zeal, after re-establishing the Chrisdan faith in those pro^ces of Spain from which it had been long banished, to discover a new world, to which she might communicate the light and blessings of di- vine truth; that if now she did not decide instantly, the opportunity would be irretrievably lost; that Columbus was on hb way to foreign countries, where some prince, more fortunate or adventurous, would close with his proposals, and Spain would for ever bewail that fatal timidity which had excluded her from the glory and advantages that she had onoe in her power to have enjoyed. These forcible arguments, urged by persons of such authority, and at a juncture so well chosen, pro- duced the desired effect. They dispelled all Isa- bella's doubts and fears; she ordered Columbus to be instantly recalled, declared her resolution of em- ploying him on his own terms, and, regretting the]ow estate of her finances, gaierously offered to pledge her own jewels in order to raise as much money as might be needed in making preparations for the voyage. Santangel, in a transport of gra- titude, kissed the Queen's hand, and, in order. to 88 ^ HISTORY OF AMERICA* BOOK save her from having recourse to such a mortifying. ejqpecfient for procuring money, engliged to advance 1492. immediatdy the sum that was requisite. The coo^ Columbus had proceeded some leagues on his moment journcy, when the messenger from Isabdia overtook. him. Upon receiving an account of the unexpeet- ed resolution in his favour, e returned directly to Santa Fe, though some remainder of diffidence staH mingled itself with his joy. But the cordial re- ception which he met with from Isabella, together with the near prospect of setting out upon that voyage which had so long been the object of his thoughts and wishes, soon efiaced the rem^branoe of all that he had suffi*red in Spun during eight tedious years of solicitation and suspense. 'Die ne- gotiation now went forward with facility and s dec. lib* i. 9. 90 HISTORY OF AMBraCA. BOOK tioB to Columbos for the time wfaidi he had lost m yV^ frmikss solicitation. By the tweWtti of May, all U92. depended upon her was adjusted; and Colitin* bus Waited on the King and Queen in order to re* ceire their final instmotions. Every tiling respect- ing the destination and conduct of the voyage tiiey committed implicitiy to the disposal of his prudence. But that they might avoid giving any jtist cause of offence to the King of Portugal^ th^ strictly ^• joined him not to approach near to tiie Portuguese settlements on the coast of Guinea, or in any of the other countries to which the Portuguese claim- ed right as discoverers. Isabella had ordered the fthips of which Columbus was to ^e the command to be fitted out in the port of F^los, a small mari- time town in the province of Andalusia. As the guardian Juan Perez, to whom Columbus had al- ready been so much indebted, resided in the neigh- bourhood of this place, he, by the influence of that good ecclesiastic, as well as by his own connexion with the inhabitants, not only raised amopg them what he wanted of the sum that he was bound by treaty to advance, but engaged several of them to accompany him in the voyage. The chief of these associates were three brothers of the name of Pin- zon, of considerable wealth, and of great experi^ioe in naval aflhirs, who were willing to hazAd their lives and fprtunes in the expedition. Put after all the efforts of Isabella and Ccdumbus, the armament was not suitable dther to the dig- nity of the nation by which it was equipped, or to the importance of the service for which it was de- stined. It consisted of three vessels. The largesty HISTORY OF AMERICA. 9 1 a 8h^> of no considerable burden, was commanded book hj Columbus, as admind, who gave it the name of ^ Sania Maria, out of respect for the Blessed Vir. 7 gin, whom he honoured with singular devotion. Of the second, callol the Pinia, Martin Pinzon was captwo, and his brother Francis pilot The third, named the Nigna, was under the command of Vincent Yanez Hnzon. These two were light vessels hardly superior in burden or force to large boats. The squadron, if it merits that name, was victualled for twelve months, and had on board ninety men, mostly s^lors, together mth a few ad- venturers who followed the fortune of Columbus, and some gentlemen of Isabella's court, whom she appointed to accompany him. Though the ex- pense of the undertaking was one of the circum- stances which chiefly alarmed the court of Spain, md retarded so long the negotiation with Colum- bus, the sum employed in fitting out this squadron did not exceed four thousand pounds. As die art of ship-building in the fifteenth cen- tury was extremely rude, and the bulk of vessels was accommodated to the short and easy voyages along the coast which they were accustomed to per. fi»m, it is a proof of the courage as well as enter- prising genius of Columbus, that he ventured, with a fleet so lAfit for a distant navigation, to explore unknown seas, where he had no chart to guide him^ BO knowledge of the tides and currents, and no ex- perience of the dangers to which he might be ex- posed. His eagerness to accomplish the great de- sign which had so long engrossed his thoughts, made him overlook or disr^ard every circum- 9S UISTpRT OF AHERICA. BOOK Stance that would have intimidated a mind less ad. venturous. He pushed forward the preparations 141^4 with such ardour, and was secondM so ^ectually by the persons to whom Isabella committed the su- perintendence of this business, that every thing was soon in readiness for the voyage. But as Colum- bus was deeply impressed with sentiments of reli- gion, he would not set out upon an expedition so arduous, and of which one great object was to ex- tend the knowledge of the Christian faitti, without imploring publicly the guidance and protection of Heaven. With this view, he, together with all the persons under his command, marched in solemn procession to the monastery of Babida. After con- fessing their sins, and obtaining absolution^ they received the holy sacrament from the hands oi the guardian, who joined his prayers to theirs for the success of an enterprise which he had so zealously patronbed. His depar- Ncxt momiug, being Friday the third day ^gna took up the branch of a tree with red berries, perfectly fresh. The clouds around the setting sun assumed a new appearance; the air was more mild and warm, and during night the wind became unequal and variable. From all these symptoms, Columbus was so confident of ' Oviedo, Hist. ap. Ramus, vol iii. 81. UISTOIIV 0 AMERICA. 101 being near land, that on the evening of the eleventh book of October, after public prayers for success, he ' • ordered the sails to be furled, and the ships to lie 1492/ to, keeping strict watch, lest they should be driven ashore in the night. During this interval of sus- pense and expectation, no man shut his eyes, all kept upon deck, gazing intently towards that quar- ter where they expected to discover the land, which liad been so long the object of their wishes. / About two hours before midnight, Columbus, Land dis. stfinding on the forecastle, observed a light at a di. stance, and privately pointed it out to Pedro Gut* tierez, a page of the Queen's wardrobe. Guttierez perceived it, and calling to Salcedo, comptroller of the fleet, all three saw it in motion, as if it were catried from place to place. A little after midnight the joyful sound of land! landt was heard from the Pinta, which kept always a-head of the other ships. But, having been so often deceived by fal- lacious appearances, every man was now become slow of belief, and waited in all the anguish of un- certsunty and impatience for the return of day. As Friday, soon as morning dawned, all doubts and fears were ^ dispelled. From every ship an island was seen about two leagues to the north, whose flat and ver- dant fields, well stored with wood, and watered with many rivulets, presented the aspect of a delightful country. The crew of the Pinta instantly began the Te Deim^ as a hymn of thanksgiving to God, and wer^ joined by those of the other ships, with tears of joy and transports of congratulation. This office of gratitude to Heaven wfts followed by arv act of justice to their commander. They thr^w 103 UISTOn^ OF AMERICA. p o o K themselves at the feet of Columbus, with feelings. ofself-eondemnation mingled with reverence. They]402. iinplored him to pardon their ignorance, incredulity^ and insolence, which had created him so much un- necessary disquiet, and had so often obstructed the prosecution of his well-concerted plan; and pass- ing, in the warmth of their admiration, from one pxtreme to another, they now pronounced the man, whom they had so lately reviled and threatened, to be a person inspired by Heaven with sagacity and fortitude more than human, in order to accomplish a design so far beyond the ideas and conception of ^11 former ages. First in- As soon as the sun aroscj all their boats were wUh^tho n. d and armed. They rowed towards the island natives, with their colours displayed, with warlike music, and other martial pomp. As they approached the coast, they saw it covered with a multitude of peo- ple, whom the novelty of the spectacle had drawn together, whose attitudes and gestures expressed wonder and astonishment at the stpinge objects which presented themselves to their view, G)ium- bus was the first European who set foot in the New World whiph he had discovered. He landed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in his hand« His men followed, and kneeling down, they all kissed the ground which they had sq long desired to see. They next erected a crucifix, and pro- strating themselves before it, returned thanks to God for conducting their voyage to such an happy issue. They then took solemn possession of the country for the crown of Castile and Leon, with all tjie formalities which the Portuguese were apcus? HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 03 tomed to observe in acts of this kind, in their new book discoveries. The Spaniards, while thus employed, were sur- l4i>2. rounded by many of the natives, who gazed in^ f^JJ" silent admiration upon actions which they could aishment. not comprehend, and of which they did not foresee the consequences. The dress of the Spaniards, the whiteness of their skins, their beards, their arm, appeared strange and surprising. The vast ma- chines in which they had traversed the ocean, that seemed to move upon the waters, with wings, and uttered a dreadful sound resembling thunder, ac- companied with lightning and smoke, struck them with such terror, that they began to respect their new guests as a superior order of beings, and con- cluded that they were children of the Sun, who had descended to visit the ea:rth. The Europeans were hardly less amazed at the scene now before them. Every herb, and shrub, and tree, was diflferent from those which flourished in Europe. The soil seemed to be rich, but bore few marks of cultivation. The climate, even to the Spaniards, felt warm, though extremely delightful. The inhabitants appeared in the simple innocence of nature, entirely naked. Their black hair, long and uncurled, floated upon their shoulders, or was bound in tresses around their heads. They had no beards, and every part of their bodies was perfectly smooth. Their complexion was of a dusky copper colour, their features singular, rather than disagree? Life of Columbus, c. 22, 23. Herrcra, dec. I. 104 UISTOHY OF iVMEiaCA. BOOK able, their aspect gentle and timid. Though not, v/ tall, they were well shaped and active. Their faces, 14. and several parts of their body, were fantastically painted with glaring colours. They weie shy at first through fear, but soon became familiar with the Spaniards, and with transports of joy received from them hawksbells, glass beads, or other bau- bles, in return for which they gave such provisions as they had, and some cotton yarn, the only com- modity of value that they could produce. Towarda evening, G)lumbus returned to his ship, accom- panied by many of the islanders in their boats, which they called canoes^ and though rudely formed out of the trunk of a single tree, they rowed them with surprising dexterity. Thus, in the first inter- view between the inhabitants of the old and new worlds, every thing was condu( ted amicably, and to their mulual satisfaction. The former, enlight- ened and ambitious, formed already vast ideas with respect to the advantages which they might derive from the regions that began to open to their view. The latter, simple and undiscerning, had no fore- sight of the calamities and desolation, which were approaching their country. Columbus Columbus, who now assumed the title and au- rhTtitieof. y of Admiral and Viceroy, called the island Admiral wluch hc had discovered San Salvador. It is aiid Vice- j^g. known by the name of G^canahaniy which the natives gave to it, and is one of that large clus- ter of islands called the Lucaya or Bahama isles. It is situated above three thousand miles to the west of Gomera, from which the squadron took its IIISTOUY OF AMEUICA. 105 departure, and only four degrees to the south of it; b o o K so little had Columbus deviated from the westerly v^JV^ course, which he had chosen as the most proper. 1492. Columbus employed the next day in visiting the proceeds coasts of the island; and from the universal poverty the south j of the inhabitants, he perceived that this was not the rich country for which he sought. But, con* forraably to his theory concerning the discovery of those regions of Asia which stretched towards the East, he concluded that San Salvador was one of the isles which geographers described as situated in the great ocean adjacent to India^ Having ob- sei-ved that most of the people whom he had seen wore small plates of gold, by way of ornament, in their nostrils, he eagerly inquired where they got that precious metal. They pointed towards the south, and made him comprehend by signs, that gold abounded in countries situated in that. quarter. Thither he immediately determined to direct his course, in full confidence of finding there those opulent regions which had been the object of his voyage, and would be a recompense for all his toils and dangers. He took along with him seven of the natives of San Salvador, that, by acquiring the Spanish language, they might serve as guides and interpreters; and^ those innocent people considered it as a mark of distinction when they were selected to accompany him. He saw several islands, and touched at three of discovers the largest, on which he bestowed the nuuies of. St. Mary of the Conception, Fernandhia, and Isa- Pet. Mart, epist. I' o. 1 06 HISTORY or AMERICA. BOOK bella. But, as their soil, productions, and inha* I. j bitants, nearly resembled those of San Salvador, 141/2. he made no stay in any of them. Hejnquired every where for gold, and the signs that were uniformly made by way of answer, confirmed him in the opi- nion that it was brought from the south. He fol- lowed that course, and soon discovered a country which appeared very extensive, not perfectly level, like those which he had already visited, but so di- versified with rising grounds, hills, rivers, woods^ and plains, that he was uncertain whether it might prove an island, or part of the continent. The na- tives of San Salvador, whom he had on board, call- ed it Cuba; Columbus gave it the name of Juana. He entered the mouth of a large river with his squadron, and all the inhabitants fled to the moun- tains as he approached the shore. But as be re- solved to careen his ships in that place, he sent some Spaniards, together with one of the people of San Salvador, to view the interior part of the country. They, having advanced above sixty niiles from the shore, reported, upon their return, that the soil was richer and more cultivated than apy they had hitherto discovered; that, besides many scattered cottages, they had found one village, con- taining above a thousand inhabitants; that the people, though naked, seemed to be more intelli- gent than those of San Salvador, but had treated them with the same respectful attention, kissing their feet, and honouring them as sacred beings allied to Heaven; that they had given them to eat a certain root, the taste of which resembled roasted jchesnuts, and lil^ewise ^ singulajr species of conft HISTORY OF AMERICA. 107 called maize, which either when roasted whole or b o o K ground into meal, was abundantly palatable; that. there seemed to be no four-footed animals in the 14^2. country, but a species of dogs, which could not bark, and a creature resembling a rabbit, but of a much smaller size; that they had observed some ornaments of gold among the people, but of no great value. These messengers had prevailed with some of the w» con- natives to accompany them, who informed Co- J^thJl^ lumbus, that the gold of which they made their or- s. » naments was found in Cubanacan. By this word they meant the middle or inland part of Cuba; but Columbus, being ignorant of their language, as well as unaccustomed to their pronunciation, and his thoughts running continually upon his own theory concerning the discovery of the East Indies, he was led, by the resemblance of sound, to suppose that they spoke of the Great Khap, and imagined that the opulent kingdom of Cathay, described by Marco Polo, was not very remote. This induced him to employ some time in viewing the country. He visited almost every harbour, from Porto del Principe, on the north coast of Cuba, to the eastern extremity of the island: but, though delighted with the beauty of the scenes which every where pre- sented themselves, and amazed at the luxuriant fer- tility of the soil, both which, from their novelty, made a more lively impression upon his imagina- tion' he did not find gold in such quantity as was " Life of Columbus, c, 24—28. Herrera^ dec. 14. « Sec NOTE XIV. 108 IlISTOKY OF AMJiaiCA. BOOK sufficient to satisfy either the avarice bf his fol- • lowers, or the expectations of the court to which ^ 9^ he was to return. The people of the country, as much astonished at his eagerness in quest of gold as the Europeans were at their ignorance and sim- plicity, pointed towards the East, where an island which they called Hayti was situated, in wluch that metal was more abundant than among them. Ck) lumbus ordered his squadron to bend its course thither; but Martin Alcnzo Pinzon, impatient to be the first who should take possession of the trea- >, sures which this country was supposed to contain, quitted his companions, regardless of all the ad- miral's signals to slacken sail until they should come up with him. discovers Columbus, retarded by contrary winds, did not m^2t reach Hayti till the sixth of December. He called «ia. the port where he first touched St. Nicholas, and the island itself Espagnola, in honour of the king- dom by which he was employed; and it is the only country, of those he had yet discovered, which has re- tained the name that he gave it. As he could neither meet with the Pinta, nor have any intercourse with the inhabitants, who fled in great consternation to- wards the woods, he soon quitted St. Nicholas, and, sailing along the northern coast of the island, he entered another harbour, which he called Gmoep- tion. Here he was more f<5rtunate; his people overtook a woman who was flying from them, and after treating her with great. s;entleness, dismissed her with a present of such toys as they knew were most valued in those regions. The description which she gave to her countrymen of the humanity HISTORY OF AMERICA. lOJ) and wonderful qualities of the strangers; their ad- h miration of the trinkets, which she showed with ex- ultation; and their eagerness to participate of the "J^ same favours; removed all their fears, and induced many of them to repair to the harbour. The strange objects which they beheld, and the baubles which Columbus bestowed upon them, amply gratified their curiosity and their wishes. They nearly re- sembled the people of Gruanahani and Cuba. They were naked like them, ignorant and simple; and seemed to be equally unacquainted with all the arts which appear most necessary in polished societies; but they were gentle, credulous, and timid, to a de- gree which rendered it easy to acquire the ascen- dant over them, especially as their excessive admi- ration led them into the same error with the people of the other islands, in believing the Spaniards to be more than mortals, and descended immediately from Heaven. They possessed gold in greater abun- dance than their neighbours, which they readily ex- changed for bells, beads, or pins; and in this un- equal traffic both pwties were highly pleased, each considering themselves as gainers by the transac- tion. Here Columbus was visited by a prince or ewzique of the country. He appeared with all the pomp known among a simple people, being carried in a sort of palanquin upon the shoulders of four men, and attended by many of his subjects, who served him with great respect. His deportment was grave and stately, very reserved towards his own people, but with Columbus and the Spaniards ex- tremely courteous. He gave the admiral some thin plates of gold, and a girdle pf curious workmanship. 110 HISTORY OP AMERICA. BOO K. S. return presents of small value, but "• highly acceptable to him^ Columbus, still intent on discovering the mines which yielded gold, continued to intenr<^te all the natives with whom he had any intercourse, concern- ing their situation. They concurred in pointing out a mountainous country, which they called Gbao^ at some distance from the sea, and further towards the east. Struck with this sound, which appeared to him the same mth Cipango, the name by which Marco Polo, and other travellers to the east, distin- guished the island of Japan, he no longer doubted with respect to the vicinity of the countries which he had discovered to th^ remote parts of Asia; and, in full expectation of reaching soon those regions which had been the object of his vojrage, lie di- rected his course towards the east. He put into a commodious harbour, which he called St. Thomas, and found that dfstrict to be under the government of a powerful cazique, named Guacanahariy who as he afterwards learned, was one of the five sove- reigns among whom the whole island was divided. He immediately sent messengers to Columbus, who in his name delivered to him the present of a mask curiously fashioned with the ears, nose, and mouth of beaten gold, and invited him to the place of his residence, near the harbour now called Cape Fran- l^ob, some leagues towards the east. Columbus dispatched some of' his officers to visit this prince, who, as he behaved himself with greater dignity, seemed to claim more attention. They returned >• Life of Columbus^ c. 32. Hcrrcra, dec. 1 3, A-c. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 1 1 With such favourable accounts both of the country book and of the people, as made Columbus impatient for * • that interview with Guacanahari to which he had 14^7 been invited. He sailed for this purpose from St. Thomas, on oae of hh the twenty-fourth of December, with a fair wind. P. • and the sea perfectly calm; and as, amidst the multiplicity of his occupations, he had not shut his eyes for two days, he retired at midnight in order to take some repose, having committed the helm to the pilot, with strict injunctions not to quit it for a moment. The pilot, dreading no danger, carelessly left the helm to an unexperienced cabin- boy, and the ship, carried away by a current, was dashed against a rock. The violence of the shock awakened Columbus. He ran up to the deck. There all was confusion and despair. He alone re- tained presence of mind. He ordered some of the sailors to take a boat, and carry out an anchor astern; but, instead of obeying, they made off to- wards the Nigna, which was about half a league distant. He then commanded the masts to be cut down, in order to lighten the ship; but all his en- deavours were too late; the vessel opened near the. keel, and filled so fast with water that its loss was inevitable. The smoothness of the sea, and the timely assistance of boats from the Nigna, enabled the crew to save their lives. As soon as the is- landers heard of this disaster, they crowded to the shore, with their prince Guacanahari at their head. Instead of taking advantage of the distress in which they beheld the Spaniards, to attempt any thing to their detriment, they lamented their mis- 1 15 HISTORY OF AMERICA; BOOK fortune with tears of sincere condolence. Not sa. tisfied with this unavailing expression of their sym. 7^ pathy, they put to sea a number of canoes, and, un- der the direction of the Spaniards, assisted in sav* ing whatever could be got out of the wreck; and, by the united labour of so many hands, almost - every thing of value was carried ashore. As fast as the goods were landed, Guacanahari in person took charge of them. By his orders they were all deposited in one place, and armed sentinels wer^ posted, who kept the multitude at a distance, in order to prevent them not only from embezzling, but from inspecting too curiously what belonged to their guests. Next morning this prince visited Columbus, who was now on board the Nigna, and endeavoured to console him for his loss, by offering all that he possessed to repair it. Disfress of The Condition of Columbus was such that be Columbus; gtood in need of consolation. He had hitherto pro- cured no intelligence of the Pinta, and no longer doubted but that his treacherous associate had set sail for Europe, in order to have the merit of car- rying the first tidings of the extraordinary discove- ries which had been made, and to pre-occupy so far the ear of their sovereign, as to rob him of the glory and reward to which he was justly entitled. There remained but one vessel, and that the smallest and most crazy of the squadron, to traverse such a vast ocean, and carry so many men back to Europe. Each of those circumstances was alarming, and filled the mind of Columbus wath the utmost solicitude. » See NOTE XV. • Hcrrcra, dfec. 18. niSTORt OF AMEHICA. 115 The desire of overtaking Pinzon, and of effacing BOOK the unfavourable impressions which his misrepre. sentations might make in Spain, made it necessary 1492, to return thither without delay. The difficulty of taldng such a number of persons aboard the Nigna, confirmed him in an opinion which the fertility of the country, and the gentle teniper of the people, had already induced him to form* He resolved toresolvM leave a part of his crew in the island, that by resid. f hu ibg there, they might learn the language of the na- crewinth« tives, study their' disposition, examine the nature of. the country, search for mines, prepare for the com*> modious settlement of the colony with which he purposed to return^ and thus secure and facilitate the acquisition of those advantages which he ex« pected from his discoveries* When he mentioned this to his men, all approved of the design; and from impatience under the fatigue of a long voyage, from the levity natural to sailors, or from the hopes of amassing wealth in a country which afforded such promising specimens of its riches, many offer- ed voluntarily to be among the number of those who should remain. Nothing was now wanting towards the execution obtains of this scheme, but to obtain the consent of Gua- nt*of the canahari; and his unsuspicious simplicity soon pre- natives; sented to the admiral a favourable opportunity of proposing it. Columbus having, in the best man^ ner he could, by broken words and signs, expressed some curiosity to know the cause which had moved the islanders to fly with such precipitation upon the approach of his ships, the caanque informed him that the country was much infested by the incursions of VOL. • I 1 U UlSTORY OF AUEiaCA. BOOK certain people^ whom he called Carribeans who in. habited several islands to the south-east. These he 14. described as a fierce and warlike race of men, who delighted in blood, and devoured the flesh of the prisoners who were so unhappy as to fall into their hands; and as the Spaniards at their first appear* ance were supposed to be Carribeans, whom the na- tives, however numerous^ durst not face in battle, they had recourse to their usual method of securing their safety, by flying into the thickest and most impenetrable woods. Guacanahari^ while speaking of those dreadful invaders, discovered such symptoms of terror, as well as such consdousness of the in- ability of his own people to resist them, as led Co- lumbus to conclude that he would not be alarmed at the proposition of any scheme which afibrded him the prospect of an additional security against their attacks. He instantly ofiered him the assis- tance of the Spaniards to repel his enemies: he en- gaged to take him and his people under the protec-> tion of the. powerful monarch whom he served, and ofiered to leave in the island such a number of his men as should be sufficient, not only to defend the inhabitants from future incursions, but to avenge their past wrongs. buiy» The credulous prince closed eagerly with the pro- posal, and thought himself already safe under the patronage of beings sprung from Heaven, and su- perior in power to mortal men. The ground was marked out for a small fort, which Columbus called Navidad, bec«iuse he had landed there on Christ- mas-day. A deep ditch was drawn around it. Tlie ramparts were fortified with palUsades^ and the great a fort; HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 15 gunsy saved out of the admind^s ship, were planted book upon them. In ten days the work was finished. j that simple race of men labouring with inconsider- 1492. ate assiduity in erecting this first monument of their own servitude. During this time, Columbus, by his caresses and liberality, laboured to increase the high opinion which the natives entertained of the Spa- niards. But while he endeavoured to inspire them with confidence in their disposition to do good, he wished likewise to give them some striking idea of their power to punish and destroy such as were the Directs of their indignation. With thb view, in presence of a vast assembly, he drew up his men in order of battle, and made an ostentatious but inno- cent display of the sharpness of the Spanish swords, of the force of their spears, and the operation of their cross-bows. These rude people, strangers to the use of iron, and unacquainted with any hostile weapons but arrows of reeds pointed with the bones of fishes, wooden swords, and javelins hardened in the fire, wondered and trembled. Before this sur- prise or fear had time to abate, he ordered the great guns to be fired> The sudden explosion struck them with such terrorthat theyfell flat to the ground, covering their faces with their hands; and when they beheld the astonishing effect of the bullets suziong the trees, towards which the cannon been pointed, they concluded that it was impossible to resist men, who had the command of such de- structive instruments, and who came armed with thunder and lightning against their enemies. After giving such impressions both of the bene- His in- ficence and power of the Spaniards, as might have to7hose' J 2 he left in it. 116 HISTORY Ot AMERICA. BOOK rendered it easy to preserve an ascendant oref tfie. • minds of the natives, Cohimbtis appointed thirty- 1^2/ c^g^t ^f his people to remain in the i^laild. He intrusted the command of these to Diego de Arada, a gerttleman of Cordova, investing him with the same powers which he himself had received from Ferdinand and Isabella; and furnished him with every thing requisite for the subsistence or defence of this infant colony. He strictly enjoined them to maintain concord among themselves, to yield an unreserved obedience to their commander, to avoid giving offence to the natives by any violence or ex- action, to cultivate the friendship of Guacanahari, but not to put themselves in his power by straggling in small parties, or marching too far from the forf* He promised to revisit them soon with such a re- inforcement of strength as might enable them to ' take full possession of the country, and to reap ail the fruits of their discoveries. In the mean time he engaged to mention their names to the King and Queen, and to place their merit and services in the most advantageous light. Having thus taken every precaution for the se- curity of the colony, he left Navidad on the fourth 1493. of January, one thousand four hundred and ninety- three, and steering towards the east, discovered and gave names to most of the harbours on the northern coast of the island. On the sixth he descried the Pinta, and soon came up with her, after a separation of more than six weeks. IHnzon endeavoured to »» Oviedo aj. Rarcusio, iil. S3. R. Herrera, dec. Eb. L c. 20. Life of Columbiis, g. 34. HISTORY OP AMERICA. 1 17 jitstify hiis cmiduct by pretending that he had been book driven from his course by stress of weather, and. prpvented from returning by contrary winds* The 4493. adEHiral, though he still suspected his perfidious in- tentions, and knew well what he urged in his own defence to be frivolous as well as false, was so sen- sible that this was not a proper time for venturing upon any high strain of authority, and felt such sa- tisfaction in this junction with his consort, which delivered him Irem many disquieting apprehensions, that, lame as Pinzon s apology was, he admitted of it without difficulty, and restored him to favour. During his absence from the admiral, Pinzon had visited several harbours in the island, had acquired some gold by trafficking with the natives, but had made no discovery of any importance. From the condition of his ships, as well as the resolves temper of his men, Columbus now found it neoes^ l ^ 1^ sary to his return to Europe. The former having suffered much during a voyage of such l^ti unusual length, were extremely leaky. The latter expressed the utmost impatience to revisit their na- tive country, from which they had been so long ab- sent, and where they had things so wonderful and unheard-of to relate. Accordingly, on the sixteenth of January, be directed his course towards the north- east, and soon lost sight of land. He had on board some of the natives, whom he had taken from the different islands which he discovered; and besides the gold, which was the chief object of research, he had collected specimens of all the productions which were likely to become subjects of commerce in the fevjt^ral countries^ as well as many unknown birds^ 1 18 HlSTOny OF AMERICA. BOOK and Other natural curiosities, which might attract, • the attention of the learned, or excite the wonder of 1493. the people. The voyage was prosperous to the fourteenth of February, and he had advanced near five hundred leagues across the Atlantic Ocean, A violent when the wind began to rise, and continued to blow arbw. with increasing rage, which terminated in a furious hurricane. Every thing that the naval skill and ex- perience of Columbus could devise was employed in order to save the ships. But it was impossiUe to withstand the violence of the storm, and, as they were still far from any land, destruction seemed in- evitable. The sailors had recourse to prayers to Almighty God, to the invocation of saints, to vows and charms, to every thing that religion dictates, or superstition suggests, to the affrighted mind of man. No prospect of deliverance appearing, they abandoned themselves to despair, and expected every moment to be swallowed up in the waves. Besides Che passions which naturally agitate and alarm the human mind in such awful situations, when certain death, in one of his most terrible forms, is bdbre The con- it, Columbus had to endure feelings of distress pe* Columbus. himself. He dreaded that all knowledge * of the amazing discoveries which he had made was now to perish; mankind were to be deprived of every benefit that might have been derived from the happy success of his schemes, and his own name. would descend to posterity as that of a rash deluded adventurer, instead of being transmitted with the honour due to the author and conductor of the most noble enterprise that had ever been undertaken. These reflections extingubhed all sense of his own HISTORY OP AMEttICA, Up pertonal danger. Less affected with the loss of life, book than solicitous to preserve the memory of what he. had attempted and achieved, he retired to his cabin ^9^ and wrote upon parchment a short account of the voyage which he had made^ of the course which he had taken, of the situation and riches of the coun- tries which he had discovered, and of the colony tiiat he had left there. Having wrapped up this in an oiled cloth, which he inclosed in a cake of wax, he put it into a cask carefully stopped up, and threw it into the sea, in hopes that some fortunate acci- dent might preserve a deposit of so much impor- tance to the world. At length Providence interposed to save a life Takes reserved for other services. The wind abated, the ^ f. flea became calm, and on the evening of the fif- Azores; teenth, Columbus and his companions discovered land; and though uncertain what it was, they made towards it. They soon knew it to be St. Mary, one of the Azores or western isles, subject to the crown of Portugal. There, after a violent oontest with the governor, in which Columbus displayed no less spirit than prudence, he obtained a supply of fresh provisions, and whatever else he needed. One cnrcnmstance, however, greatly disquieted him. The Pinta, of which he had lost sight on the first day cf the hurricane, did not appear; he dreaded for some time that she had foundered at sea, and tliat all her crew had perished; afterwards, his former suspicions recurred, and he became apprehensive that Pinzon had borne away for Spain, that he « Life of Columbus, c. 1, 2. See NOTE XVI. ISO HISTORY OB AMERICA. BOOK might reach it before him, and, by. ^vi»g the first y^ account of his discoveries, might obtain some share 14^ of his fame, Feb. 34. In order to prevent this, he left the Azores as Usbonj soon as the weather would permit. At no great distance from the coast of Spain, when near the end of his voyage, and seemingly beyond the reach of any disaster, another storm arose, little inferior to the former in violence; and after driving before it during two days and two nights, he was forced M«rcb 4. to take shelter in the river Tagus. Upon applica- tion to the King of Portugal, he was allowed to come up to Lisbon; and, notwithstanding the envy which it was natural for the Portuguese to feel, when they beheld another nation entering upon that province of discovery which they had hitherto deemed pecu- liarly their own, and in its first essay not only rivalling but eclipsing their fame, Columbus was received vnth all the marks of dbtinction due to a man who had performed things so extraordinary and unexpected. The King admitted him into his presence, treated him with the highest respect, and listened to the account which he gave of his voyage with admiration mingled with regret. While Co- lumbus, on his part, enjoyed the satisfaction of describing the importance of his discoveries, and of being now able to prove the solidity of his schemes to tliose very persons, who, with an ignorance dis* graceful to themselves, and fatal to their country, had lately rejected them as the projects of a vi- 3ionary or designing adventurer. ^ l^ife pf Columbus, c. 40, 4 L Herrcra, dec. li. il c 3» HISTORY OP AMERICA. 121 ColiimliU9^was so impatient to return to Spain, book that be remained only five days in lasbon. On the. fifteenth of March he arrived in the port of Palos, x^sT seven months and eleven days from the time when " t. he set out thence upon his voyage. As soon as the ship was discovered approaching the port, all the inlmbitants of Palos ran eagerly to the shore, in order to welcome their relations and feilow-citizeiis, and to hear tidings of their voyage. When the prosperous issue of it was known, when they be- held the strange people, the unknown animals, and singular productions, brought from the countries which nad been discovered, the effusion of joy was general and unbounded. The bells were rung, the cannon fired; Columbus was received at landing with royal honours, and all the people in solemn procession, accompanied him and his crew to the church, where they returned thanks to Heaven, which had so wonderfully conducted and crowned with 8uccelve9 1493. h^ instruction of the natives. The Indians, whom Columbus had brought along with him, having received some tincture of Christian know- ledge, were baptized with much solemnity, the King himself, the Prince his son, and the chief persons of his court, standing as their godfethers. Those first fruits of the New World have not been fol- lowed by such an increase as pious men wished, and had reason to expect. Second Ferdinand and Isabellahaving thus acquired a title, cStwabus. which was then deemed completely valid, to extend their discoveries and to establish tlieir dominion over such a considerable portion of the globe, no* thing now retarded the departure of the fleet. Co- lumbus was extremely impatient to revisit the co- lony which he had left, and to pursue that career of glory upon which he had entered. He set sail from the bay of Cadiz on the twenty-fifth of Sep- tember, and touching again at the island of Go- mera, he steered further towards the south than in his former voyage. By holding this course, he en- joyed more steadily the benefit of the regular winds, which reign within the tropics, and was carried to- wards a larger cluster of islands, situated consider* ably to the east of those which he had already dis- NoY 2. covered. On the twenty-sixth day after bis de- parture from Gomera he made land. It was one of the Caribbee or Leeward Islands, to which he gave the name of Deseada, on account of the im* w Ovicdo ap. 85. • HISTORY OP Al^tERIC A. 1 29 pBti^ce of his crew to discover some part of the b o o K New World. After thi? he visited successively. Dominica, Marigalante, Guadaknipe, Antigua, San 1^3^ Juan de Puerto Rico, and several other islands, scattered in his way as he advanced towards the north-west. AH these he found to be inhabited by that fierce race of people whom Guacanahari had painted in such frightful colours. His descriptions appeared not to have been exaggerated. The Spa- niards never attempted to land without meeting with such a reception as discovered the ipartial and daring spirit of the natives; and in their habitations were found relics of those horrid feasts which they had made upon the bodies of their enemies taken in war. But as Columbus was eager to know the state of arrives at the colony which he had planted^ and to supply it J? jP* with the necessaries of which he supposed it to be Nov. 22. in want, he made no stay in any of those islands, and proceeded directly to Hispanrola. When he arrived off Navidad, the station in which he had left the thirty-eight men under the command of Arada, he was astonished that none of them ap- peared, and expected every moment to see them running vrith transports of joy to welcome their countrymen. Full of solicitude about their safety, and foreboding in his mind what had befallen them, he rowed instantly to land. All the natives from whom be might have received information had fled. But Ae fort which he had built was entirely demo- ■ P. Martyr, dec. 7. Life of Columbus. 46, Q. VOL. K I so HISTOftY OF AMERICA. BOO Klbhed, and the tattered garments, the broken amiB. and utensils scattered about it, left no room to doubt 14»i concerning the unhappy fate of the garrison. While the Spaniards were shedding tears over those sad memoricJs of their fellow-citizens, a brother of Thereof the cadque Guacanahari arrived. From him Co- whooThe Iwrobus received a particular detail of what had hsf- left there, pened after his departure from the island. The fa- miliar intercourse of the Indians with the Spaniards tended gradually to diminish the supastitious ve- neration with which their first appearance had in- spired that simple people. By their own indiscre- tion and HI conduct, the Spaniards speedily effaced those favourable impressions, and soon convinced the natives, that they had all the wants, and weak- nesses, and passions of men. As soon as the power- ful restraint which the presence and authority of G)lumbu8 imposed was withdrawn, the garrison threw off all regard for the officer whom he had in" vested with command. Regardless of the prudent instructions which he had given them, every man became independent, and gn^ified his desires with- out control. The gold^ the women^ the provisions of the natives, were all the prey irf those licentious oppressors. They roamed in small parties over the island, extending their rapacity and insolence ' to every comer of it. Gentle and timid as the people were, those unprovoked injuries at length exhausted their patience, and roused theircourage. The cazique of Cibao, whose country the Spanianis. chiefly infested on accpunt of the gold which it ^ Hist, de Cura de los Palacios. MS. niSTORY OF AMERICA. 131 contained^ surprised and cut off several of them, book while they straggled in as perfect security as if their. conduct had been altogether inoffensive. He then J493/ assembled his subjects, and, surrounding the fort, set it on fire. Some of the Spaniards were killed in defending it; the rest perished in attempting to make their escape by crossing an arm of the sea. Guacanahari, whom all their exactions had not alienated from the Spaniards, took arms in their be- half, and, in endeavouring to protect them, had re- ceived a wound, by which he was still confined i. Though this account was far from removing the His pru- suspicions which the Spaniards entertidned with re- duct. ipect to the fidelity of Guacanahari, Columbus per- ceived so clearly that this was not a proper juncture for inquiring into his conduct with scrupulous ac- curacy, that he rejected the advice of several of his officers, who urged him to seize the person of thai Prince, and to revenge the death of their country- men by attacking his subjects. He represented to them the necessity of securing the friendship of some potentate of the country, in order to facilitate the settlement which they intended, and the danger of driving the natives to unite in some desperate attempt agidnst them, by such an ill- imed and un- availing exercise of rigour. Instead of wasting his time in punishing past wrongs^ he took precautions for preventing any future injury. With this view, he made choice of a situation moi^e healthy and conunodious than that of Navidad. He traced out F p. 22, c. Ub. 9» Life of Columbus^ c. 49^ 50. k2 1 32 HISTORY OF Al^lEDICA. BOOK the plan of a tovm in a large plain near a spacurai ^ J^ bay, and obliging every person to put his hand to 1493. which their common safety depended, the houses and ramparts were soon so far advanced, by their united labour, as to afford them shelter and security. ITiis rising city, the first that the Europeans founded in the New World, he named Isabella, in honour of hi» patroness the Queen of Castile. Dincontent In Carrying on this necessary work, ColumlKis rJweJs. y ^ sustain all the hardships, and to en- counter all the difficulties, to which infant colonies are exposed when they settle in an uncultivated. country, but he had to contend with what was more insuperable, the laziness, the impatience, and mu- tinous disposition of his followers* By the ener- vating influence of a hot climate, the natural inac- tivity of the Spaniards seemed to increase. Many of them were gentlemen, unaccustomed to the fatigue of bodily labour, and all had engaged in the enterprise with the sanguine hopes excited by the splendid and exiiggerated description of their coun- trymen who returned from the first voyage, or by the mistaken opinion of Columbus, that the coun- try whidi he had discovered was either the Cipango of Marco Polo, or the Ophir' from which S fatal to Columbus and the colony. Happily he discovered it; and, seizing the ringleaders, punished some of them, sent others prisoners into Spain, whither he dispatched twelve of the ships which had served as transports, with an earnest request for a re-enforcement of men and a large supply of provisions. Meanwhile, in order to banish that idleness 1494. which, by allowing his people leisure to brood over. e^ their disappointment, nourished the spirit of dis- »tate of content, Columbus planned several expeditions into iry. the interior part of the country^ He sent a detach- ment, under the command of Alonzo de Ojeda, a vigilant and enterprising officer, to visit the district of Cibao, which was said to yield the greatest quan* tity of gold, and followed him in person with the main body of his troops. In this expedition he dis- Murch 12. • Herrera^ 10, 11. 134 IliSTORY Of AMERICA^ BOOK played all the pomp of military magnificence^ that. he could exhibit, in order to strike the imagination]494, of the natives. He marched with colours flying, with martial music, and mth a small body of cavalry that paraded sometimes in the front and sometimes in the. rear. As those were the first horses which appeared in the New World, they were objects of terror no less than of admiration to the Indians^ who, having no tame animals themselves, were an*i acquainted with that vast accession of power which man bath acquired by subjecting them to his domi- nion. They supposed them to be rational creatures. They imagined that the horse and the rider fonned one animal, with whose speed they were astonished, find whose impetuosi^ and strength they consi- dered as irresistible. ]3ut while Columbus endea- voured to inspire the natives with a dread of his power, he did not neglect the arts of gaining their love and confidence. He adhered scrupulously to the principles of integrity and justice in all his transactions with then) and treated them, on every occasion, not only with humanity, but with indul? gence. The district of Cibao answered (he descripplication of mind, overpower' ing his constitution, though naturally vigorous and robust, brought on a feverish disorder, which ter? minated in a lethargy, that deprived him of sense and memory, and had almost proved &tal to his Ufey. 8ept 27. But, on hb return to Hispaniola, the sudden turu. fin^t emotion of joy whieh he felt upon meeting wilh. ■^his brother Bartholomew at Isid)dla, occasioped new at Buch a fiow of Spirits as contributed greatly to his isnbeUa. YecontTj. Jt was now thirteen years since the two brothers, whom similarity of talents united in dose friendship, had separated from eadi other, and dn? ring that long period there had been no intercoune between them. Bartholomew, after finishing his negotiation in the court of England, had set out for Spain by the way of France. At Paris he le* ceived an Account of the extraordinaiy discoveries which his brother had made in his first. voypge, and that he was then preparing to embark on a second expedition. Though this naturally induced him to pursue his journey With the utmost dispateh, the admiral had sailed for Hispaniola before he reached Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella rec^ved him with the respect due to the nearest Idnsnum of a person whose merit and services rendered him so conspi- cuous; and as they knew what consdation his pre* 7 Life of Columbus^ c. 54^ c., lerrcrs^ dfc. lib« ii. c 13, 14, P. 34, Ac. HISTORY OP AMERICA. 1 39 (ience would afford to his brother, they persuaded book him to take the eommand of three ships, which ^J^ thejr had appointed to carry provisions to the colony h^4. at Isabella. He could not have arrived at any juncture when The in* Columbus stood more in need of a friend capable f^ l ^ of assisting him with his counsels, or of divicting. with him the cares and burden of government. For * although the provisions now brought from Europe afforded a temporary relief to the Spaniards from tb« calamities of famine, the suj^ly was not in such qi}antity as to support them long, and the islimd did not hitherto yield what was sufficient for their suste- nance. They were threatened with another danger, itill more formidable than the return of scarcity, ai^d which demanded more immediate attention^ No sooner did Columbus leave the island on his voyage of discovely, than the soldfers under Margarita, as if diey had been set free from discipline and subordina- tion^ scorned all restraint. Instead of conforming to the prudent instructions of Columbus, they dis* persed in straggling parties over the island, lived at discretion upon the natives, wasted their provisions, sdzed their women, and treated that inoffensive race with all the insolence of military oppre8sion As long as the Indians had any prospect that their sufferings might come to a period by the volun- tary departure of the invaders, they submitted in si- hace, and dissembled their sorrow; but they now perceived that the yoke would be as permanent. as it was intolerable. The Spaniards had built a town, Hcrrcra, dec, 1. • P. 47. 140 UlSTORY OF AMERICA. _ BOOK and surrounded it with ramparts. They had. erected forts in different places. They had inclosed. and sown several fields. It was apparent that th^ came not to visit the country, but to settle in it. Though the number of those strangers was inconsi- derable, the state of cultivati^on among this rude people was so imperfect, and in such exact propor- tion to their own consumption, that it was with difficulty they could afford subsistence to their new guests. Their own mode of life was so indolent and inactive, the warmth of the climate so enerva- ting, the constitution of their bodies naturally so feeble, and so unaccustomed to the laborious exer- tions of industry, that they were satisfied mth a proportion of food amazingly small. A handful d maize, or a little of the insipid bread made of the cassada-root, was sufficient to support men whose strength and spirits were not exhausted by any vi« gorous efforts either of body or mind. The Spa- niards, though the most abstemious of all the Euro- pean nations, appeared to them Excessively vora- cious. One Spaniard consumed as much as several Indians. This keenness of appetite surprised them so much, and seemed to be so insatiable, that tliey supposed the Spaniards had left their own country because it did not produce as much as was requi- site to gratify their immoderate desire of food, and had come among them in quest of nourishment * • Self-preservation prompted them to wish for the de- parture of guests who wasted so fast their slender stock of provisions. The injuries which they suf- » Herrera, dec, 1. c 1 7. HISTORY OF AMBRICA. 141 fered added to thdr impatience for this event, b O o K They had long expected that the Spaniards would. retire of their own accord. They now perceived i^Z^ that, in order to avert tiie destruction with which they were threatened, either by the slow consump- tion of famine, or by the violence of their oppres- sors, it was necessary to assume courage, to attack those formidable invaders with united force, and drive them from the settlements of which they had violently taken possession. Such were the sentiments which universally pre- War with vuled among the Indians, when Columbus returned. to Isabella. Inflamed by the unprovoked outrages of the Spaniards, mth a degree of rage of which their gentle natures, formed to suffer and submit, seemed hardly susceptible, they waited only for a signal from their leaders to fall upon the colony. Some of the caziques had already surprised and cut off several stragglers. The dread of this impending danger united the Spaniards, and re-established the aathority of Columbus, as they saw no prospect of safe^but in committing themselves to his prudent guidance. It was now necessary to have recourse to arms, the emplojring of which against the In- dians Columbus had hitherto avoided with the greatest solicitude. Unequal as the conflict may seem, between the naked inhabitants of the New World armed with clubs, sticks hardened in the fire, wooden swords, and arrows pointed with bones or flints, and troops accustomed to the discipline, and provided with the instrunients of destruction known in the European art of war, the situation of the Spaniards was far from being exempt from dan- 1494. 142 UISTORt OF AlIllICA. BOOK gtr. The vast superiority of the natives in mitnb. compensated manjr defects. An handful of men ^ WIS about to encounter a whole nation. One ad- t verse event, or even any unforesewi delay in deter- mining the fate of the war, might prove fatal to the Spaniards. Con^ious that success depended on the vigour and rapidity of his operations, Colum- bus instantly assemblai his forces. They were re- duced to a very small number. Diseases, engen- dered by the warmth and humidity of the country, or occasioned t^ thdr own licentiousness, had ra- ged among them with much violence; experience had not yet taught them the art dther of curing these, or the precautions requisite for guarding agunst them; two-thirds of the original adven- turers were dead^ and many of those who survived 1496^ were incapable of service. The body which took the field consbted only of two hundred foot, twenty horse, and twenty large dogs; and how strange soever it may seem to mention the Itet as compo- sing part of a military force, they were not perhaps the least formidable and destructive of the whole, when employed against naked and dmid Indians. All the caziques of the island, Guacanahari ex- cepted, who retained an inviolable attachment to the Spaniards, were in arms to oppose Coltindinis, with forces amounting, if we may believe the Spa- nish historians, to a hundred thousand men. In* stead of attempting to draw the Spaniards into the fastnesses of die woods and mountains, they were so imprudent as to take their station in the V^a c Life of Columbus^ c. 61. March 24. IlISTOUT OP AMERICA. 143 Real, the most open {dsun in the country. Co- book lumlNi« did, not idlow them time io perceive their "• enxMr, or to alter their position. He attacked them 1^5^ during the nighty when undisciplined troops are least capable of acting with union and concert, and obtained an easy and bloodless victory. The eonr- stemation with which the Indians were filled by the noise and bavcok made by the fire-arms, by the im- petuous force of tlie cavalry, and the fierce onset of die dogs, was so great, that they threw down their wei^ns, and fled without attempting resistance. Many wece slain; more were taken prisoners, and reduced to servitude that they suffered no great loss of men. The • Herrera, dec. 17. VOL. L 146 HISTORY OF AMERICA. ROOK wretched Indians were the victims of their own ill- • concerted policy. A great multitude of people, l^sT. P. mountainous or wooded part of the country, without any food but the spontaneous productions of the earth, soon felt the utmost di- stresses of famine. This brought on contagious diseases; and in the course of a few months more than a third part of the inhabitants of the island perished, after experiencing misery in all its various forms ^ intngnes But while Columbus was establishing the fonnda- against tious of the Spanish grandeur in the New WorW, in the his cuemics laboured with unwearied assiduity to & n^ deprive him of the glory and rewards which, by his services and sufferings, he was entitled to enjoy. The hardships unavoidable in a new settlement, the calamities occasioned by an unhealthy climate, the disasters attending a voyage in unknown seas, were all represented as the effects of his restless and in- considerate ambition. His prudent attention to preserve discipline and subordination was denomi- nated excess of rigour; the punishments which be inflicted upon the mutinous and disorderly were imputed to cruelty. These accusations gained sudi credit in a jealous court, that a commissioner was appointed to repair to Hispaniola, and to in- spect into the conduct of Columbus. By the re- commendation of his enemies, Aguado, a groom of ' Heirera, dec. Life ai Columbi^ c, 61. Oviedo, lib. 93. Benzon Hist. Novi Orbis, lib. 9. P. Mtrtyr, dec. 48. HISTORY OF AMERICA. H7 the bed-chamber^ was the person to whom this im- book portant trust was committed. But in this choice. they, seem to have been more influenced by the ob- 1495, sequious attachment of the man to their interest, than by his capacity for the station. Puffed up with such sudden elevation, Aguado displayed, in the. exercise of this oflice, all the frivolous self-import* ance, and acted with all the disgusting insolence, which are natural to little minds, when raised to unexpected dignity, or employed in functions to which they are not equal. By listening with eager* ness to every accusation against Columbus, and en. couraging not only the malcontent Spaniards, but even the Indians, to produce their grievances, real or imaginary, he fomented the spirit of dissention in the island, without establishing any regulations of public utility, or that tended. to redress the many wrongs, with the odium of which he wished to load the admiral's administration. As Columbus felt sensibly how humiliating his situation must be, if should remain in the country while such a par- tial inspector observed his motions and controlled his jurisdiction, he took the resolution of returning to Spain, in order to lay a full account of all his transactions, particularly with respect to the points in dispute between him and his adversaries, before Ferdinand and Isabella, from whose justice and discernment he expected an equal and a favourable decision. He committed the administration of af* 1496, liairs, during his absence, to Don Bartholomew, his brother, with the title of Adelantado, or Lieutenant- Governor. By a choice less fortunate, and which proved the source of many calamities to the colbny, h2 148 HISTORY OP AMEniCA. BOOK he appointed Francis Roldan chief justice, with very. • extensive powers? 49^ In returning to Europe, Columbus held a course Returnt to different from that which he had taken in his for- mer voyage. He steered ahnost due east from Hi- spaniokt, in the parallel of twenty-two degrees of latitude; as experience had not yet discovered the more certain and expeditious methcki of stretching to the north, in order to fall in with the isouth- west winds. By this ill-advised choice, which, in the infancy of navigation between the New and Old Worlds, can hardly be imputed to the admiral as a defect in naval skill, he was exposed to infinite fa- tigue and danger, in a perpetual struggle with the trade-winds, which blow without variation from the east between the tropics. Notwithstanding the al- most insuperable difficulties of such a nangation, he persisted in his course with his usual patience arid firmness, but hnade so little way that he was three months without seeing land. At length his provisions began to fail, the crew was reduced' to the scanty allowance, of six ounces of br^ad a-diy for each person. The admiral fared no better than the meanest sailor. But, even in this extreitte distress, he retained the humanity which distin- guishes his character, and refused to comply with the Earnest solicifations of his crew, some of whom proposed to JFeed upon the Indian prisoners whc^m they were carrying over, and others insisted to throw thein overboard, in order to lessen the con- ifumptlon of their small stock. He repre^nt^ • Herrera, dec. Fib. I. IIISTORV OF AMERICA. 149 that tbey were human beings, reduced by a com- book mon calamity to the same condition with them- i. selves, and entitled tp share an equal fate. His i^ sT [jutbority and remonstrances dissipated those wild ififias suggested by despair. Nor had they tim6 to recur; as he came soon within sight of the coast of Spi^in, when all their fears and sufferings ended. Columbus appeared at court with the modest but His determined confidence of a man conscious not only. of integrity, but of having performed great services. Ferdinand and Isabella, ashamed of their own faci- lity in lending too favourable an ear to frivolous or unfounded accusations, received him with such di- stin^ished marks of respect as covered his enemies witl;i shame. Their censures and calumnies were no more heard of at that juncture. The gold, the pearls^ the cotton, and other commodities of value which Columbus produced, seemed fully to refute what the malcontents had propagated with respect to the poverty of the country. By reducing the Iqdians to obedience, and imposing a regular tax upon them, he had secured to Spain a large accession of new subjects, and the establishment of a revenue that promised to be considerable. By the mines which he had found out and examined, a scource of wealth stiU more copious was opened. Great and unex- pected as those advantages were, Columbus repre- sented them only as preludes to future acquisitions, and as the earnest of more important discoveries, which be still meditated, and to which those he had ' Hcrrera, dec 1. lU. 64. Google. 150 lllSTORlf OF AM&niCA. BOOK already made would conduct him with ease and cet. tainty. 1496, The attentive consideration of all these circuoi" t ^ d f. made such an impression, not only upon the more Isabella, who was flattered with the idea of being estTbiUh. patroness of all Columbus's enterprises, but e? en mentofa upon Fctdinaud, who, having originally expressed. his disapprobation of his schemes, was still apt to doubt of their success, that they resolved to 8ipply the colony in Hispaniola with every thing which could render it a permanent establishment, and to furnish Columbus with such a fleet, that he might proceed to search for those new countries of whose ejdstence he seemed to be confident. The mea- sures most proper for accomplishing both these de- signs were concerted with Columbus. Discovery had been the sole object of the first voyage to the New World; and though, in the second, settlement had been proposed, the precautions taken for that purpose had either been insufficient, or were ren- dered ineifectual by the mutinous spirit of the Spa- niards, and the unforeseen calamities arising from various causes. Now a plan was to be formed of a regular colony, that might serve as a model in all future establishments. Every particular was con- sidered with attention, and the whole arranged with a scrupulous accuracy. The precise number of ad- venturers who should be permitted to embark was fixed. They were to be of difierent ranks and pro- fessions, and the proportion of each was establish- Life of Columbus, c. 65. Hcrrera, dec. Si c. I. IIISTOEY or AMERICA* 1 5 1 ed according to their usefulness and the wants of b o o Ic the colony. A suitable number of women was to. be chosen to accompany these new settlers. As it 14957 was the. first object to raise provisions in a country where scarcity of food had been the occasion of so much distress, a considerable body of husbandmen was to be carried over. As the Spaniards had then no conception of deriving any benefit from those productions of the New World which have since yielded such large returns of wealth to Europe, but had formed magnificent ideas, and entertained san- guine hopes with respect to the riches contained in the mines which had been discovered, a band of workmen, skilled in the various arts employed in digging and refining the precious metals, was pro- vided. All these emigrants were to receive pay and subsistence for some years, at the public expense. Thus far the regulations were prudent, and well A defed adapted to the end in view. But as it was foreseen. that few would engage voluntarily to settle in a coun- try whose noxious climate had been fatal to so many of their countrymen, Columbus proposed to. transport toHispaniola such malefactors as had been convicted of crimes which, though capital, were of a less atrocious nature; and that for the future a certain proportion of the offenders usually sent to the galleys, should be condemned to labour in the mines which were to be opened. This advice, given without due reflection, was as inconsiderately adopV ed. The prisons of Spain were drained, in order to collect members for the intended colony; and the ^ Hcrrera, dec. iiLc. 2. 158 HISTORY OF BOO K juc^es empowered to try criminals Were instructeil "• to recruit it by their future sentences. It ms iwk, s7 however, with such materials that the foundations of a society, destined to be permanent, shouM be teid. Industry, sobriety, patience, and mutual con- fidence, are indispensably requisite in an infant set- lenient, where purity of morals must contribute more towards establishing order, than the operation or authority of laws. But when such a mixture of what is corrupt is admitted into the original con- stitution of the political body, the vices of those unsound and incurable members will probably in- fect the whole, and must certainly be productive of violent and unhappy effects. This the Spaniards fatally experienced; and the other European nations having successively imitated the practice of Spain in this particular, pernicious consequences have fol- lowed in their settlements, which can be imputed to no other cause. Executed Though Columbus obtained, with great facility and dispatch, the royal approbation of every mea- sure and regulation that he proposed, his endeavours to carry them into execution were so long retarded, as must have tired out the patience of any man less accustomed to encounter and to surmount difficul- ties. Those delays were occasioned partly by that tedious formality and spirit of procrastination, with which the Spaniards conduct business, and partly by the exhausted state of the treasury, which was drained by the expense of celebrating the marriage • Herrera, dec. iii. Touron Hist. Gcner. dc lAmeriquc, i. 51. HiSTOUY 0 AMEUICA. 159 tA Ferdinand and Isabella's only son wkh Marg^et » Q U K of Austria, and that of Joanna^ their second daugh. ter, with Philip Archduke of Austria; but must uwT be chiefly imputed to the m^lieious arts of G>lua) boa's enemies. Astonished at the reception which be met with upon his return, and overaw^ by his presence, they gave way, for some time, to a t4d« of &vour too strong for them to oppose. Their enmity, however, was too inveterate to remain long inadive. They resumed their operations; and by the assistance of Fonseca, the minister for Indian affiars> who was now pronM)ted to the bishopric of Bada}06, Uiey threw in so many obstacles to pro^ tmot the preparations for Cokmhns's expeditions that a year elapsed. before henld proourie two ships to carry over a part of the supplies ^stwsd far the colony, and ahnost two years were sp^ent be» fofe the small squadron was equipped, of which Jbe himself was to take the command. This squadron consisted of six diips only, of no 14^ great burden, and but indiflferently provided for a Third yoyw 4oBg or dangerous navigation. The ^voyage which luinbus. be now meditated was in a courae different from any be had undertaken. As he persuaded that the fertile regions of India lay to the «Qutb* west: of those countries had discovered, he proposed as the most certain method of finding out these, to stand directly south from the Canary or ape de Verd islands, until he canie under the » P. Martyr, eplst. 1 68. » Life of Columbus> c. 65. • Herrera, dec. lib, iii. 9. 154 HISTORY OF AMBtLlCA. BOOK equinoctial Une» and then to stretch to the west be. • fore the fiavourable wind for such a course, which 1^9^ blows invariably between the tropics. With this May 30. jj^ fa^ gg^ g^Lil^ and touched first at the Canary^ July 4. and then at the Cape de Verd islands. From the former he dispatched three of his ships with a sup- ply of provisions for the colony in Hispaniola: with the other three, he continued his voyage to- wards the south. No remarkable occurrence hap- pened until they arrived within five degrees of the July 19. line. There they were becalmed, and at the same time the heat became so excessive, that many of their wine casks burst, the liquors in others soured, and their provisions corrupted P. The Spaniards, who had never ventured so far to the south, were afiraid that the ships would take fire, and began to apprehend the reality of what the ancients had taught concerning the destructive qualities of that torrid region of the globe. They were relieved, in some measure, from their fears by a seasonable fall of rain. This, however, though so heavy and un- intermitting that the men could hardly keep the deck, did not greatly mitigate the intenseness of the heat. The admiral, who with his usual vigi« lance had in person directed every operation from the beginning of the voyage, was so much exhausted by fatigue and want of sleep, that it brought on a violent fit of the gout, accompanied with a fever. Ail these circumstances constrained him to yield to the importunities of his crew, and to alter his course P P. 70. UI5T0RY OF AMERICA. 1^5 to the north-west, in order to reach some of the B o o K Caribbee islands, where he might refit, and be sup. plied with provisions. 14. On the first of August, the man stationed in the DUcovew round top surprised them with the joyful cry ofnentof Landt They stood towards it, and discovered a. considerable island, which the admiral called Tri- nidad, a name it still retains. It lies on the coast of Guiana, near the mouth of the Orinoco. This, though a riv^r only of the third or fourth magni« tude in the New World, hx surpasses any of the streams in our hemisphere. It rolls towards the ocean such a vast body of water, and rushes into it with such impetuous force, that when it meets the tide, which on that coast rises to an uncommon height, their collision Occasions a swell and agita- tion of the waves no less surprising than formidable. In this conflict, the irresistible torrent of the river so far prevails, that it freshens the ocean many leagues with its floods. Columbus, before he could conceive the danger, was entangled among those adverse currents and tempestuous waves, and it was with the utmost difficulty that he escaped through a narrow strait, which appeared so tremendous that he called it La Boca del Drago. As soon as the consternation which this occasioned, permitted him to reflect upon the nature of an appearance so extraordinary, he discerned in it a source of comfort and hope. He justly concluded that such a vast body of water as this river contained, could not be supplied by any island, but must flow through a ^ Gumilla Hist, de TOreaoquc, torn. 14. 156 UlSTOUY or AMEUICA. B a o K i^unf, xy oii itpx^euse ^ nt^ and of consequenf^e. that h^ wi^ now wriy^ a)t that continent ij(bji,qlji if " had long been ^he object of his 1riahe5 to diacpyer « f^uU of thi3 idea^ he stood to the w^st along the coast of those provinces wl^h ar^ now known by ^le nan;ies. of Paria a^d Cumana. He landed in Sj&veral pli^c^s, and bad some intercoursje with t^ people, y)p^a resembled those of Hispanipja in their ^ppeararce and mani^er of life. Tlj^ey woi:e. 01; x^ ents, small plates of gold, and pearls of consi- dei^ah^e value, which they willingly exchanged fo^ European tpys. They seemed to ppssess a bette^ indqrstandipg, and grea, ter coi^i^age, than the inlw- bitants of the islands. The country produced four- foqted apimals of several kinds, a^ well as a great y^iety of fowls and fruits. The admiral was so much deligl^tpf^ with its beauty ^nd fertility, that, with the warm enthusiasm of a discoverer, h^ imagined it to be the Paradise described in Scrip- ture, which thp Almighty chose for ^he residence of miftn whije he retained innocence that ^endere^ him worthy of such an habitation. Thus Colum- bus had the glory not only of discov^pn^ to man- kind the existence of a New World, but made con- siderable progress towards a perfect knowledge of it; iand was the first man whq copductpd the Sp^ ni^rds to that vast cqntinent whc hftd been hfi chief seat of thpir empire, and the soufce of tbejr treasury in tliis quarter of the globe. The shat- Heirera, dec. 9, 10, II. Life of Cokimbus^ cW— 73. "Hcrrera, dec. t. 12. Gomara, c. 84. See NOTE XXI. ntSTORY OF AMERICA, 1^7 terfed coiidrtioh of liis ships, scarcity of protJsidns, i) 6 k Kis own ihfirrriitiejj, together 'with thie ^iiripimtice "• bf Ms lirtJw, pinavenbed him frbih pursulng'hfe dfe. 7 coveries any further, and made it neces^saty to biSar fkWay for 'Hispahiola. Ih his way thither he "• In coneeqtience of this agreement with the mu- A new tineers, lands were allotted them in different parts of settlement the island, and the Indians settled in each district were j. appointed to cultivate a certain portion of ground for the use of those new masters. The performance 1499. ^f this work was substituted in place of the tribute { H'merly imposed; and how necessary soever such a regulation might be in a sickly and feeble co- lony, it introduced among the Spaniards the Re- partimientoSy or distributions of Indians established 1^ them in all their settlements, which brought numberless calamities upon that unhappy people, »^ subjected them to the most grievous oppres-. This was not the only bad effect of the in- surrection in Hispaniola; it prevented G>lumbus from prosecuting his discoveries on the continent, MS self-preservation obliged him to keep near his person his brother the adelantado, and the siulors whom he intended to have employed in that ser-» vice. As soon as his affairs would permit, he sent ^ome of his ships to Spiun with a journal of the voyage which he had made, a description of the y Herrera, dec. 13, 14. Life of Colianbus, c. 80, c. * Herrera, dec. 14, c, VOL. M I (S3 HtSra&Y OB AMERICA. BOOK new countries which he had discovered, a cWt qf. the coast along which he had sailed, and spedmav ^1. of the gold, the pearls, and other curious or va- luable productions which he had acquired by traf- ficking with the natives. At the same time be transmitted an account of the insurrection in Hisr paniola; he accused the mutineers not only of havr ing thrown the colony into such violent convulsions as threatened its dissolution, but of having ob- structed every attempt towards dbcovery ^d mr provement, by their unprovoked rebellion agwnst their superiors, and proposed several r^ations for the letter government of the island, as w01 as the extinction of that mutinous spirit, wWcb, though suppressed at present, might soon burst out with additional rage. Roldan and his associates did not neglect to convey to Spain, by the same ships, an apology for their own conduct, together with their recriminations upon the admiral and his brothers. Unfortunately for the honour of Spain, and the happiness of Columbus, the latter guned most credit in the court of Ferdinand and Isabelb, and produced unexpected effects. The voy. But, previous to the relating of these, it is proper to. take a view of some events, which merit attentim) Gama to both ou accouut of their own importance, and tnar i^Ky connexion with the history of the New World, the Cape While Columbus was engaged in his successive voy* Hope. ages to the west, the spirit of discovery did not lan- guish in Portugal, the kingdom where it first acquired * Herrera, dec. 1, lib. Benzoti. Orb. lihL 1. 2. HlflTORV OP AMERICA* ll? 3 vigour, and became enterprising. Self-condemna- book tion and neglect were not the only sentiments to i. which the success of Columbus, and reflection upon 1499. their own imprudence in rgecting his proposals, gave rise among the Portuguese. They excited a general emulation to surpass his performances, and ao ardent desire to make some reparation to their country for their own error. With this view; Emanuel, who inherited the enterprising genius of his predecessors, persisted in their grand scheme of opening a passage to the East-Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, and soon after his accession to the throne equipped a squadron for that important voyage. He gave the command of it to Vasco de Gama, a man of noble birth, possessed of virtue, prudence and courage, equal to the station. The squadron, like all those fitted out for discovery in the infancy of navigation, was extremely feeble, con- sisting only of three vessels, of neither burden nor force adequate to the service. As the Europeans were at that time little acquainted with the course of the trade-winds and periodical monsoons, which render navigation in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as in the sea that separates Africa from India, at some seasons easy, and at others not only dangerous but almost impracticable, the time chosen for Gama's departure was the most improper during the whole year. He set sail from Lisbon on the ninth of July, 1497. and, standing towards the south, had to struggle for fo«r months with contrary winds before he could reach the Cape of Good Hope. Here their violence Nov. 20. began to abate; and during an interval of calm weather. Grama doubled that formidable promon- m2 164 HISTORY OF AMEniCA. BOOK tory, which had so long been the boundary of navl. gation, and directed his course towards the nortli- 1499. east, along the African coast. He touched at several ports; and after various adventures, which the Portuguese historians relate with high but just encomiums upon his conduct and intrepidity, be came to anchor before the city of Melinda. Throughout all the vast countries which extend along tlic coast of Africa, from the river Senegal to the confines of Zanguebar, the Portuguese had found a race of men rude and uncultivated, stran- gers to letters, to arts, and commerce, and differing from the inhabitants of Europe no less in their features and complexion than in their manners and institutions. As they advanced from this, they ob- served, to their inexpressible joy, that the human form gradually altered and improved; the Asiatic features began to predominate, marks of civilization appeared, letters were known, the Mahometan reli- gion was established, and a commerce far from being inconsiderable was carried on. At that time several vessels from India were in the port of Me- linda. Gama now pursued his voyage with almost absolute certainty of success, and, under the con- duct of a Mahometan pilot, arrived at Calecut, upon the coast of Malabar, on the twenty-second of May t)ne thousarid four hundred and ninety- eight. What he beheld of the wealth, the populousness, the cul- tivation, the industry, and arts of this highly. lized country, far surpassed any idea that he bad formed, from the imperfect accounts which the Eu- ropeans had hitherto received of it. But as h' possessed neither sufficient force to attempt a settle- HISTORY OF AMERICA. 165 menty nor proper commodities with which he could BOOK cany on commerce of any consequence, he hastened "• back to Portugal, with an account of his success in 14^1 performing a voyage, the longest, as well most dif- ficult, tliat had ever been made since the first inven- tion of navigation. He landed atJLisbon on tiie four- teenth of September, one thousand four hundred and ninety-nine, two years two months and five days from the time he left that port. Thus, during the course of the fifteenth century^ mankind made greater progress in exploring the state of the habitable globe, than in all the aged vflnch had elapsed previous to that period. The spirit of discovery, feeble at first and cautious, moved within a veiy narrow sphere, and made its efforts with hesitation and timidity. Encouraged by success, it became adventurous, and boldly ex- tended its operations. In the course of its pro- gression, it continued to acquire vigour, and ad«» vanced at length with a rapidity and force which burst through all the limits within which ignorance and fear had hitherto circumscribed the activity of, the human race. Almost fifty years were employed by the Portuguese in creeping along the coast of Africa from Cape Non to Cape de Verd, the latter of which lies only twelve degrees to the south of the former. In less than thirty years they ventured beyond the equinoctial line into another hemi-> sphere, and penetrated to the southern extremity of Africa, at the distance of forty-nine degrees from Cape de Verd. During the last seven years of the *» Ramusio^ vol. 119. D. I6(t UISTOUY OF AMEUICA. BOOK century, a New World was discovered in the West, j not inferior in extent to all the parts of the earth 149^ with which mankind were at that time acquainted. In the East, unknown seas and countries were found out, and a communication, long desired, but hitherto concealed, was opened between Europe and the opulent regions of India. In comparison with events so wonderful and unexpected, all that had hitherto been deemed great or splendid faded away and disappeared. Vast objects now presented themselves. The human mind, roused and in- terested by the prospect, engaged urith ardour in pursuit of them, and exerted its active powers in a new direction. DwGo- This spirit of enterprise, though but newly ri. awakened in Spain, b^ n soon to operate ex- Spain by tcnsivelv. All the attempts towards discoverv made private ad. TenturcTs i in that kingdom had hitherto been carried on by Columbus alone, and at the expense of the Sove- reign. But now private adventurers, allured by the magnificent descriptions he gave of the regions which he had visited, as well as by the specimens of their wealth which he produced, offered to fit out squadrons at their own risk, and to go in quest of Jiew countries. The Spanish court, whose scanty revenues were exhausted by the charge of its expeditions to the New World, which, though they opened alluring prospects of future benefit, yielded a very sparing return of present profit, was extremely willing to devolve the burden of discovery upon its subjects. It seized with joy an opportu^ nity of rendering the avarice, the ingenuity, and efforts of projectors instrumental n promoting dei HISTOEY OP AUB^CA. 1 67 rigns of certain advantage to the public, tkoi^h of b o o K donbtfiil success with respect to themselves. One ' • of the first propositions of this kind was made by 1499. Alonso de Ojeda, a gallant and active officer, who S. had accompanied Columbus in his second voyage, theses His rank and character procured him such credit with the merchants of Seville, that they undertook to equip four ships, provided he could obtain the royal lisence, autliorizing the voyage. Tha power* fill patronage of the Bishop of Badajos easily se- cured success in a suit s6 agreeable to the court. Without consulting G)lumbus, or regiM? ding the fights and jurisdiction which he had acquired by the capitulation in one thousand four hundred and ninety-two, Ojeda was permitted to set out for the New World. In order to direct his course, the bishop communicated to him the admiral's journal of his last voyage, and his charts of the countries which he had discovered. Ojeda struck out into May. no new path of navigation, but, adhering servilely to the route which G>lumbus had taken, arrived ^ on the coast of Paria. He traded with the natives, and, standing to the. west, proceeded as far as Cape de Vela, and ranged along a considerable extent of coast beyond that on which Columbus had touched. Having thus ascertained the opinion of Columbus, October. that this country was a part of the continent, Ojeda returned by way of Hispaniola to Spain, with some reputation as a discoverer, but with little benefit to those who had raised the funds for the expedition. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine gentleman, ac- It accom., panie4 by ^ Herrerp, dec. Hb. ir. 1, 2, 3, 1&8 HISrORT OF AMERICA. BOOK companied Ojeda in this voyi. In what statioti. he served, is. uncertain; but as he was an otpe-i 1499. rienced sulor, and eminently skilful in all the ^ 8*1 /sciences subservient to navigation, he seems to ' have acquired such authority among hiseompanions» that they willbgly allowed him to have a chief share in directing their operations during the voyage* Soon after his return, he transmitted an account of his adventures and discoveries to one of his countrymen; and labouring with the vanity of a- traveller to magnify his pwn exploits, he had the address and confidence to frame hb narrative so as to make it appear that he had the glory of having first discovered the continent in the New World. Ammgo's account was drawn up not only with art, but with some elegance. It contained an amusing history of his voyi^ and judicious observations upon the natural productions, the inhabitants, and the customs of the countries which he had visited* As it was the first description of any partof tiie. ^A' New World that was published, a paformanoe so well calculated to gratify die passion of mankind* for what is new and marvellous, drculated rapidly, and was read with admiration. The country of from which Amerigo was supposed to be the discoverer, J*« came gradually to be called by his name. The America is caprice of mankind, often as imaccountable as un- thriiew J^ ». perpetuated this error. By the universal World, consent of nations, America is the name bestowed on this new quarter of the globe. The bold pre- tensions of a fortunate impostor have robbed the discoverer of the New World of a distinction which belonged to him. The name of Amerigo has sup- HISTORY OF AMERICA. 169 planted that of Columbus; and ihankind mdy ilsgret book an act of injustice^ which, having received the. sanction of tin^e, it is now too late to redress. 141^9. During die same year, another voyage of disco- very was undertaken. Columbus not only intro- dnced the spirit of naval enterprise into Spain, but all die 6rst adventurers who distinguished them- selves in diis new career were formed by his in- structionsr, and acquired in his voyages the sldll and information which qualified them to imitate his^ example. Akmso Nigno, who had served under Voyage of the admiral in his last expedition, fitted out a single. ship, in conjunction with Christopher Guerra, a merchant of Seville, and sailed to the coast of Pa- ria« This voyage seems to have been conducted with greater attention to private emolument, than to any general or national object. Nigno and Guerra made no discoveries of any importance; but they brought home such a return of gold and pearls, as inflamed their countrymen with the desire of engaging in simUar adventures. Soon after, Vincent Yanez Pinzon^ one of the 1500. admiral^s companions in his first voyage, sw^ l ofVincent from Pkdos with four ships. He stood boldly to- Yanez Pin- wards the south, and was the first Spaniard who. ventured to cross the equinoctial line; but he seems to have landed on no part of the coast beyond the mouth of the Maragnon, or river of the Amazons. All these navigators adopted the erroneous theory of Columbus, and believed that the countries which « See NOTE XXII. * P. 87. it. 5. 170 HlStORY OF AMERICA. BOOK ^ y. discovered were port of the vart coDtinent " of Indian ^ 0^ During the last year of the fifteenth century, that ThePottu- fertile district of America, on the confines of iii4iich ^v? r Bra-Piiizon had stopped short, was more fully disco- vered. The successful voyage of Gaina to the East Indies having encouraged the King of Porti^ to fit out a fleet so powerful as not only to carry on trade but to attempt conquest, he gave the com* mand of it to Pedro Alvarez Cabral. In order to avoid the coast of Africa, where he was certain of meeting with variable breezes, or firequent calms, which might retard his voyage, Cabral stood out to sea, and kept so far to the west, that, to his sur- prise, he found himself upon the shore of an un- known country, in the tenth degree beyond die line. He imagined at first that it was soine island in the Atlantic Ocean, hitherto unobserved; but, proceeding along its coast for several days, he was led gradually to believe, that a country so extensive formed a part of some great continent. This hU ter opinion was well founded. The country with which he fell in, belongs to that province in South America now known by the name of Brasil. He landed; and having formed a very high idea of the fertility of the soil, and agreeabl^iess of the cli* mate, he took possession of it for the o-own of Portugal, and dispatched a ship to Ldsbcui with an account of this event, which appeared to be no less important than it was unexpected ^ Columbus* « Hcrrera, dec. 6. 9S* Herrcra, dec. 7. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 171 discovery of the New World was the effort of an b o o K active genius enlightened by science, guided by ^ experience, and acting upon a regular plan exe- jaooT Guted with no less courage than perseverance. But from this adventure of the Portuguese, it appears that chance might have accomplished that great design which it is now the pride of human reason to have formed and perfect. If the sagacity of Columbus had not conducted mankind to Ame- rica, Cabral, by a fortunate accident, might have led them, a few 3rears later, to the knowledge of that extensive continent. While the Spaniards and Portuguese, by those Machi- • J •! • • nations successive voyages, were daily acquinng more en- against hirged ideas of the extent and opulence of that quar- Coiumbiw j ter of the globe which Columbus had made known to them, he himself, far from enjoying the tran- quillity and honours with which his services should have been recompensed, was struggling with every distress in which the envy and malevolence of the people under his command, or the ingratitude of the eourt which he served, could involve him. Though the pacification vnih Roldan broke the union and weakened the force of the mutineers, it did not ex- tirpate the seeds of discord out of the island. Se- veral of the malecontents continued in arms, re- fusing to submit to the admiral. He and his bro- thers were obliged to take the field alternately, in order to check their incursions, or to punish their crimes. The perpetual occupation and disquiet l^hich this created, prevented him from giving due s Herrera^ dec. vu. 5. 172 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK attention to the dangerous machinations of liis ene«. mies in the court of Spain. A good number of l^QQ^ such as were most dissatisfied with his administra- tion/ had embraced the opportunity of returning to Europe with the ships which h^ dispatched from St. The final disappointment of all their hopes inflamed the rage of these unfortunate adventurers against Columbus to the utmost pitch. Tlieir poverty and distress, by exciting compassion^ rendered their accusations credible, and their com- plaints interesting. They teased Ferdinand and Isabella incessantly with memorials, containing the detail of their own grievances, and the articles of their charge against G)lumbu8. Whenever either the King or Queen appeared in public, they sur- rounded them in a tumultuary manner, insisting with importunate clamours for the payment of the arrears due to them, and demanding vengeance upon the author of their sufferings. They insulted the admiral*s sons wherever they met them, re- proaching them as the o&pring of the projector, whose fatal curiosity had discovered those pernicious regions which drained Spain of its wealth, and would prove the gi^ve of its people. These avowed endeavours of the malecontents from America to ruin Columbus, were seconded by the secret but more dangerous insinuations of that party among the courtiers, which had always thwartedhis schemes, and envied his success and credit' their in- Ferdinand was disposed to listen, not only with Ferdinand a wilung but With a partial ear, to these accusa- and Isa- bella; Life of Columbus, c. 85. HISTORY OF AKBRICA* 173 lions. Notwithstanding the fliattering accounts book wliich Columbus had given of the riches of Ame. • rica, the remittances from it had hitherto been so laooT scanty, that they fell far short of defraying the ex- pense of the armaments fitted out. The glory of the discovery, together with the prospect of remote cmnmercial advantages, was all that Spain had yet received in return for the efforts which she had made. But time had already diminished the first sensations of joy which the discovery of a New World occasioned, and fame alone was not an ob«« ject to satisfy the cold interested mind of Ferdi- nand. The nature of commerce was then so little understood, that where immediate gain was not acquired, the hope of distant benefit, or of slow and moderate returns, was totally disregarded. Ferdi- nand considered Spain, on this account, as having lost by the enterprise of G)lumbus, and imputed it to his misconduct and incapacity for government, that a country abounding in gold had yielded no- thing ot value to its conquerors. Even Isabella, who from the favourable opinion which she enter- tained of Columbus had uniformly protected him, was shaken at length by the number and boldness of his accusers, and began to suspect that a disaf- fection so general must have been occasioned by real grievances, which called for redress. The Bishop of Badajos, with his usual animosity against Columbus, encouraged these suspicions, and con- •firmed them. As soon as the Queen began to give way to the fatal ef- torrent of calumny, a resolution fatal to Columbus. was taken. Francis de Bovadilla, a knight of Ca- 1 74 mSTOU V Of Altf ERIC A « BOOK latravB» was q>pointed to repair to BGspaniota, with. fiiU powers to inquire into the conduct of G)lumbu9, 1500. and, if he should find the charge of mal-admiriistra- tion proved, to supersede him, and assume the go* vemment of the island. It was impossible to escape condemnation, when this preposterous commission made it the interest of the judge to pronounce the person whom he was sent to try, guilty. Thougk Ccrfumbus had now composed att the dissentions in the island; though be had brought both Spa- niards and Indiam to submit peaceably to his go- vernment; though he had made such effectual pro- vision for working the mines, and cultivating the. country, as would have secured a considerable re- venue to the King, as well as large profits to indi- viduals; Bovadilla, without deigning to attend to the nature or merit of those services, discovered from the moment that he landed in Hispaniola, a determined purpose of treating him as a criminal. He took possession of the admiral's house in St. Domingo, from which its master happened at that time to be absent, and seized his effects, as if his. guilt had been already fully proved; he rendered himself master of the fort and of the King*s stores by violence; he required alt persons to acknowledge him as supreme governor; he set at liberty the prisoners confined by the admiral, and summoned him to appear before his tribunal, in order to an- swer for his conduct; transmitting to him, toge- ther with the summons, a copy of the royal man- date, by which Columbus was enjoined to yield im- plicit obedience to his commands. Columbus Columbus, though deeply affected with the in- sent in HISTORY OP AMERICA. 1 75 gratitude and mjustice of Ferdinand and Isabella^ book did not hesitate a nu>n)ent about his own conduct, i^ He submitted to the will of his sovereigns with a 1506? respectful silence, and repsured directly to the court chains to of that violent and partial judge whom they had October. authorized to try him. Bovadilta, without admitting faim into his presence, ordered him instantly to be arrested, to be loaded with chains, and hurried on board a ship. Even under this humiliating reverb of fortune^ the firmness of mind which distinguishes the character of Columbus did not forsake him. Conscious of his own integrity, and solacing him- self with refkcting upon the great things which he had achkved, he endured this insult <^ered to hts character, not only with composure but with dig- nity. Nor had he the consolation of sympathy to mitigate his sufferings. Bovadilla had already ren- dered himself so extremely popular, by granting various immunities to the colony, by liberal dona- tions of Indians to all who applied for them, and by relaxing the reins of discipline and government, that the Spaniards, who were mostly adventurers, ii4iom their indigence or crimes had compelled to ab&ndon their native country, expressed the most indecent satisfaction with the disgrace and impri- sonment of Columbus. They flattered themselves, that now they should enjoy an uncontrolled liberty more suitable to their disposition and former habits of life. Among persons thus prepared to censure the proceedings, and to asperse the character of Columbus, Bovadilla collected materials for a charge against him. All accusations, the most improbable as well as inconsistent, were received. 1 76 HISTOEY OF AMERICA. BOO K No informer, however inCamous, was rgected. The ^ II. result of this inquest, no less indecent than partial, 1500. he transmitted to Spain. At the same time he ordered Columbus, with his two brothers, to be carried thither in fetters; and, adding oruelty to insult, he confined them in different ships, and ex- cluded them from the comfort of that fi^endly in- tercourse which might have soothed their common distress. But while the Spaniards in Hispaniola viewed the arbitrary and insolent proceedings of Bovadilla with a gen^id approbation, which reflects dishonour upon their name and country, one man still retained a proper sense of the great actions which G>lumbus had performed, and was touched with the sentiments of veneration and pi^ due to his rank, his age, and his merit. Alonzo de Valejo, the captain of the vessel on board which the admiral was confined, as soon as he was dear of the island, approached his prisoner with great respect, and offered to release him firom the fetters with which he was unjustly loaded. No. replied Columbus with a generous indignation. I wear these irons in consequence of an order from my sovereigns. They shall find me as obedient to thb as to their other injunctions. By their conmiand I have been confined, and their command alone shall set me at liberty. Nor. Fortunately, the voyage to Spain was extremely bCTty. but short. As soon as Ferdinand and Isabella were in- deprived formed that Columbus was brou&rht home a pri- of all au. tbority. » Life of Co! umbu8, c. 86. 8 — 1 1. *Gomara Hist. 0? iedo, c. 6. MiaiX>KX OF AMBICil. 1 77 BGOitr, and in chains, they pereeived at once what book universal astonishment this event must occasion, i. m and what an impression to their disadvantage it 1500. must niake. AU Europe^ they fbresavr, would be fiUed with indignation at this ungenerous requital of a man who had perfonned actions worthy of the highest recompense^ and would acclaim against the injustice ctf the nation^ to which he had been such an eminent benefactor, as wdl as against the ingra- titude of the princes whose reign he had rendered illufitrious. Ashamed of their own conduct, and eager not only to make some reparation for this injury, but to efface the stain which it might fix upon their character^ they instantly issued orders to Dec. 17. set Coiumbus at liberty, invited him to court, and renntted money to enable lum to appear there in a manner suitable to his rank. When he entered the royal presence, Columbus threw hin>self at the feet of his sovereigns. He remained for somelime silent; the various passioi^ which a^tated his mind sup« pressing his power of utterance. At length he re* covered himsdf, and vindicated his conduct in a long discourse^ producing the most satisfying proofs of his own int^rity aa weU as good intention, and evidence, no less clear, of the malevolence of his enemies, who, not satisfied with having ruined his fortune, laboured to deprive him of what alone was now left, his honour and his fame. Ferdinand re^ ceived him with decent civility, and Isabella with tenderness and re&pect. They both expi*essed their sorrow for what had happened, disavowed their knowledge of it, and joined in promising him pro- tection and future &vouc. But though they in- VOJ... N Google] 78 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK stantly degraded Bovadilla, in order to remove from. themselves any suspicion of having authorized his 1600. violent proceedings, they did not restore to Colum- bus his jurisdiction and privileges as viceroy of those countries which he had discovered. Though willing to appearthe avengers of Cblumbus*s wrongs, that illiberal jealousy which prompted them to in- vest Bovadilla with such authority as put it in his power to treat the admiral with indignity still sub- sisted. They were afraid to trust a man to whom they had been so highly indebted; and retaining him at court under various pretexts, they appointed Nicholas de Ovando, a knight of the military order of Alcantara, governor of Hispaniola. Columbus w^s deeply affected with this new in- jury, which came from hands that seemed to be employed in making reparation for his past suffer- ings. The sensibility with which great minds feel every thing that implies any suspicion of their in- tegrity, or that wears the aspect of an affiront, is exquisite. Columbus had experienced both from the Spaniards, and their ungenerous conduct exas- perated him to such a degree, that he could no longer conceal the sentiments which it excited. Wherever he went he carried about with him, as a memorial of their ingratitude, those fetters with which he had been loaded. They were constantly hung up in his chamber, and he gave orders, that when he died they should be buried in his grave. 1501. Meanwhile the spirit of discovery, notwithstand- Progressof * •' ditfcorery. k Herrera, dec. 10 — 12. B7. > Life of Columbus, c. p... 577. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 179 ing the severe check which it had received by the b o o K ungenerous treatment of the man who first excited ^ • it in Spain, continued active and vigorous. Rode. TsoL rigo de Bastidas, a person of distinction, fitted out January. two ships in copartnery with John de la Cosa, who having served under the admiral in two of his voy- ages was deemed the most skilful pilot in Spain, They steered directly towards the continent, arrived on the coast of P^ria, and, proceeding to the west, discovered all the coast of the province now known by the name of Tierra Firme, from Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien. Not long after Ojeda, with his former associate Amerigo Vespucci, set out upon a second voyage, and, being unacquainted with the destination of Bastidas, held the same course and touched at the same places. The voyage of Bastidas was prosperous and lucrative, that of Ojeda unfortunate. But both tended to increase the ar- dour of discovery; for in proportion as the Spaniards acquired a more extensive knowledge of the Ame- rican continent, their idea of its opulence and fer- tility increased. Before these adventurers returned from their Ovando voyages, a fleet was equipped, at the public expense, governs for carrying over Ovando, the new governor, to His- of Hispa- paniola. His presence there was extremely requi- site, in order to stop-the inconsiderate career of Bo- vadilla, whose imprudent administration threatened the settlement with ruin. Conscious of the violence and iniquity of his proceedings against Columbus, he continued to make it his sole object to gain the "» Hcrrera, dec. 1 ► lib. c, 1 1. n2 b^Google 1 8Q If ISTOR Y OP AMERICA* 9 O o K &vour and support of his countrjrmeii^ hj aoeooi. J modating, himself to their passions and prejudices^ 50L With this view, he established reguktiojns in every point the reverse of those which Columbua deewed essential to the prosperity of the colony^ Instead of the severe discipline, necessary in order to habi« tuate the dissolute and corrupted nieaibers of which the society was composed^ to the restraints of law and subordination, he suffered them to enjoy such uncontrolled license, as encouraged the wildest e3C-» cesses. Instead of protecting the Indians, he gave a legal sanction to the oppression of that unhappy people* He took the exact number of such as sur- vived their past calamities, divided them into di- stinct classes, distributed them in property among his adherents, and reduced all the people of the island to a state of complete servitude. As the avarice of the Spaniards was too rapacious and im- patient to try any method of acquiring wealth boA that of searching for gold, this servitude became aa grievous aa it was unjust. The Indians were dri-« ven in crowds to the mountains, and compelled to work in the mines, by roasters who imposed their tasks without mercy or discretion. Labour so dis* proportioned to their strength and former habits oi Ufe^ wasted that feeble race of men with such ra^ consumption, as must have sooa terminated in the utter extinction of the andent inhabitants of the country. btio. necessity of applying a speedy remebus, aware of the danger, took precautions against it, and saved h» little squadron. TTie fleet destined for Spain met with the fate which the rashness and obstinacy of its commanders deserved. Of eighteen ships two or three only escaped. In this general wreck pe- rished Bovadilla, Roldan, and the greater pait of 1 86 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK those who had been the most active in per^ecotiiig. Columbus, and oppressing the Indians. Togetfan 1602. themselves, all the wealth which they bad ac- quired by their injustice and cruelty was swallowed up. It exceeded in value two hundred thousand pesos; an immense sum at that period, and suffi- cient not only to have screened th^ra^ from any se- vere scrutiny into their conduct, but to have secured them a gracious reception in the Spanish court. Among the ships th^t escaped, one had on board all the effects of Columbus which had been reco- vered from the ruins of his fortune. Historians, struck with the exact discrimination of charact^s, as well as the just distribution of rewards and pu- nishments, conspicuous in those events, universallr attribute them to an immediate interposition of Di- vine Providence, in order to avenge the wrongs of an injured man, and to punish the oppressors of an innocent people. Upon the ignorant and super- stitious race of men, who were witnesses of this oc- currence, it made a different impression. From an opinion which vulgar admiration is apt to enter- tain with respect to persons who have distingubhed themselves by their sagacity and inventions, they believed Columbus to be possessed of supernatural powers, and imagined that he had conjured up this dreadful storm by magical art and incantations in order to be avenged of his enemies i. July 14. Columbus soon left Hispaniola, where he met in^ for with such an inhospitable reception, and stood to- p Oviedo, lib. iiu c. 9. H^rrera> dec. c, 1, 2. Life of Columbus^ c. 88. HISTORY OP AMERICA. 1 87 wards the continent. After a tedious and danger- book ous voyage, he discovered Guanaia, an island not ^ •. far distant from the coast of Honduras. There he 1502. had an interview with some inhabitants of the con* jo. tinent, who arrived in a large canoe. They ap^ dianoc«aii. peared to be a people more civilized, and who had made greater progress in the knowledge of useful arts, than any whom he had hitherto discovered. In return to the inquiries which the Spaniards made, with their usual eagerness, concerning the places where the Indians got the gold which they wore by way of ornament, they directed them to countries situated to the west, in which gold was found in such profusion, that it was applied to the most com- mon uses. Instead of steering in quest of a coun- try so inviting, which would have conducted him along the coast of Yucatan to the nch Empire of Mexico, Columbus was so bent upon his favourite scheme of finding out the strait which he supposed to communicate with the Indian Ocean, that he bore away to the east towards the gulf of Darien. In this navigation he discovered all the coast of the continent, from Cape Gracias a Dios to a harbour which, on account of its beauty and security, he called Porto Bello. He searched in vain for the imaginary strait, through which he expected to make his way into an unknown sea; and though he went on shore several times, and adx'anced into the country, he did not penetrate so far as to cross the narrow isthmus which separates the Gulf of Mexico from the great Southern Ocean. He was so much delighted, however, with the fertility of the country, and conceived such an id^a of its 1 86 HISTORY OF AMEHICA. BOOK wealth, fcwn the specimens of gold produced by vJ! l«». natives, that he resolved to leave a small colony 1503. upon the river Belen, in the province of Veragna, under the command of his brother, and to return himself to Spain, in order to procure what was re* quisite for rendering the establishment permanent. But the ungovernable spirit of the people under his conmiand, deprived Columbus of the glory of plant* ing the first colony on the continent of America, Thrir insolence and rapaciousness provoked the na- tives to take arms; and as these were a more hardy and warlike race of men than the inhabitants of the islands, they cut off part of the Spaniards, and obliged the rest to abandon a station which was found to be untenable^ •hip- This repulse, the first that the Spaniards met ^ e. fro. y. American nations, was not the o^ only misfortune that befel Columbus; it was fol- lowed by a succession of all the disasters to which navigation is exposed. Furious hurricanes, with violent storms of thunder and lightning, threatened his leaky vessels with destruction; while his dis- contented crew, exhausted with fatigue and desti- tute of provisions, was unwilling o'r unable to exe- cute his commands. One of his ships perished; he was obliged to abandon another, as unfit for ser- vice; and with the two which remained, he quitted that part of the continent, which in his anguish he named the Coast of Vexation% and bore away for ^ Herrera, dec. 5, c. 89, c. Oviedo, lib iii. 9. ' La Coftta de los Contrastes. lilSTORY OF AMBRICA, 189 Hiapwiola. Now distresses awaited him in thisvoy- book «ge. He was driven back by a violent tempest from. the coMt of Cuba, bis ships fell foiil of one another^ 1503. and were sa mueh shattered by th^ shock, that with the utmost difficulty th^ reached Jamaica, where Jane 24. he was obliged to run them aground, to prevent them frosa sinking. The n^asure of his calamitiea seemed now to be full. He was cast ashore upon an island at a considerable distance from the only settlement of the Spaniards inAmerica. His ships were niinod beyond the possibility of being repaired^ To coi^vey an. account of his situation to Hispaniola^ aj^eared impracticable; and without this it was vain to expect. relief. His genius, fertile in re* sources, and most vigorous in those perilous extre^ snhies when feeble minds abandon themselves ta despair, discovered the only expedient which af- forded any pi^ospeet of deliverance. He had re- co«irse to the hospitable kindness of the natives^ who, considering the Spaniards as beings of a sqpe^ rior nature^ were wtger, on every occasion, to mi- nister to their wants. From them he obtained two of their canoes, each formed out of the trunk of a single tree hollowed with fire, and so mi3- hapen and awkward as hardly to merit the name of boats^ In these, which were fit only for creeping along the eoast, or crossing from one side of a bay to another. Mendez, a Spaniard^ and Fieschi, a Genoese, twa gentlemen particularly attached to Columbus, gal- lantly ofiered to set out for Hispaniola, upon a voy- age of above thirty leagues. This they accom- Qviedo> lib. 9. 190 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK plished in ten da^d, after surmoundng increfiblc^ i. dangets, and enduring such ftttigues that several of 1503. the Indians who accompanied them sunk under it, and died. The attention paid to them by the go- vernor of Hispaniola was neither such as thdr cou- rage merited, nor the distress of the persons from whom they came required. Ovando, from a mean jealousy of Columbus, was afraid of allowing him to set foot in the island under his government This ungenerous passion hardened his heart against every tender sentiment, which reflection upon the services and misfortunes of that great man, or com- passion for his own fellow citizens involved in the same calamities, must have excited. Mendez and Fieschi spent eight months in soliciting relief for their commander and associates, without any pro- spect of obtaining it«. During this period, various passions agitated the •ufferiugs mind of Columbus and his companions in adver. sity. At first, the expectation of speedy deliverance, from the success of Mendez and Fieschi's voyage, 1504. cheered the spirits of the most desponding. After some time the most timorous began to suspect that they had miscarried in their daring attempt. At length, even the most sanguine concluded that they had perished. The ray of hope which had broke in upon them, made their condition appear now more dismal. Despair, heightened by disappoint- ment, settled in every breast. Their last resourcebad faildd, and nothing renlained but the prospectof end- ing their miserable days among naked savages, far from theircountry and their friends. The seamen, in a transport of rage, rose in open mutiny, threatened HISTORY OF AMERICA. 19 1 the Hfe of Columbus, whom they reproached as b o k the author of all their calamities, seized ten canoes. which they had purchased from the Indians, and. 15047^ despising his remonstrances and entreaties, made off with them to a distant part of the island. At the same time the natives murmured at the long remdence of the Spaniards in their country. As their industry was not greater than that of their neighbours in Hispaniola, Uke them they found the burden of supporting so many strangers to be alto- gether intolerable. They began to bring in provi- sions with reluctance, they furnished them with a sparing hand, and threatened to withdraw those sup- plies altogether. Such a resolution must have been quickly fatal to the Spaniards. Their safety de- pended upon the good will of the Indians; and un- less they could revive the admiration and reverence with which that simple people had at first beheld them, destruction was unavoidable. Though the licentious proceedings of the mutineers had in a great measure effaced those impressions which bad been so favourable to the Spaniards, the ingenuity, of Columbus suggested a happy artifice, that not only restored but heightened the high opinion which the Indians had originally entertained of them. By his skill in astronomy, he knew that there was shortly to be a total eclipse of the moon. He assembled all the principal persons of the di- strict around him on the day before it happened^ and, after reproaching them for their fickleness in with- drawing their affection and assistance from men whom they had lately revered, he told them, that the Spaniards were servants of the Great Spirit who 192 HISTORY OJt AMERICA. BOOK dwells m heaven, whc^vitde and governs the worid. that he, offended at their vefuwig to gupporl men 1504^ ho were the objects of his peculiar favour, was preparing to punish this crime with exemplary s^ verity, and that very night the moon should witfc* hold her light, and appear of a bloody hue, as asign of the divine wrath, and an emblem of the ven« geance ready to fall upon them. To this marvel- lous prediction some of them Ibtened with the careless indifierence peculiar to the people of Ame- rica; others, with the credulous astonbhoieirti na- tural to barbarians. But when the moon, began grad«ially to be darkened, and at length appeared of a red cobur, all were struck with terror. They ran with constematton to their houses. and retnni- ing instantly to Colombus loaded with pcovistons, threw them at his feet, Gonjuriiig him to intercede with the Great Spirit to avert the destructkn witk which they were threatened. G)lumlHn, seeming to be moved by their entreaties, promised to com- ply with their desire... The edipse went off. moon recovered its splendour, and from that day the Spaniards were not only furnished profusely with provisions, but the natives, with superstitioss attention, avoided every thing that could givetimn offence. Acraei During those transactions^ the mutineeEs had to u^ made repeated attempts to pasa oVer to BSspaniofat in the canoes which they had seized. Biit, from their own misconduct, or the violence of tke winds t Life of Columlws, c. 103. Herrera, dtec. Ulib^ ri c 5, 6t Benzon. L c. 14. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 93 and currents, their efforts were all unsuccessful, book Bnraged at this disappointment, they marched to. wards that part of the island where Columbus re- 1504/ mained, threatening him mth new insults and danger. While they were advancing, an event happened, more cruel and afflictmg than any ca- lamity which he dreaded from them. The governor of ICspaniola, whose mind was still filled with some dark suspicions of G)lumbus, sent a small bark to Jamaica, not to deliver his distressed countrymen, but to spy out their condition. Lest the sympathy of those whom he employed should aflbrd them relief, contrary to his intention, he gave the command of this vessel to Escobar, an inveterate enemy of Columbus, who, adhering to his instructions with malignant accuracy, cast anchor at some distance from the island, ap- proached the shore in a small boat, observed the wretched plight of the Spaniards, delivered a letter of empty compliments to the admiral, received his answer, and departed. When the Spaniards first descried the vessel standing towards the island, every heart exulted, as if the long expected hour of their deliverance had at length arrived; but when it disappeared so suddenly, they sunk into the deepest dejection, and all their hopes died away. Columbus aloncy though he felt most sensibly this wanton insult which Ovando added to his past neg- lect, retsdned such composure of mind as to be able to cheer his followers. He assured them, that Mendez and Fieschi had reached Hispaniola in safety; that they would speedily procure ships to tarry them off; but, as Escobar's vessel could not VOL. o 194 inSTOET OF AMERICA. BOOK take them all on board, that he had refoaed to go. with her, becaase he was determined never to 1504. abandon the faithful companions of his distress. Soothed with the expectation of speedy deliverance, and delighted with his apparent generosity in at- tending more to their preservation than to his own safety, their spirits reived, and he regained their confidence. Without this confidence he could not have re- sisted the mutineers, who were now at hand. All hb endeavours to reclaim those desperate men had no effect but to increase their phrensy. Their de- mands became every day more extravagant, and their intentions more violent and bloody. The common safety rendered it necessary to oppose them with open force. Columbus, who 4iad been long afflicted with the gout, could not take the field. May 20. His brother, the adelantado, marched against them. They quickly met. The mutineers rejected with scorn terms of accommodation, which were once more offered them, and rushed on boldly to the attack. They fell not upon an enemy un- prepared to receive them. In the first shock> several of their most daring leaders were slain. The adelantado, whose strength was equal to hia courage, closed mth their captain, wounded, dis- armed, and took him prisoner. At sight of this, the rest fled with a dastardly fear suitable to their former insolence. Soon afi^ r, they submitted in a body to Columbus, and bound themselves by the " Life of Columbus, c. 104. 17. * Life of Columbus, c. 107. 1 1. HISTORY or AMERICA. IgS most solemn oaths to pbey all his commands, book - Hardly was tranquillity re-established, when the i. ships appeared, whose arrival Columbus had pro- 1604. mised with great address, though he could foresee it with little certainty. With transports of joy, the Spaniards quitted an island in which the unfeeling jealousy of Ovando had suffered them to languish above a year, exposed to misery in all its various forms. When they arrived at St. Domingo, the go-Hude- vemor, idth the mean artifice of a vulgar mind, U. that labours to atone for insolence by servility, at Hbpa- fawned on the man whom he envied, and had at. tempted to ruin. He received Columbus with the most studied respect, lodged him in his own house, and distinguished him with every mark of honour. Bat amidst those over-acted demonstrations of re- gard, he could not conceal the hatred and malig- nity latent in his heart. He set at liberty the cap- tain of the mutineers, whom Columbus had brought over in chains to be tried for his crimes; and threatened such as had adhel*ed to the admiral with proceeding to a judicial inquiry into their conduct. Columbus submitted in silence to what he could not redress; but discovered an extreme impatience to quit a country which was under the jurisdiction of a man who had treated him, on every occasion, with inhumanity and injustice. His preparations sept. 12. were soon finished, and he set sail for Spain with two ships. Disasters similar to th^se which had i accompanied him through life continued to pursue him to the end of his career. One of his vessels being disabled, was soon forced back to St. Do- o2 196 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK mingo; the other, shattered by violent storms, sailed seven hundred leagues with jury-masts, and reached with difficulty the port of St. Lucar. There he received the account of an event tlie most atal that could have befallen him, and which completed his misfortunes. This- was the death of his patroness Queen Isabella, in whose justice, humanity, and favour, he confided as his last re- source. None now remained to redress his wrongs, or to reward him for his serices and sufferings, but Ferdinand, who had so long opposed and so often injured him. To solicit a Prince thus prejudiced against him, was an occupation no less irksome than hopeless. In this, however, was Columbus doomed to employ the close of hb days. As soon as his health was in some degree re-established, he repaired to court; and though he was received there with civility barely decent, he plied Ferdinand witli petition after petition, demanding the punishment of his oppressors, and the restitution of all thepri* vileges bestowed upon him by the capitulation o( one thousand four hundred and ninety*two. Fer- dinand amused him with fair words and unmeaning promises. Instead of granting his cltdms, he pro- posed expedients in order to elude them, and spun out the affair with such apparent art, as plainly dis- covered his intention that it should never be termi- nated. The declining health of Columbus flattered Ferdinand with the hopes of being soon delivered from an importunate suitor, and encouraged him to persevere in this illiberal plan. Nor was hede- y Li(e of Columbus, c. 108. c 12. UISTORY OF AMERICA. 197 ceived in his expectations. Disgusted with the in« b O o K gratitude of a monarch whom he had served with. such fidelity and success, exhausted with the fa- 1504/ tigues and hardships which he had endured, and broken with the infirmities which these had brought upon him, Columbus ended his life at Valladolid on the twentieth of May one thousand five hundred and six, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. He Death of died with a composure of mind suitable to the mag. nanimity which distinguished his character, and with sentiments of piety becoming that supreme respect for religion which he manifested in every occurrence of his life. > Life of Columbus, c. yi. 13, 14, 15. TH BOOK m. BOOK 7^7. Columbus was employed in his last Ml- ▼ V voyage, several events worthy of notice hap- TtgT^ pened in Hispaniola, The colony there, the parat State of and nurse of all the subsequent establishments of t^m^ Spain in the New World, gradually acquired the paniola. form of a regular and prosperous society. The hu- mane solicitude of Isabella to protect the Indians from oppression, and particularly the proclaniation by which the Spaniards were prohibited to compel them to work, retarded, it is true, for some time the progress of improvement. TTie natives, who considered exemption from toil as supreme felicity, scorned every allurement and reward by which tbejr were invited to labour. The Spaniards had not a sufficient number of hands either to work the niines or to cultivate the soil. Several of the first colo- nists, who had been accustomed to the service of HISTORY OF ^MEUICA. 199 the Indians, quitted the island, when deprived of b o o K those instruments, without which they knew not. • how to carry on any operation. Many of the new 1504. settlers who came over with Ovando; were seized with the distempers peculiar to the climate, and in a short space above a thousand of them died. At the same time, the exacting one half of the product of the mines as the royal share, was found to be a demand so exorbitant, that no adventurers would engage to work them upon such terms. In order to save the colony from ruin, Ovando ventured to relax the rigour of the royal edicts. He made a hew]505. distribution of the Indians among the Spaniards, and compelled them to labour, for a stated time, in digging the mines, or in cultivating the ground; but in order to screen himself from the imputation of having subjected them again to servitude^ he en- joined their masters to pay them a certain sum, as the price of their work. He reduced the royal share of the gold found in the mines from the half to the third part, and soon after lowered it to a fifth, at which it long remained. Notwithstanding Isabella's tender concern for the good treatment of the In- dians, and Ferdinand's eagerness to improve the royal revenue, Ovando persuaded the court to ap- prove of both these regulations. But the Indians, after enjoying respite from op- War with pression, though during a short interval, now felt J. the yoke of bondage to be so galling, that they made several attempts to vindicate their own liberty. This the Spaniards considered as rebellion, an4 » H^rrera, dec. 3. 200 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK took arms in order to reduce them to subjection. 1 ' J When war is carried on between nations whose i505. State of improvement is in any degree similar, the means of defence bear some proportion to those employed in the attack; and in this equal contest such efforts must be made, such talents are displayed, and such passions roused, as exhibit mankind to view in a situation no less striking than interesting. It is one of the noblest functions of history to ob- serve and to delineate men at a juncture when their minds are most violently agitated, and all their powers and passions are called forth. Hence the operations of war, and the struggles between con- tending states, have been deemed by historians, an- cient as well as modem, a capital and important article in the annals of human actions. But in a contest between naked savages, and one of the most warlike of the European nations, where science, courage, and discipline on one side were opposed by ignorance, timidity, and disorder on the other, a particqlar detail of events would be as unpleasant as uninstructive. If the simplicity and innocence of the Indians had inspired the Spaniards with hu- manity, had softened the pride of superiority into compassion, and had induced them to improve the inhabitants of the New^World, instead of oppress- ing them, some sudden afets of violence, like the too rigorous chastisements of impatient instructors, might have been related without horror. But, un- fortunately, this consciousness of superiority ope- rated in a different manner. Tlie Spaniards were advanced so far beyond the natives of America in improvement of every kind, that they viewea thein HISTORY (HP AMERICA. 201 with contempt. They conceived the Americans to b o o K be animals of an inferior nature, who were not en. titled to the rights and privileges of men. In peace, j^ they subjected them to servitude. In war^ they paid no regard to those laws, which, by a tacit conven* lion between contending nations, regulate hostility, and some bounds to its rage. They considered them not as men fighting in defence of their liberty, but as slaves who had revolted against their mas^ ters. Their casdques, when taken, were condemned, like the leaders of banditti, to tlie most cruel and ignominious punishments; and all thdr subjects, without r^arding the distinction of ranks esta- blished among them, were reduced to the same state of abject slavery. With such a spirit and sen- timents were hostilities carried on agidnst the ca- zique of Higuey, a province at the eastern extremity of the island. This war was occasioned by the per- fidy of the Spaniards, in violating a treaty which they had made with the natives, and it was termi- nated by hanging up the casque, who defended his people with bravery so far superior to that of his countrymen, as entitled him to a better fate. The conduct of Ovando, in another part of theThccmci island, was still more treacherous and cruel. The cherolu^ province anciently named Xaragua, which extends q. from the fertile plain where Leogane is now situated to the western extremity of the island, was subject to a female cazique, named Anacoana, highly re- spected by the natives. She, from that partial fond- ness with which the women of America were attach- ^ H^rrera, dec. 9, 10, SOS HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOO the Europeans, the cause of which shall be. afterwards explained. had always courted the friend- 100^ ship of the Spaniards, and loaded them with bene- fits. But some of the adherents of Roldan having settled in her country^ were so much exasperated at her endeavouring to restrain their excesses, that they accused her of having formed a plan to throw off the yoke, and to exterminate the Spaniards* Ovando, though he knew well what little credit was due to such profligate men, marched, without fur- ther inquiry, towards Xaragua, with three hundred foot and seventy horsemen. To prevent the Indians from taking alarm at this hostile appearance, he gave out that his sole intention was to visit Anaco- ana, to whom his countrjrmen had been so much indebted, in the most respectful manner, and to re- gulate with her the mode of levying the tribute payable to the King of Spain. Anacoana, in order to receive this illustrious guest with due honour, assembled the principal men in her dominions, to the number of three hundred; and advancing at the head of these, accompanied by a great crowd of persons of inferior rank, she welcomed Ovando with songs and dances, according to the mode of the country, and conducted him to the place of her residence. There he was feasted for some days, with all the kindness of simple hospitality, and amused with the games and spectacles usual among the Americans upon occasions of mirth and festivity. But amidst the security which this inspired, Ovando was meditating the destruction of his unsuspicious entertainer and her subjects; and the mean perfidy with which he executed this scheme, equalled his HISa»&T Of AWOLKICA. SU3 barbarity in forming it. Under colour of exhibiting p o o K to the Indians the parade of an European touma. menty he advanced with his troops, in battle array, fi^ towards the house in which Anacoana and the chidEs who attended her were assembled. The infantry took possession of all the avenues which led to tl^ village. The horsemen encompassed the house. These movements were the object of admiration without any mixture of fear, until, upon a signtU which had been concerted, the Spaniards suddenly drew their swords, and rushed Upon the Indians, defenceless, and astonished at an act of treachery which exceeded the conception of undesigning men. In a moment Anacoana was secured. All her at- tendants were seized and bound. Fire was set to the house; and without examination or conviction, all these unhappy persons, the most illustrious in thdr own country, were consumed in the flames. Anacoana was reserved for a more ignominious fate. She was carried in chains to St. Domingo, and, after the formality of a trial before Spanbh judges, she was condemned, upon the evidence of those very men who had betrayed her, to be publicly hanged. Overawed and humbled by this atrocious treat- Rejuctkm ment of their princes and nobles, who were objects. of their highest reverence, the people in all the pro- »^» cffecti. vinces of Hispaniola submitted, without further Re- sistance, to the Spanish yoke. Upon the death of Isabella all the regulations tending to mitigate the * Oviedo, lib. Rclacion de Oestniyc. de las Indias por Bart, de las Cosas. 8. S04 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK rigour of thdr servitude were foi^otten. The small. gratuity pwd to them as the price of their labour 1^0^ was withdrawn, and at the same time the tasks im- posed upon th^m were increased. Ovando, with- out anj restraint, disUibuted Indians among his friends in the island. Ferdinand, to whom the Queen had left by will one half of the revenue arising from the settlements in the New World, conferred grants of a similar nature upon his cour- tiers, as ^e least expensive mode of rewarding their services. They fieirmed out the Irtdiaus, of whom they were rendered proprietors, to thar countrymen settled in Hispaniola; and that wretched people, being compelled to labour in order to sa- tisfy the rapadty of both, the exactions of their oppressors no longer knew any bounds. But, bar- barous as their policy was, and fatal to the inhabi- tants of Hispaniola, it produced, for some Ume, very considerable effects. By calling forth the force of a whole nation, and exerting it in one direction, the working of the mines was carried on with amazing rapidity and success. During several years, the gold brought into the royal smelting-houses in Hispaniola amounted annually to four hundred and sixty thousand pesos, above a hundred thousand pounds sterling; which, if we attend to the great change in the value of money since the beginning of the sixteenth century to the present times, must appear a considerable sum. Vast fortunes were created, of a sudden, by some. Others dissipated in ostentatious profusion, what they acquired with facility. Dazzled by both, new adventurers crowded to America, with the most eager impatience, to HISTORY OF AMERICA. S05 share in those treasures^ which had enriched thtnr B o* O K Ibid. dec. x. 12. 208 HIOTORT OF AMBRICA. BOOK languid frame, and render it equal to the effortoiyf. active industry. The Spaniards, without attendii^ 16(0. to those peculiarities in the constitution of the Americans, imposed tasks upon them, which, though not greater than Europeans might have performed with ease, were so dispropordonedto their strength, that many sunk under the fatigue, and ended ^ wretched days. Others, prompted by impatience and despiur, cut short their own lives with a videot hand. Famine, brought on by compelling sodi numbers to abandon the culture of their lands, in order to labour in the mines, proved fatal to many. Diseases of various kinds, some occasioned by the hardships to which they were exposed, and othen by their intercourse with the Europeans, who com- municated to them some of their peculiar nudadies, completed the desolation of the island. The Spa- niards, being thus deprived of the instruments which they were accustom^ to employ, found it impossi- ble to extend their improvements, or even to carry 1508. on the works which they had already begun. In order to provide an immediate remedy for an eril so alarming, Ovando proposed to transport the in- habitants of the Lucayo blands to Hispaniola, under pretence that they might be civilized with more facility, and instructed to greater advantage in the Christian religion, if they were united to the Spa- nish colony, and placed under the immediate in- spection of the missionaries settied there. Ferdi- nand, deceived by this artifice, or willing to connive at an act of violence which policy represented as necessary, gave his assent to the proposal. Several vessels were fitted out for the Lucayos, the com- HISTORY OF AMERICA. 209 mandere of wiuch informed the natives^ with whose book language they were now well acquainted, that they ' • ^ came from a delicious country, in which the de- isoeT parted ancestors of the Indians resided, by whom th^ were sent to invite their descendants to resort thither, to partake of the bliss enjoyed there by happy spirits. That simple people listened with wonder and credulity; and, fond of visiting their relations and friends in that happy r^on, followed the Spaniards with eagerness. By this artifice, above forty thousand were decoyed into Hispaniola, to share in the sufferings which were the lot of the inhabitants of that island, and to mingle their groans and tears with those of diat wretched race of mai. The Spaniards had, for some time, earned on Nevr di». their operations in the mines of Hispaniola with^nd^ i^ such ardour as well as success, that these seemed '■. to have engrossed their whole attention. The spirit of discovery languished; and, since the last voyage of Columbus, no enterprise of any moment had heen undertaken. But as the decrease of the In- dians rendered it impossible to acquire weakh in that island with the same rapidity as formeriy, this urged some of the more adventurous Spaniards to search for new countries, whare their avarice might be gratified with more facility. Juan Ponce de Leon, who commanded under Ovando in the eastern ^strict of Hispaniola, passed over to the island of St. Juan de Puerto Rico, which Columbus had dis- Herrera, dec. vii. 3. Oviedo, Hb. Gomara Hist. 41. VOL. P 210 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK covered m his second voys^ and praetrated into. the interior part of the country. As he found the 1506. ^U to b^ fertile^ and expected, from some symptoms, as well as from the information of the inhabitants, to discover mines of gold in the mountains, Ovbb- do permitted him to attempt making a settlement in the island. This was easily effected by an officer eminent for conduct no less than for courage. In a few years Puerto Rico was subjected to the Spi- nish government, the natives were reduced to ser- vitude; and being treated with the same inconside- rate rigour as their neighbours in Hispaniola, the race of original inhabitants, worn out with fatigue and sufferings, was soon exterminated. About the same time Juan Diaz de Solis, in con- junction with Vincent Yanez Pinzon, one of Co- lumbus*s original companions, made a voyage to the continent. They held the same course which Co- lumbus had taken, as far as to the island of Guanaios; but, standing from thence to the west, they disco- vered a new and extensive province, afterwards known by the name of Yucatan, and proceeded i considerable way along the coast of that country. ITiough nothing memorable occurred in this voyage, it deserves notice, because it led to discoveries of greater importance. For the same reason, the voyage of Sebastian de Ocampo must be mentioned. By the command of Ovando he sailed round Cuba, and ^Henrera, dec. 1—4. Gomara Hist. 44. Relacion de B. de las Casas, p. 10. * Hcrrera, dec. 17. HISTORY OF AMERICA... 211 first dSscovered with certainty, that this cduntry^ BOOK which Columbus once supposed to be a part of the. continent, was a large island. im^ This voyage round Cuba was one of the last oc- D><«o Co- currences under the administration of Ovando* jj^ ted* Ever since the death of Columbus, his son Don. r^ Diego had been employed in soliciting Ferdinand nioia. to grant him the ofl&ces of viceroy and admiral in the New World, together with all the other immu-> nities and profits which descended to him by inhe- ritance, in consequence of the original capitulation with his father* But if these dignities and revenues appeared so considerable to Ferdinand, that, at the expense of being deemed unjust as well as ungrate- fvil, he had wrested them from Columbus, it is not surprising that he should be unwilling to confer them on his son. Accordingly Don Diego wasted two years in incessant but fruitless importunity. Weary of this, he endeavoured at length to obtain by a legal sentence what he could not procure from the favour of an interested monarch. He com- menced a suit against Ferdinand before the council which managed Indian afimrs; and that court, with int^rity which reflects honour upon its proceedings, decided against the King, and sustained Don Diego's claim of the viceroyalty, together with all the other privileges stipulated in the capitulation. Even after this decree, Ferdinand's repugnance to put a sub- ject in possession of such extensive rights, might have thrown in ne obstacles, if Don Diego had » Herrera, dec. h p2 S IS HISTORY OF AMBRIOJU B o o K not taken a step which interested very powerful per- V. sons in the success of his claims. The sentence 1508. of the council of the Indies gave him a title to a rank so elevated, and a fo^une so opulent, that he found no difficulty in concluding a marriage with DonnaMaria, daughter of Don Ferdinand deToledo, great commendator of Leon, and brother of theDuke of Alva, a nobleman of the first rank, and nearly related to the King. The Duke and his family es- poused so warmly the cause of their new ally, that I5uy. Ferdinand could not resist their solicitations. He recalled Ovando, and appointed Don Diego his suc- cessor, though even in conferring this favour he could not conceal his jealousy; for he allowed him to assume only the title of governor, not that of vice- roy, which had been adjudged to belong to him. He repairs Dq^ Diego quickly repaired to Hispaniola, at- noUi! tended by his brother. his uncles, his wife, whom the courtesy of the Spaniards honoured with the title of vice-queen, and a numerous retinue of per- sons of both sexes bom of good families. He lived with a splendour and magnificence hitherto un- known in the New World; and the family of Co- lumbus seemed now to enjoy the honours and re- wards due to his inventive genius, of which he him- self had been cruelly defrauded. The colony itself acquired new lustre by the accession of so many inhabitants, of a different rank and character from most of those who had hitherto migrated to Ame- rica, and many of the most illustrious families in » Herrera^ dec. viu c. 4, c. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 1 3 the Spanish settlements are descended from the b o o K persons who at that time accompanied Don Diego. Columbus o. 15^ No benefits accrued to the unhappy natives from this change of governors. Don Diego was not only authorized by a royal edict to continue the reparii- mientos, or distribution of Indians, but the parti- cular number which he might grant to every per- son, according to his rank in the colony, was spe- cified. He availed himself of that permission; and soon after he landed at St. Domingo, he divided such Indians as were still unappropriated, among his relations and attendants p. The next care of the new governor was to com- Pearl ply with an instruction which he received from the cubagaa. King, about settling a colony in Cubagua, a small island which G)lumbus had discovered in his third voyage. Though this barren spot hardly yielded subsistence to its wretched inhabitants, such quan- tities of those oysters which produce pearls were found on its coast, that it did not Jong escape the inquisitive avarice of the Spaniards, and became a place of considerable resort. Large fortunes were acquired by the fishery of pearls, which was carried on with extraordinary ardour. The Indians, espe- cially those from the Lucayo islands, were comr pelled to dive for them; and this dangerous and unhealthy employment was an additional calamity, which contributed not a little to the extinction of that devoted race. •Ovicdo, lib. 1. p Recopilacion de Leyes, lib. tit. 8. 1, 2. Herrera, dec. 10. *» Herrera, dec. 78. y Google Digitized by* j A S14 HISTORY OF AMERICA* BOOK About this period, Juan Diaz de Soils and Pinzoa set out, ill conjunction, upon a second voyage. They stood directly south, towards the equinoctial line, which Pinzon had formerly crossed, and ad- vanced as far as the fortieth degree of southern latitude. They were astonished to find that the continent of America stretched on their right hand through all this vast extent of ocean. They landed in different places, to take possession in name of their sovereign; but though the country appeared to be extremely fertile and inviting, their force was ^o small, having been fitted out rather for discovery than making settlements, that they left no colony behind them. Their voyage served, however, to give the Spaniards more exalted and adequate ideas with respect to the dimensions of this new quarter of the globe ^ A settle. Though it was about ten years since Colum- S^ co^ bus had discovered the main land of America, the tinent at- Spaniards had hitherto made no settlement in any. part of it. What had been so long neglected was now seriously attempted, and with considerable vi- gour; though the plan for this purpose was neither formed by the crown, nor executed at the expense of the nation, but carried on by the enterprising spirit of private adventurers. This scheme took its rise from Alonso de Ojeda, who had already made two voyages as a discoverer, by which he acquired considerable reputation, but no wealth. But his character for intrepidity and conduct easily procured)iim associates, who advanced the money requisite f fic,rfcra^ dc^ 1. vii, c... HISTOllY OF AMERICA. 215 to defray the charges of the expedition. About the b o o K same time, Diego de Nicuessa, who had acquired t* a large fortune in Hispaniola, formed a similar de- 15^ sign. Ferdinand encouraged both; and though he refused to advance the smallest sum» was extremely liberal of titles and patents. He erected two go- vernments on the continent, one extending from Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien, and the other from that to Cape Gracias a Dios. The former was ^ven to Ojeda, the latter to Nicuessa. Ojeda fitted out a ship and two brigantines, with three hundred men; Nicuessa, six vessels, with seven hundred and eighty men. They sailed about the same time from St. Domingo for their respective governments. In order to give their title to those Countries some appearance of validity, several of the most eminent divines and lawyers in Spain were toiployed to prescribe the mode in which they should take possession of them. There is not in the his- tory of mankind any thing more singular or extra- vagant than the form which they devised for this purpose. They instructed those invaders, as soon as diey landed on the continent, to declare to the natives the principal articles of the Christian faith; to acquaint them, in particular, with the supreme jurisdiction of the Pope over all the kingdoms of the earth; to inform them of the grant which this holy pontiff had made of their country to the King of Spain; to require them to embrace the doctrines of that religion which the Spaniards made known to them; and to submit to the sovereign whose au- • Herrem, dec. 15. S 1 6 UlSTOEY OF AllEfilCA. BOOK thority they proclaimed. If the nativeB refused to ^ j comply with this requisition, the terms of which 1609. niust have been utterly incomprehensible to unin- structed Indians, then Ojeda and Nicuessa were authorized to attack them with fire and swcnrd; to reduce them, their wives and children, to a state of servitude; and to compel them by force to recog- nise the jurisdiction of the church, and the autho* rity of the monarch, to which they would not vo- luntarily subject themselves ^ The dis. ^s the inhabitants of the continent could not at tending it ouce yield assent to doctrines too refined for their uncultivated understandings, and explained to than by interpreters imperfectly acquainted with their language; as they did not conceive how a foreign priest, of whom they had never heard, could have any right to dispose of their country, or how an un- known Prince should claim jurisdiction over them as his subjects; they fiercely opposed the new in- vaders of their territories. Ojeda and Nicuessa en- deavoured to effect by force what they could not accomplish by persuasion. The contemporary writers enter into a very minute detail in relating their transactions; but as they made no dbcovery of importance, nor established any permanent set- tlement, their adventures are not entitled to any considerable place in the general history of a period where romantic valour, struggling with incredible hardships, distinguishes every effort of the Spanish arms. They found the natives in those countries of which they went to assume the government, to t See NOTE XXIII. HISTORY OF AMERICA* S 1 7 be of a character very different from that of th^ book countrymen in the islands. They were free aiid t^ j warlike. Their arrows were dipped in a poison so isST noxious^ that every wound was followed with cer- tain death. In one encounter they slew above se« venty of Ojeda's followers^ and the Spaniards, for the first time, were taught to dread the inhabitants of the New World. Nicuessa was opposed by peo- pie equally resolute in defence of their possessions. Nothing could soften their ferocity. Though the Spaniards employed every art to soothe thern^ and to gain their confidence, they refused to hold any intercourse, or to exchange any friendly office, with men whose residence among them they considered as fatal to their liberty and independence. This 15ia implacable enmity of the natives, though it ren- dered an attempt to establish a settlement in their country extremely difficult as well as dangerous, might have been surmounted at length by the per- severance of the Spaniards, by the superiority of dieir arms, and their skill in the art of war. But every disaster which can be accumulated upon the unfortunate, combined to complete their ruin. The loss of their ships by various accidents upon an un- known coast, the diseases peculiar to a climate the moat noxious in all America, the want of provisions unavoidable in a country imperfectly cultivated, dis- sention among themselves, and the incessant hos- tilities of the natives, involved them in a succession of calamities, the bare recital of which strikes one with horror. Though they received two consider- able reinforcements from Hispaniola, the greater Dart of those who had engaged in this unliappy ex- S 1 8 lirstORY OF AMERICA. BOOK pedklon perished, in less than a year, in the most. • ^ extreme misery. A few who survived, settled as a 1610. feeble colony at Santa Maria el Antigua, on the Gulf of Darien, under the command of Vasco Nu- gneide Balboa, who, in the most desperate exigen- cies, displayed such courage and conduct, as first gained the confidence of his countrjrmen, and marked him out as their leader in more splendid and successful undertakings. Nor was he the oxAj adventurer in this expedition who will appear with lustre in more important scenes. Francisco Hzarro was one of OJeda*s companions, and in this school of adversity acquired or improved the talents which fitted him for the extraordinary actions which he afterwards performed. Heman Cortes, whose name became still more famous, had likewise en- gi^ed early m this enterprise, which roused all the active youth of Hispaniola to arms; but the good fortune that accompanied him in his subsequent adventures, interposed to save him firom the dis- asters to which his companions were exposed. He was taken ill at St. Domingo before the departure of the fleet, and detained there by a tedious indl^i position. Copquett t Notwithstanding the unfortunate issue of this ex- pedition, the Spaniards were not deterred from en- gaging in new schemes of a similar nature. When wealth b acquired gradually by the persevering hand of industry, or accumulated by the slow ope- rations of regular commerce, the means employed " Hcrrera, dec. 11, c. Oomara Hot. c. 57, 58, 59. Benzon. 19—23. Martyr, decad. 122. IIIStOKY OF AMERICA. 4J9 ore BO ptetpar&med to the end attuned, that there book is nothing to strike the imagination^ and little to. urge on the active powers of the mind to uneom* isia mon efforts. But when large fortunes w^re created almost instantaneously; when gold and pearls were procured in exct»nge for baubles; when the conn* tries which produced these rich commodities, de- fended only by naked savages, might be seized by the first bold invader; objects so singular and al- luring roused a wonderful spirit of enterprise among the Spaniards, who rushed with ardour into this new path that was opened to wealth and di- stinction. While this spirit continued warm and vigorous, every attempt either towards discovery or conquest was applauded, and adventurers engi^ ed an it with emulation. The passion for new under* takings, which characterises the age of discovery in the latter part of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, would alone have been sufficient to prevent the Spaniards from stopping short in their career. But circumstances peculiar to His<- paniola, at this junc^ture, concurred with it in ex* tending their navigation and conquests. The rigo- rous treatment of the inhabitants of that island having almost extirpated the race, many of the Spa- nish planters, as I have already observed, finding it impossible to carry on their works with the same vigour and profit, were obliged to look out for set- tlements in some country where people were not yet wasted by oppression. Others, with the inconside- rate levity natural to men upon whom wealth pours in with a sudden flow, had squandered in thought- Jess prodigality vj^hat they acauired with ease, tud 220 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK were driven by necessity to embark in the most de- sperate schemes, in order to retrieve thdr affidrs. ^ JK From all these causes, when Don Diego Columbus proposed to conquer the island of Cuba, and to es- tablish a colony there, many persons of chief - stinction in Hispaniola engi^ed with alacrity in the measure. He gave the command of the troops de- stined for that service to Diego Velasquez, one of his father's companions in his second voyage, and who, having been long settled in Hispaniola, had acquired an ample fortune, with such reputation for probity and prudence, that he seemed to be well qualified for conducting an expedition of impor- tance. Three hundred men were deemed suffi- cient for the conquest of an island of above seven hundred miles in length, and filled with inhabitants. But they were of the same unwarlike character with the people of Hispaniola. They were not only in* timidated by the appearance of their new enemies, but unprepared to resist them. For though, from the time that the Spaniards took possession of the adjacent island, there was reason to expect a descent on their territories, none of the small communities into which Cuba was divided, had either made any provision for its own defence, or had formed any concert for their common safety. The only ob- struction the Spaniards met with was from Hatuey, a cazique, who had fled from Hispaniola, and had taken possession of the eastern extremity of Cuba. He stood upon the defensive at their first landing; and en deavoiu'ed to drive them back to their ships. His feeble troops, however, were soon broken and dbpersed; and he himself being taken prboner. HISTORY OF AMERICA. flS I Velasquez, according to the barbarous maxim of B o o K the Spaniards, considered him as a slave who had iJ^ Vj taken arms against his master, and condemned him isnT to the flames. When Hatuey was fastened to the stake, a Franciscan friar labouring to convert him, promised him immediate admittance into the joys of heaven, if he would embrace the Christian faith. •^ Are there any Spaniards. says he after some pause. in that region of bliss which you describe. — " Yes. replied the monk. but only such as are worthy and good. — " The best of them. re- turned the indignant cazique. have neither worth nor goodness: I will not go to a place where I may meet with one of that accursed race. This dread* fill example of vengeance struck the people of Cuba with such terror, that they scarcely gave any oppo* sition to the progess of their invaders; and Velas- quez, without the loss of a man, annexed this ex- tensive and fertile island to the Spanish mo- narchyy. The facility with which this important conquest Diseorerf was completed, served as an incitement to other un. dertakings. Juan Ponce de Leon, having acquired both fame and wealth by the reduction of Puerto Rico, was impatient to engage in some new enter- prise. He fitted out three ships at his own ex- 1512. pense, for a voyage of discovery, and his reputation soon drew together a respectable body of followers. He directed his course towards theLucayo islands; and after touching at several of them, as well as of * B. dc las Cnsas, p. 40... y Herrera, dec. ix, c, 2, 3, c. Oviedo, lib. c, 3. p. 179. fl(t iriSTORr OF AMERICA; BOO Klhe Bahama isles, he stood to the south-west, and. discovered a country hitherto unknown to the Spa- 51^ niards, which he called Florida, either because be fell in with it on Pabn Sunday, or on account of its gay and beautiful appearance. He attempted to land in diiierent places, but met with such vigorous opposition from the natives, who were fierce and warlike, as convinced him that an increase of force was requisite to effect a settlement. Satisfied mth having opened a communication with a new coun- try, of whose value and importance he conceived very sanguine hopes, he returned to Puerto Rico through the channel now known by the name of the Gulf of Florida. It was not merely the passion of searching for new countries that prompted Ponce de Leon to un- dertake this voyage; he was influenced by one of those visionary ideas, which at that time oftea mingled with the spirit of discovery, and rendered it more active. A tradition prevailed among the natives of Puerto Rico, that in the isle of Bimini, one of the Lucayos, there was a fountain of such wonderful virtue as to renew the youth and recall the vigour of every person who bathed in its salu* tary waters. In hopes of finding this grand resto- rative, Ponce de Leon and his followers ranged through the islands, searching with fruitless solid- tude and labour for the fountain which was the chief object of their expedition. That a tale so fabulous should gain credit among simple unin- structed Indians is not surprising. That it should make any impression upon an enlightened people appears in the present age altogether incredible. HISTORY OP AMERICA. S«S The bet, however, is certain; and the most au- b o o K thentic Spanish historians mention this extravagant y. sally of their credulous countrymen. The Spa- isxZ^ niards at that period were engaged in a career of actiiaty which gave a romantic turn to their ima- gination, and daily presented to them strange and marvellous objects. A New World was opened to their view. They visited islands and continents, of whose existence nlankind in former ages had no conception. In those delightful countries nature seemed to assume another form: every tree and plant and animal was different from those of the ancient hemisphere. They seemed to be trans- ported into enchanted ground; and after the won- ders which they had seen, nothing, in the warmth and novelty of their admiration, appeared to them so extraordinary as to be beyond belief. If the ra- pid succession of new and striking scenes made siseh impression even upon the sound understands ing of Columbus, that he boasted of having found, tbe seat of Paradise^ it will not appear strange that Ponce de Leon should dream of discovering th^ fountain of youth. Soon after the expedition to Florida, a discovery Pro^ ress of much greater importance was made in another. part of America. Balboa having been raised to the; government of the small colony at Santa Maria in Darien, by the voluntary suffrage of his associates, was so extremely desirous to obtain from the crown * P. Martyr, decad. 202. Ensayo Chronol. para la Hist, de la Florida, par. Gab. Cardenas, p 1. xvi. c. 1 1. Hist, de la Conq. de la Florida, par Garc. de la Vega, lib. 3. 8^4 HISTORY OF AMEIUCA. B o o K a confirmation of their election, that he disp^tdied. one of his officers to Spain, in order to solicit a. royal commission, which might invest him with a legal title to the supreme command. G)nscious9 however, that he could not expect success from the patronage of Ferdinand's ministers, with whom he was unconnected, or from negotiating in a court to the arts of which he was a stranger, he endeavour* ed to merit the dignity to which he aspired, and aimed at performing some signal service that would secure him the preference to every competitor. Full of this idea, he made frequent inroads into the adjacent country, subdued several of the caziques, and collected a considerable quantity of gold, which abounded more in that part of the continent than in the islands. In one of those excursions, the Spaniards contended with such eagerness about the division of some gold, that they were at the point of proceeding to acts of violence against one an* other. A young cazique who was present, astonished at the high value which they set upon a tiling of which he did not discern the use, tumbled the gcdd out of the balance with indignation; and tumkig to the Spaniards. Why do you quarrel (says he) about such a trifle? If you are so passional^ fond of gold, as to abandon your own country, and to disturb the tranquillity of distant nation^ for its sake, I will conduct you to a region where the me- tal which seems to be the chief object of yoisr ad- miration and desire is so common that the meanest utensils are formed of it. Transported with what they heard, Balboa and his companions inquired eagerly where this happy country by, and how they HISTORY OF AMERICA. 225 might arnve at it. He informed them that at the B o o k distance of six suns, that is, of six days* journey, to- s^ j wards the south, they should discover another ocean, 1512, near to which this wealthy kingdom was situated; but if they intended to attack that powerful state, they must assemble forces far superior in number and strength to those with which they now ap- peared* This was the first infonnation which the Spa- Tiie niards received concerning the gceskt southern ocean, JJjJlch h'e or the opulent and extensive country known after- forms j terwards by the name of Peru. Balbo& had now before him objects suited to his boundless ambi- tion, and the enterprising ardour of his genius. He immediately concluded the ocean which the cazique mentioned, to be that for which Columbus had searched without success in this part of Ame- rica, in hopes of opening a more direct communi- cation with the East-Indies; and he conjectured that the rich territory which had been described to ' him must be part of that vast and opulent region of the earth. Elated with the idea of performing what so great a man had attempted in vain, and eager to accomplish a discovery which he knew, would be no less acceptable to the King than be- neficial to his country, he was impatient until he could set out upon this enterprise, in comparison of which all his former exploits appeared inconsidera- ble. But previous arrangement and preparation were requisite to insure success. He began with courting and securing the friendship of the neigh. • Herrera, dec. Martyr, dec. p« 149. 226 HISTORY OP AMBRICA* BOOK bouring caziques. He sent 8ome of his officers to y" Hispaniola with a large quantity of gold, as a proof 1512. of his past success, and an earnest of his ftiture hopes. By a proper distribution of this, they se- cured the &vour of the governor, and allured vo- lunteers into the service. A considerable reinforce- ment from that island joined him, and he thought himself in a condition to attempt the discovery, difficulty The isthmus of Darien is not above sixty miles cotln^ in breadth; but this neck of land, which binds to- themj gether the continents of North and South Ame- rica, is strehgthened by a chain of lofty mountains stretching through its whole esctent, which render it a barrier of solidity sufficient to resist the impulse of two opposite oceans. The mountains are covered with forests almost inaccessible. The valleys in, that moist climate, where it rains during two-thirds of the year, are marshy, and so frequently over- flowed that the inhabitants find it necessary, in many places, to build their houses upon trees, in order to be elevated at some distance from the damp soil, and the odious^ reptiles engendered in the putrid watei-s. Large rivers rush down with an impe- tuous current from the high grounds. In a region thinly inhabited by wandering savages, the hand of industry had done nothing to mitigate or correct those natural disadvantages. To march across thb unexplored country with no other guides but In- dians, whose fidelity could be little trusted, was, on all those accounts, the boldest enterprise on which the Spaniards had hitherto ventured in the New ^ P. 158. HISTORY OF AMERICA. SS7 World. But the intrepidity of Balboa was such as b o o K distinguished him among his countrymen, at a pe. riod when every adventurer was conspicuous for 15137 daring courage. Nor was bravery his only merit; be was prudent in conduct, generous, affable, and possessed of those popular talents which, in the most desperate undertakings^ inspire confidence and secure attachment. Even after the junction of the volunteers from Hispaniola, he was able to muster only an hundred and ninety men for his expedition. Bat they were hardy veterans, inured t^ the climate of America, and ready to follow him through every danger. A thousand Indians attended them to carry their provisions; and, to complete their Warlike array, they took with them several of those fierce dogs, which were no less formidable than destruc- tive to their naked enemies. Balboa set out upon this important expedition difcorm on the first of September, about the time that the j. periodical rains began to abate. He proceeded by sea, and without any difficulty, to the territories of a cazique whose friendship he had gained; but no sooner did he b^n to advance into the interior part of the counUy, than he was retarded by every obstacle, which he had reason to apprehend, from the nature of the territory, or the disposition of its inhabitants. Some of the caziques, at his ap- proach, fled to the mountains with all their people and carried off or destroyed whatever could afford subsistence to his troops. Others collected their subjects, in order to oppose his progress; and he quickly perceived what an arduous undertaldng it was to conduct such a body of men through hostile S28 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK nattons, across swamps, and rivers, and woodd, yJJJJ; which had never been passed but by straggling 1613. Indians. But by sharing in every hardship with the meanest soldier, by i^pearing the foremost to meet every danger, by promising confidently to lus troops the enjoyment of honour and riches superior to what had been attained by the most successfal of their countrymen, he inspired them with sudi ' enthusiastic resolution, that they followed him without murmuring. When they had penetrated a good way into the mountains, a powerfiil cazique appeared in a narrow pass, with a numerous body of his subjects, to obstruct their progress. But men who had surmounted so nmny obstacle, de- spised the opposition of such feeble enemies. They attacked them with impetuosity, and, having di- spersed them with much ease and great slaughter, continued their march. Though their guides bad represented the breadth of the isthmus to hi only a journey of six days, they had already spent twenty- five in forcing their way through the woods and mounUdns. Many of them were ready to sink under such uninterrupted fatigue in that sultry climate, several were taken ill of the dysentery and other diseases frequent in that country, and all be- came impatient to reach the period of their labours and sufferings. At length the Indians assured them, that from the top of the next mountain tbey should discover the ocean which was the object of thdr wishes. When, with infinite toil, they bad climbed up the greater part of that steep ascent, Balboa commanded his men to halt, and advanced alone to the summit, that he might be the first who HISTORY OF AMEIUCA. 239 should enjoy a spectacle which he had so long de- b o k sired. As soon as he beheld the South Sea ^ • stretching fa endless prospect below him, he fell 1513. on his knees, and, lifting up his hands to heaven, returned thanks to God, who had conducted him to a discovery so beneficial to his country, and so ho* nourable to himself. His followers, observing his transports of joy, rushed forward to join in his wonder, exultation, and gratitude. They held on their course to the shore with greeit alacrity, when Balboa, advancing up to the middle in the waves with his buckler and sword, took possession of that ocean in the name of the King his master, and vowed to defend it, with (h^se arms, against all his enemies. That part of the great Pacific or Southern Ocean, which Balboa first discovered, still retains the name of the Gulf of St. Michael, which he gave to it, and is situated to the east of Panama. From seve* ral of the petty Princes, who governed in the di- stricts adjacent to that gulf, he extorted provisions and gold by force of arms. Others sent them to him voluntarily, To these acceptable presents, some of the ca^uques added a considerable quantity of pearls; and he learned from them, with much satisfaction, that pearl oysters abounded in the sea which he had newly discovered. Together with the acquisition of this wealth, h« re- which served to soothe and encourage his followers, jj. he received accounts which confirmed his sanguine concern- c Hen-era, dec. 1, c. 62, c. P. 205, c. 230 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK hopes of future and more extensive benefits Irmn. the expedition. All the people on the coast of the 1513* South Sea concurred in informing him that there iiigaiiiore^yi^3. mighty and opulent kingdom situated at a counuji considerable distance towards the south-east, the inhabitants of which had tame animals to carry their burdens. In order to give the Spaniards an idea of these, they drew upon the sand the figure of the llamas or sheep, aft^ wards found in Peru, which the Peruvians had taught to perform such services as they described. As the llama in its form pearly resembles a camel, a beast of burden deemed peculiar to Asia, this circumstance, in conjunction with the discovery of the pearls, another noted pro- duction of that country, tended to confirm die Spaniards in their mistaken theory with respect to the vidnity of the New World to the East Indies. obliged to But though the information which Balboa re- cdved from the people on the coast, as well as his own conjectures and hopes, rendered him extremely impatient to visit this unknown country, his pru- dence restrained him from attempting to invade it with an handful of men exhausted by fatigue and weakraed by diseases. He determined to lead back his followers, at present, to their settlement of Santa Maria in Darien, and to return next sea- son with a force more adequate to such an arduous enterprise. In order to acquire a more extensive knowledge of the isthmus, he marched back by a diffi? rent route, which he found to be no less dan- gerous and that which he had formerly ^ Herrera, dec. « See NOTE XXI. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 23 1 talcei. But to men elated with success, and ani- book mated with hope, nothing is insurmountable. • Balboa returned to Santa Maria, from which he 1514* had been absent four months, with greater glory and more treasure than the Spaniards had acquired in any expedition irt the New World. None of* Balboa's officers distinguished themselves more in this service than Francisco Pizarro, or assisted with greater courage and ardour in opening a com- munication with those countries in which he was destined to act soon a most illustrious part^ Balboa's first care was to send information to Pedranas Spain of the important discovery which he hadgo^rnor* made; and to demand a reinforcement of a thousand. i>arien- men, in order to attempt the conquest of that opulent country concerning which he had received such inviting intelligence. The first account of the discovery of the New World hardly occasioned greater joy, than the unexpected tidings that a pas* sage was at last found to the great southern ocean. The communication with 'the East Indies, by a course to the westward of the line oi demarcation drawn by the Pope, seemed now to be certain. The vast wealth which flowed into Portugal fjrom its settlements and conquests in that country, ex- cited the envy and called forth the emulation of other states. Ferdinand hoped now to come in for a share in this lucrative commerce, and, in his eager- ness to obtain it, was willing to make an effort be- yond what Balboa required. But even in this ex- ertion, his jealous policy, as well^as the fatal anti- Herrera, dec. Ubu x. 3 — 6. Gofiaara^ c. 64. Martyr^ dec. 229> &c. 232 HISTORY OF AMBRICik. BOO K pathy of Fonseca, now Bishop of Burgo, to every y^y. roan of merit who distinguished himself in die Wew 1614. Wocld, was conspicuous. Notwithstanding Bel* hpa's recent services, which marked him wA as tb^ most proper person to finish that great undeftaldng which he had begun, Ferdinand was so ungeneroap as to overlook these, and to appoint Pfedrarias Davila, governor of Darien. He gave hito the pommand of fifteen stout vessels and twelve hnn- dred soldiers. These were fitted out at tl,e public expense, with a liberality which Ferdinand bad never displayed in any former armament destined for the New World; and such was the ardear d the Spanish gentlemen to follow a leader who wap ^bout to conduct them to a country where, as fame reported, they had only to throw their nets into the sea and draw out gold^ that fifteen bunr dred embarked on board jhe fleet, and, if th^ bad not beqn restrsdned, a much g^e^ter number wouM have engaged in the service. Pedrarias reached th« Gulf of Darien mthout any remarkable accident, and immediately sent some of his principal officers ashore to inform Balboa of his arrival, with the king's commission, to be govenMV of the colony. To their astonishment, they found Balboa, of whose great exploits they had heard so much, and of whos^ opulence they had formed such high ideas, clad in a canyass jacket, and wearifig coarse hempen sandals used only by the meanest peasants, employed, together with some Indians^ K Herrera, dec. 14. »» Ibid. 6j 7. 1 77, 290. HISTOqt OF AVERICA. 33 in thatcbing his own hut with reeds. Bfen inftus b O o x simple garb, wbidi corresponded so ill with the. expiectodons and wishes of his new gaests, Balboa 1514^ receiyed them with dignity. The &me of his dis- coveries had drawn so mi^iy adventurers from the islands, that he could now inuster four hundred and fifty men. At the head of those daring veter jans, be was more than a matdi for the forces which Pedrarias brought with him. But though his troops murmured loudly at the injustice of ihe King in superseding their commwckr, and eomr jdain^ that istf angers wpuld now tei^ the fruits of tfaeir toil and success, Balboa submitted with im^ plicit obedience to the will of his soyev<%n, and re- cdived Pedrsuias wjth all th^ defer^nc^ due to hif irharacterS Notwithstanding this moden^on, to which Pe^ Di^s^ntioii diarias owed the peaceable possession of his govern* wm^lS ment, he appointed a judicial inquiiy to be made Wboa. into Balboa's conduct, while un^ the command pf Nicuessa, and imposed a- drarias endeavoured to divert those who remained from brooding over their misfortunes, by finding them employment. With this view, he sent several detachments into the interior parts of the country, to levy gold among the natives, and to search for the mines in which it was produced. Those rapa- cious adventurers, more attentive to present gain than to the means of facilitating their future pro- gress, plundered mthout distinction wherever they marched. Regardless of the alliances which Bal- • boa had made with several of the caziques, they strip- Richard, Hist. Naturelle de TAir, torn. 204. ' Herrera, dec. c, 14. 272. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 5235 ped them of every tlungvakiable, and treated them, book as well as their subjects, with the utnu)st msol^ce. nnd cruelty. By their tyranny and exactions, which 151^ Pedrarias, either from want of authority or inclina- tion, did not restrain, all the country from the Gulf of Darien to the lake of Nicaragua was desolated, and the Spaniards were inconsiderately deprived of die advantages whidi th^ might have derived from the friendship of the natives, in extending their conquests to the South Sea. Balboa, whosawmth concern that such ill-judged proceedings retarded the execution of his favourite scheme^ sent violent remonstrances to Spain against the imprudent go- vernment of Pedrarias, which had ruined a happy and k>urishing colony. Pedrarias, on the othear hand, accused him of having deceived ti^eKing, by magnifying his own exploits, as virell as by a false representation of the opulence and value of the country. Ferdinand became sensible at length of his im- Violent prudence in superseding the most active and expe. rienced officer he had in the New World, and, by... r. 11 Bttlboa. way of compensation to Balboa, appomted him Adelaniado, or lieutenant-Govemor of the coun* tries upon the South Sea, with very extensive pri- rileges and authority. At the same time be en* jcnned Pedrarias to support Balboa in all his opera^ tions, and to consult with him concerning every measure which he himself pursued. But to effect 1545. such a sudden transition from inveterate enmity to perfect confidence, exceeded Ferdinand's power. ■ Herrera, dec. Gomara, c 65. P. 10. Relaciou de B. de las Casan, p. 12. 236 HiaroRY OF America. BOOK Pedrarias continued to treat his iiTal ivith neglect. and Balboa's fortune being exhausted by the pay- l^ ment of his fine, and other exactions of Pedraiias^ he could not make suitable preparations for taking possession of his new govemm^t. At length, hj the interposition and exhortations of the Bbhop of Darien, they were brought to a reconciliation; and, in order to cement this union more firmly, Pedia- rias agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Balboa, The first effect of their concord was, that Balboa was permitted to make several small incur*r sions into the country. These he conducted with such prudence, as added to the reputation which he had already acquired. Many adventurers resorted to him, and, with the countenance and aid of P^ drarias, he began to prepare for his expedition to the South Sea. In order to accomplish this, it was neces- sary to build vessels capable of conveying his troops to those provinces which he purposed to inva. 1617. After surmounting many obstacles, and enduring a variety of those hardships which were the portion of the conquerors of America, he at length finished four small brigantines. In these, with three hundred chosen men, a force superior to that with which Pizarro afterwards undertook the same expedition, he was ready to sail towards Peru, when he received an unexpected message from Pedrarias. As his reconciliation with Balboa had never been cordial, the progress which his son-in»Iaw was making re- vived his ancient enmity, and added to its rancour. He dreaded the prosperity and elevation of a niaa ■ Hencera, dec. 1 H3. 2K HISTORY Ot AM11ICA. S37 whom he had injured so deeply. He suspected that Q o o K success would encourage him to aim at independ^ wJJl-J' ence upon his jurisdiction; and so violently did the 1517. passions of hatred, fear, and jealousy^ operate upon his mind, that, in order to gratify his Tetigeance, he scrupled tiot to defeat an enterprise of the great- est moment to his country. Under pretexts were false, but plausible, he desired Balboa to poet- pone his voyage for a short time, and to repair to Acia, in order that he might have an interview with him. Balboa, with the unsuspicious confi- dence of a man conscious of no crime, instantly obeyed the summons; but as soon as he entered the place, he was arrested by order of Pedrarias, whose impatience to satiate his revenge did not suf« fer him to languish long in confinement. Judges were unmediately appointed to proceed to his trial. An accusation of disloyalty to the King, and of an. intention to revolt against the governor, was pre- ferred agdnst him. Sentence of death was pro- nounced; and though the judges who passed it, seconded by the whole colony, interceded warmly for his pardon, Pedrarias continued inexorable; and the Spaniards beheld, with astonishment and sor« row, the public execution of a man whom they universally deemed more capable than any who had borne command in America, of forming and accomplishing great designs. Upon his death, the expedition which he had planned was relinquished. Pedrarias, notwithstanding the violence and injus- tice of his proceedings, was not only screened from * Henrcra, dec. 21, 22. S38 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK punishment by the powerful patronage (rf the Bishop. of Burgos and other courtiers, but condnued in iSijT power. Soon after he obtained pennission to re- move the colony from its unwholesome station of Santa Maria to Ptoama, on the opposite side of the isthmus; and though it did not gain much in^ point of healthfulness by the change, die commo- dious situation of this new settlement contributed greatly to facilitate the subsequent conquests of the Spaniards in die extensive countries situated upon the Southern OceanP. 1616. During these transactions in Darien, the historr coveries. of wfaich it was proper to carry on m an uninter- rupted tenour, sevmd important events occurred with respect to the discovery, the conquest, and go* vemment, of other pro^nces in the New World. Ferdinand was so intent upon opening a commu- nication with the Molucca or Spice Islands by the west, that in the year one thousand five hundred and fifteen he fitted out two ships at his own ex- pense, in order to attempt such a voyage, and gave the command of them to Juan Diaz de Solis, who was deemed one of the most skilful navigators in Spain. He stood along the co&st of South America, and on the first of January one thousand five hun- dred and sixteen entered a river which he called Janeiro, where an extensive commerce is now car- ried on. From thence he proceeded to a spacious bay, which he supposed to be the entrance into a strait that communicated with the Indian Ocean; but, upon advancing further, he found it to be the p Herrera, dec. 1. jEIISTORY OF AMERICA. S99 mouth of Rio de Plata, one of the vast rifers by b o o k which the southern continent of America is watered. In endeavouring to make a descent in this country, 15177 I>e Solis and several of his crew were slain by the imdves, who, in sight of the ships, cut their bodies in pieces, roasted and devoured them. Discouraged with the loss of their commander, and terrified at this shocking spectacle, the surviving Spaniards set sail for Europe, without aiming at any further dis- eovery. Though this attempt proved abortive, it was not without benefit. It turned the attention of ingenious men to this course of navigation, and prepared the way for a more fortunate vojrage, by which, a few years posterior to this period, the great design that Ferdinand had in view was accom- plished* Though the Spaniards were thus actively em- State of ployed in extending their discoveries and settle- In. ments in America, they still considered Hispaniola n»ol»* as their principal colony, and the seat of govern- ment. Don Diego Columbus wanted neither in- clination nor abilities to have rendered the mem- bers of this colony, who were most immediately under his jurisdiction, prosperous and happy. But he was circumscribed in all his operations by the suspicious policy of Ferdinand, who on every oc- casion, and under pretexts the most frivolous, re- trenched his privileges, and encouraged the trea- surer, the judges, and other subordinate officers, to counteract his measures, and to dispute his autho- rity. The most valuable prerogative which the go«- s Herrera, dec. 31 7. S40 HlflTTdRlr OF AMSRtCA. BOOK veraot possessed, was that of distributiiig Inain. among the Spaniards settled in the island* The rigorous servitude of those unhappy men having been but little mitigated by all the regulations in their favour, the power of parcelling out such ne^ cessary instruments of labour at pleasure, secured to the governor great influence in the colony. In order to strip him of this, Ferdinand created a new office, with ihe power of distributing the Indians, and bestowed it upon Rodrigo Albuquerque, a re^ lation of Zapata, his confidential minister. Mor* tified with the injustice as well as indignity of this invasion upon his rights, in a point so esaentialy Don Diego could no longer remain in a place where his power and consequence were almost an- nihilated. He repaired to Spun with the vain hopes of obtaining redress. Albuquerque entered upon his office with all the rapacity of an indig^it adventurer impatient to amass wealth. He began with taking the exact number oilndians in the is- land, and found that from sixty thousand, who in the year one thousand five hundred and dght survived after all their sufierings, they were now reduced to fourteen thousand. These he threw into separate divisions or lots, and bestowed them upon such as were willing to purchase them at the highest price. By this arbitrary distribution, several of the natives were removed from their original habitations, many were taken from th^ ancient masters, and all of them subjected to heavier burdens, and to more intolerable labour, in order ' c. 12. HISTORY 01 AMERICA. 341 to reimburse thdr new proprid;or8. Those addi- book tional calamities completed the misery, and hasten. ed on the extinction, of this wretched and innocent 1517. race of men. The violence of these proceedings, together with. jij the fatal consequences which attended them, not respect to only excited complaints among such as thought. 2^ themselves aggrieved, but touched the hearts of all the i& who retained any sentiments of humanity. From the time that ecdesiastics were sent as instructors into America, they perceived that the rigour with which their countrymen treated the natives, ren- dered their ministry altogether fruitless. The mis- sionaries, in conformity to the mild spirit of that religion -which they were employed to publish, early remonstrated against the maxims of the planters with respect to the Americans, and condemned the reparthnientos, or distrUmtions, by which they were given up as slaves to their conquerors, jas no less contrary to natural justice and the precepts of Christianity, than to sound policy. The Domini- cans, to whom the instruction of the Americans was originally committed, were vaast vehement in testifying against the rqf^artimienios. In the year one thousand five hundred and eleven, Montesino, one of their most eminent preachers, inveighed against this practice, in the great church at St. Do* mingo, with all the impetuosity of popular eloquence. Don Diego Columbus, the principal ofiicers of the colony^ smd all the laymen who had been his hearers, complained of the monk to his superiors; but they, HerrerS; dec. 12. VOL. R 84fl UlSTOay of AMiiICA. BOOK instead of ndaiming, apjriauded his doctinc^ ». equally pious and seasonable. The Fraociseam, 1617. influenced by the spirit of opposition and rivabhip which subsists between the two orders, discovered some inclination to take part with the laity, and to espouse the defence of the r^artimiefUos. Bat as they oould not with decency give their avowed ap- probation to a system of oppression so repupant to the spirit of religion, they endeavoured to palliate what they could not justify, and alleged, in excase for the conduct of their countrymen, diat it wasim* possible to carry on any improvement in the cdoofi unless the Spaniards possessed such dominion over the natives that they could compel them to la- bour ^ coDtmy The Dominicans, regardless of such political and coDcerniog interested considerations, would not rdax in any thw v^ i degree the rigour of their sentiments, and evea re- fused to absolve, or admit to the sacrament, mdi of their countrymen as continued to hold the aa* tives in servitude. Both parties applied to the King for his decision in a matter of such impor- tance. Fardinand empowered a committee of his privy-council, assisted by some of the moat ^ nrat civilians and divines in Spain, to hear the de- puties sent from Hispaniola in support of tbdr re- spective opinions. After a long discussicHi, tbe speculative point in controversy was determined in favour of the Dominicans, the Indians were d^ dared to be a free people entitled to all tbe nstoial t Herrera^ dec. o. Oriedo, lib, iii. p* 97. » Oviedo, lib. iii« c. 97. HISTORY OP AMBEICA. 1^3 rights of men; but notwithstanding this decision, book the repartimientas were continued upon tfidr an. • dent footing. As this determination sfdmitted 1517/ the principle upon which the Dominicans founded their opinion, they renewed their efforts to obtain relief for the Indians with additional boldness and zeal. At length, in order to quiet the colony, which was alarmed by their remonstrances and censures, Ferdinand issued a decree of his privy council, de- claring, that after mature consideration of the Apostolic Bull, and other titles by whidi the crown of Castile claimed a right to its possessions in the 1513. New World, the sarvitude of the Indians was war- ranted both by the laws of God and of man; that unless they were subjected to the dominion of the Spaniards, and compelled to reside under their in- spMtion, it would be impossible to reclaim them frotn idolatry, or to instruct them in the principles of the Christian &ith; that no further scruple ought to be entertained concerning the lawfulness of the repartimientos^ as the King and council were will- ing to take the charge of that upon their own con- sciences; and that therefore the Dominicans, and monks of other religious orders, should abstain for the future from those invectives which, from an excess of charitable but ill-informed zeal, they had uttered against that practice. That his intention of adhering to this decree might be fully understood, Ferdinand conferred nenr grants of Indians upon several of his cour- tiers. But in order that he might not seem alto- Herreni^ dec. c 12. 5. y Hen-era, dec. » See NOTE XXV. 1^2 244 HISTORY OF AMERICA, BOO Kgether inattentive to the rights of humanity, he. M published an edict, in which he endeavoured to pro- 151 T. vide for the mild treatment of the Indians under the yoke to which he subjected them; he regulated the nature of the work which they should be re- quired to perform; he prescribed the mode in which Uiey should be clothed and fed, and gave directions with respect to their instruction in the principles of Christianity. ffect of But the Dominicans, who from their experience of what was past judged concerning the future, soon perceived the inefficacy of those provisions, and foretold, that as long as it was the interest of individuals to treat the Indians with rigour, no public regulations could render their servitude mild or tolerable. They considered it as vain, to waste their own time and strength in attempting to communicate the sublime truths of religion to men whose spirits were broken, and their faculties im- paired by oppression. Some of them, in despur, requested the permission of their superiors to re- move to the continent, and to pursue the object of their mission among such of the natives as were not hitherto corrupted by the example of the Spaniards, or alienated by their cruelty from the Christian faith. Such as remained in Hispaniola continued to remonstrate, with decent firmness, against the servitude of the Indians. Bartholo- The violent operations of Albuquerque, the new Cum ap. distributor of Indians, revived the zeal of the Do- • Herrera, dec. 14. ^ Id. ibid. Touron. Histoire Generale de rAmerique, torn. i. p. 232. HISTORY OF AMElilCA. 245 minicans against ^the repartimientos^ and called boom forth an advocate for that oppressed people, who. possessed all the courage, the talents, and activity isi/T^ requisite in supporting such a desperate cause. This P. was Bartholomew de las Casas, a native of Seville, the Id- and one of the clergymen sent out with 0>lumbus. ♦ in his second voyage to Hispaniola, in order to settle in that island. He early adopted the opinion pre- valent among ecclesiastics, with respect to the un- lawfulness of reducing the natives to servitude; and that he might demonstrate the sincerity of his conviction, he relinquished all the Indians who had fallen to his own share in the division of the inha- bitants among their conquerors, declaring that be should ever bewail his own misfortune and guilt, in having exercised for a moment this impious domi- nion over his fellow-creatures. From that time he became the avowed patron of the Indians; and by his bold interpositions in their behalf, as wdl as by the respect due to his abilities and character, he had often the merit of setting some bounds to the excesses of his countrymen. He did not fail to re- monstrate warmly against the proceedings of Al- buquerque; and, though he soon found that atten- tion to his own interest rendered this rapacious of^ ficer deaf to admonition, he did not abandon the wretched people whose cause he had espoused. He instantly set out for Spain, with the most sanguine hopes of opening the jeyes and softening the heart of Ferdinand, by that striking picture of the op- Fr. Davila Padilla Hist, de la Fundacion de la Pro- vinciade de Mexico^ p. 303>3l)4. l. Kb. 12. 846 UI9TORY OF AMERICA. BOOK pression of hts new subjects, whidi he would exhi- V^ bit to his vfcw* j5j^ He easily obtained admittance to the King, whom •oluats he found in a declinine: state of health. With in the much freedom, and no less eloquence, he represent* ed to him all the fetal effects of the r^ariimienio^ in the New World, boldly charging him with the guilt of having authorized this impious measure, which had brought misery and destruction upon a numerous and innocent race of men, whom Provi- dence had placed under his protection. Ferdinand, whose mind as well as body was much enfeebled by his distemper, was greatly alarmed at this charge of impiety, whidi at another juncture he would have despised. He listened with deep compunction to the discourse of Las Casas, and promised to take into serious consideration the means of redressing the evil of which he complained. But death pre- vented him from executing his resolution. Charles of Austria, to whom all his crowns devolved, resided at that time in his paternal dominions in the Low G>untries. Las Casas, with his usual ardour, pre- pared immediately to set out for Flanders, in order to occupy the ear of the young monarch, when Car- dinal Ximenes, who, as r^ent, assumed the reins of government in Castile, conmianded him to de- sist from the journey, and engaged to hear his com- plaints in person. Thcregu- He accordingly weighed the matter with atten- Cardiuai. equal to its importance; and as his impetuous Ximenes. mind delighted in schemes bold and uncommon, Heirera^ dec. Dec. I c. 1 K Dsvila PadillaHit. 304. HISTORY OF AMUtlCA. 947 be 8oon fixed upon a plan which astoniidiecl the mi« book' nisters trained up under the formal and cautiom. v ^ administration of Ferdinand. Without regarding 15T7 either the rights of Don Diego Columbus, or the regulatioi» established by the late King, he resolved to send three persons to America as superintendants of all the colonies there, with authority, after ex* amining all circumstances on the spot, to decide finally with respect to the point in question. It was a matter of deliberation and delicacy to choose men qualified for such an important 8tati<»i. As all the btymen settled in America, or who had been con- suited in the administration of ^at department, had given their opinion that the Spaniards could not keep possession of their new settlements, unless they were allowed to retun their dominion over the In* dians, he saw that he could not rdy on their impar^ tiaKty, and determined to commit the trust to et« clesiastics. As the Dominicans and Franciscans had abready espoused opposite sides in the contro« versy, he, from the same principle of impartiality, excluded both these fraternities from the dommis" sion. He confined his choice to the monks of St. Jerome, a snoall but respectable cMrder in Spurn With the assistenee ci their general, and in con- cert with Las Casas, he soon pitched upon three pefsons whom he deemed equal to the charge. To them he joined Zuazo, a private lawyer of distin- guished probity, with unbounded power to r^ ulate all judicial pcoceedtags in the eolonies. Las Casaa was appointed to aeccompanr t^em, with the title of pcotector of tSie Iodians^ • UerierH, dec. ii. 3. 248 HISTORT OF AMERICA. BOOK To vest sQch extraordinary powers, as might at f^ j once otertum the system of government estiiilish- 15177 ed in the New World, in four persons, who, fixHn The mtD- jj humble condition in life, were little entitled whidi they to possess this high authority, appeared to Zapata. and other ministers of the late King, a measure «o wild and dangerous, that they reused to issue the dispatches necessary for carrying it into execution. But Ximenes was not of a temper patiently to brook opposition to any of his schemes. He sent for the refractory ministers, and addressed them in such a tone, that in the utmost consternation they obeyed his orders^ The superintendants, with thdr asso- ciate Zuazo and Las Casas, sailed for St. Domingo. Upon their arrival, the first act of their authority was to set at liberty all the Indians who had been granted to the Spanish courtiers, or to any person not residing in America. This, together with the' information which had been received from Spain concerning the object of the commission, spread a general alarm. The colonists concluded that they were to be deprived at once of the hands mth which they carried on their labour, and that, of consc- quence, ruin was unavoidable. But the fathers of St. Jerome proceeded with such caution and pro- dence as soon dissipated all thdr fears. They dis- covered, in every step of their conduct, a knowledge of the world, and of affairs, which is seldom ac- quired in a cloister; and displayed a moderation as wdl as gentleness still more rare among persons trained up in the solitude and austerity of a monas- tic Jife. Their ears were open to information from ' Herrera^ dec. il c. 6. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 249 every quarter; th^ compared the different accounts book wbi^ they receirod; and, after a mature consider- y^ j ation of the whole, they were fully satisfied that the 1517. ^tate of the colony rendered it impossible to adopt the plan proposed by Las Casas, and recommended by the Cardinal. Th^ plainly perceived that the Spaniards settled in America were so few in num- ber, that they could neither work the mines which, had beai opened, nor cultivate the country; that they depended for effecting both upon the labour of the natives^ and if deprived of it, they must in- stantly relinquish their conquests, or give up all the advantages which they derived from them; that no allurement was so powerful as to surmount the na- tural aversion of the Indians to any laborious effort, and that nothing but the authority of a master could compel them to work; and if they were not kept constantly under the eye and discipline of a superior, so great was their natural Ibtlessness and indiffer- ence, that they would neither attend to religious in- struction, nor observe those rites of Christianity which they had been already taught. Upon all those accounts, the superintendents found it necessary to tolerate the repartimientoSy and to suffer the In- dians to remain under subjection to their Spanish SEiasters. They used their utmost endeavours, how- ever, to prevent the Cettal effects of this establbh- ment, and to secure to the Indians the consolation of the best treatment compatible with a state of servitude. For this purpose, they revived former regiiladons, they prescribed new ones, they neglected no circumstance that tended to, mitigate the rigour of die yoke; and by their authority, their example. Digitized by LjOOQIC 250 HiSJORY OF AMERlCAi B O OK and their exhoit&tioDs, they laboured to insjnretbdr 1. j countrymen with sentiments of equity and gentie- 1517. ness towards the unhappy people upon whose in- dustry they depended. Zuaso» in his depaitmeot, seconded the endeavours of the superintendents* He reformed the courts of justice in such a man- ner as to render their decisions equitable as wdl as expeditious, and introduced various regulations which greatly improved the interior police of the colony. The satisftiction. which his conduct and that of the superintendents gave, was now univer- sal among the Spaniards settled in the New World; and all admired the boldness of Ximenes in having departed from the ordinary path of business in forming his plan, as well as his sagacity in pitching upon persons wliose wisdom, moderation, and dis- iolerestedness rendered them worthy of this high trust^ Las Cuas L^ Casas alone was dissatisfied. The pruden- d^tisfied^ considerations which influenced the superin- tendents, made no impression upon him. He re- garded their idea of accommodating their conduct to the state of the colony, as the maxim of an un- hallowed timid policy, which tolerated what was imjust because it was beneficial. He contended that the Indians were by nature free, and, as their protector, he required the superintendents not to bereave them of the common privil^ e of humanity. They received his most virulent remonstnmces with- out emotion, but adh^ed firmly to their own sy- stem. The ^anish planters did not bear with him f Herrera^ dec., 5. Remesal; Hist. Gener. fib. iu 9. 14; 15^ 16, HISTORY OF AMSfilCA, 25 1 SO patiently^ and were ready to tear him in pieces book for insisting in a requisitioa so odious to them. Las Casas, in order to screen himself from their isitT rage^found it necessary to take shelter in a oonvent; and perceiving that all his efforts in America were fruitless, he soon set out for Europe, with a fixed resolution not to abandon the protection of a peo- pie whom he deemed to be cruelly oppressed. Had Ximenes retained that vigour of mind with his ocgo- which he usually applied to business. Las Casas. u must have met with no very gracious reception upon mini- his return to Spain. But he found the Cardinal curies v. languishing under a mortal distemper, and prepar- ing to resign his authority to the young King, who was daily expected from the Low-Countries. Charles arrived, took possession of the government, and, by the death of Ximenes, lost a minister whose abilities and integrity entitled him to direct his affiirs. Many of the Flemish nobility had ac- companied their sovereign to Spcdn. From that warm predilection to his countrymen, which was natural at his age, he consulted them with respect to all the transactions in his new kingdom; and they, mth an indiscreet eagerness, intruded them- selves into every business, and seized almost every department of administration. The direction of American affiiirs was an object too alluring to es« with greater success than the most exquisite dis- 1517. cernment and address* He courted the Flemisli ministers with assiduity. He represented to them tlie absurdity of all the maxims hitherto adopted wiih respeet to the government of America, parti- cularly during the administration of Ferdinand, and pomted out the defects of those arrangements which Ximenes had introduced. The memory of Ferdinand was odious to the Flemings. The su- perior virtue and abilities of Ximenes had long been the object ot their envy. They fondly wished to have a plausible pretext for condemning the measures both of the monarch and of the minister, and of reflecting some discredit on their political wisdom. The friends of Don Diego Columbus, as well as the Spanish courtiers who had been dissatisfied with the Cardinal*s administration, joined Las Ca- sas in censuring the scheme of sending superin- tendents to America. This union of so many interests and passions was irresistible; and in con- sequence of it the fieithers of St. Jerome, together wiUi their associate Zuazo, were recalled. Rode- rigo de Figueroa, a lawyer of some eminence, was appointed chief judge of the island, and received instructions, in compliance with the request of Las Casas, to examine once more, with the utmost at- tention^ the point in controversy between him and the people of the colony, with respect to the treatment of the natives; and in the mean time to do every thing in his power to alleviate their suffer- ings, and prevent the extinction of the race. ^ Hcrrcra, dec. 16. 19. iil. 7, «. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 253 This WHS att that the zeal of Las Casas could book procure at that. juncture in favour of the Indians. m TTie impossibility of carrying on any improvements 161 7. in America, unless the Spanish planters could com- SJS^ mand the labour of the natives, was an insuperable the coio- objection to his plan of treating them as free sub- ll^oet. j^cts. In order to provide some remedy for tins, without which he found it was in vain to mention his scheme, Las Casas proposed to purchase a suf- ficient number of negroes from the Portuguese set- tlements on the coast of Africa, and to transport them to America, in order that they might be em- ployed as slaves in working the mines and cultiva- ting the ground. One of the first advantages which the Portuguese had derived from their discoveries in Africa, urose from the trade in slaves. Various circunistances concurred in reviving this odious commerce, which had been long abolished in Eu- rope, and which is no less repugnant to the feelings of humanity than to the principles of religion. As early as the year one thousand five hundred and three, a few negro sl^tves had been sent into the New Worlds In the year one thousand five hun- dred and deven, Ferdinand permitted the importa- tion of them in greater numbers. They were found to be a more robust and hardy race than the natives of America. They were more capable of enduring fatigue, more patient under servitude, and the labour of one negro was computed to be equal to that of four Indians. Cardinal Ximenes, how- ever, i^en solicited to encourage this commerce, Herrera, dec. Ibid. viii c. 9. ■ Ibid. ix, c. 5. 2J4 UlSTOEY or AMEUICA, BOOK peremptorily rejected the proposition, because he. perceived the iniquity of reduiciDg one race of aocs ^51^ to flfancry, while he was consulting about the meant of restoring liberty to another. But Las Casas^ firom the inconsistency natural to men who hurry with headlong impetuosity towards a favourite point, was incapable of making thb distinction. While he contended earnestly for the Hberty of the pec^le bom in one quarter of the globe, he laboured to enslave the inhabitants of another region; and in the warmth of his zeal to save the Americans from the yoke, pronounced it to be lawful and ex- pedient to impose one still heavier upon the Afri- cans. Unfortunatdy for the latter, Las Casas's plan was adopted. Charles granted a patent to one of his Flemish favourites, containing an exclusive right of importing four thousand negroes into Ame- rica. The favourite sold his patent to some Ge* noese merchants for twenty-five thousand ducats, and they were the first who brought into a rc^fanr form that commerce for slaves between Afirica and America, which has since been carried on to such an amazing extent. 1518. But the Genoese merchants, conducting their prop^w" operations, at first, with the rapacity of monopolists, h^ demanded such an high price for n^ roe8, that the to Hispa- number imported into Hispaniola made no great nioia; change upon the state of the colony. Las Casas, whose zeal was no less inventive than indefotigable, had recourse to. another expedient for the relief of the Indians. He observed, that most of the per- » Herrera, dec 2. Ibid. 20. HISTORY OP AMERICA. 2^5 sons who had settled hitherto in America, were BOOK sailors and soldiers employed in the discovery. or conquest of the country; the younger sons of 151a noble ^unilies, allured by the prospect of acquiring sudden wealth; or desperate adventurers, whom their indigence or crimes forced to abandon their native land. Instead of such men, who were dis- solute, rapacious, and incapable of that sober perse* Tering industry^ which is requisite in forming new colonies, he proposed to supply the settlements in Hispaniola and other parts of the New World with a suffident number of labourers and husbandmen^ who should be allured by suitable premiums to re* move thither. These, as they were accustomed to fatigue, would be able to perform the work to which the Indians, from the feebleness of their con- stitution, were unequal, and might soon become useful and opulent citizens. But though Hispa* niola stood much in need ofa recruit of inhabitants, having been visited at this time with the small pox, which swept off almost all the natives who had sur- vived their long continued oppression; and though Lias Casas had the countenance of the Flemish mi* nisters, this scheme was defeated by the Bishop of Burgos, who thwarted all his projects p. Ias Casas now despaired of procuring any re^fonns the lief for the Indians in those places where the Spa- jfewcoio. niards were already settled. The evil was become ny. so inveterate there, as not to admit of a cure* But such discoveries were daily making in the continent, as gave an high idea both of its extent and popu- f Herrera^ dec. 2 1. iS6 UISTORT OF AMERICA. B o o K lousness, la all those vast r^ons there was but odc vJ. Lj feeble colony planted; and except a small spot on ^ 51^ the isthmus of Darien, the natives still occupied the whole country. This opened a new and more ample field for the humanity and zeal of Las Caaas, who flattered himself that he might prevent a per- nicious system from being introduced there, though he had failed of success in his attempts to overturn it where it was already established. FuU of this idea, he applied for a grant of the unoccupied coun- try stretching along the sea-coast from the gulf of Paria to the western frontier of that province now known by the name of Santa Martha. He proposed to settle there with a colony composed of husband- men^ labourers, and ecclesiastics. He engaged in the space of two years to civilize ten Uiousand of the natives, and to instruct them so thoroughly in the arts of social life, that from the fruits of their industry an annual revenue of fifteen thousand du- cats should arise to the King. In ten years he ex- pected that his improvements would be so far ad- vanced as to yield annually sixty thousand ducats. He stipulated, that no sailor or soldier should ever be permitted to settle in this district; and that no Spaniard whatever should enter it without his per- mission. He even projected to clothe the people whom betook along with him in some distinguishing garb, which did not resemble the Spanish dress, that they might appear to the natives to be a dif- ferent race of men from those who had brought so many calamities upon their country. From this ^ Herrcjra, dec. if. 2* HISTORY OP AMEEICi. 257 scheme, of which I have traced only the great lines, B o O i( it is manifest that Los Casas had formed ideas con. cerning the method of treating the Indians, simi- 1517. / lar to those by which the Jesuits afterwards carried on their great operations in anotherpart of the same, continent. He supposed that the Europeans, by availing themselves of that ascendant which they possessed in consequence of their superior progress in science and improvement, might gradually form the minds of the Americans to relish those comforts of which they were destitute, might train them to the arts of civil life, and render them capable of its functions. But to the Bishop of Burgos, and the council of f»^our- tbe Indies, this project appeared not only chimeri- ceivedV cal, but dangerous in a high degree. They deemed the faculties of the Americans to be naturally so li- mited, and their indolence so excessive, that every attempt to instruct or to improve them would be fruitless. They contended, that it would be ex- tremely imprudent to give the command of a coun- try extending above a thousand miles along the coast, to a fanciful presumptuous enthusiast, a stran- ger to the afiairs of the world, and unacquainted with the arts of government. Las Casas, far from being discouraged with a repulse, which he had rea- son to expect, had recourse once more to the Fle- mish favourites, who zealously patronized his scheme, merely because it had been rejected by the Spanish ministers. They prevailed with their mas- ter, who had lately been raised to the Imperial dig- nity, to refer the consideration of this measure to a select number of his privy-counsellors; and Las VOL. S 58 HISTORY OF A&IfiRICA. B o p K Cfisas having excepted agunst the members of the ' • council of the Indies, as partial and interested, thej ISlj^ were all excluded. The decision of men dboien by recommendation of the Flemings, was perfecdjr conformable to their sentiments. They warmly approved of Las Casas^s plan, and gave orders fct carrying it into execution, but restricted the terri- tory allotted him to three hundred miles along the coast of Cumana; allowing him, however, to extend it as far as he pleased towards the interior part of the country^ A solemn l^is determination did not pass uncensured. tioii oonl Almost every person who had been in the West* 2J. Indies exclaimed against it, and supported thdr of tT«atiiig opinion so confidentiy, and with such plausible rea- o^ sons, as made it advisable to pause, and to review the subject more deliberately. Charles himsdf, though accustomed. at this early period of his life, to adopt the sentiments of his ministers with such submissive deference as did not promise that ded- sive vigour of mind which distinguished his riper years, could not help suspecting that the eagerness with which the Flemings took part in every aflSEur relating to America, flowed from some improper motive, and began to discover an inclination to ex- amine in person into the state of the question con- cerning the character of the Americans, and the Juae20. proper manner of treating them. An opportunity of making this inquiry with great advantage soon occurred. Quevedo, the Bishop of Darien, who had accompanied Piedrarias to the continent in the ' GtHaara Hist. 77. c 3. Oviedo, lib. xix. 5. lii^TORV OF AMERiCA. 359 year erne ihousand five hundred and thirteen^ hflp« BOOK pencd to land at Barcelona, where the court then. i-eiuied. It was quickly known that his sentiments tsonceming the talents and disposition of the In* dians differed from those of Las Casas: and Charles nstunilty concluded that by confronting two re- spectable persons, who, during their residence in America, had full leisure to observe the manners oi the people whom they pretended to describe, he might be aW^ to discover whicti of them had formed his opinion with the greatest di^demment and ac- curacy. A day foir this soletnn audience was appointed. 1^ Emperor appeared with extraordinary porop^ and took his s^t on a throne in the great hall of the palace. His jirincipal courtiers attended; Don Diego Columbus, a4miral of the Indies, was sum* moned to be presents The Bishop of Darien was called upon first td deliver his opinion* He, in a short discourse^ lamented the fotal desolation of America by the extinction of so many of its inha- bitants; he acknowledged that this must be im- puted, in somci degree, to the excessive rigour and Inconsidt^rate proceedings of the Spaniards; but de- cliired that all the people of the New World whom! he had seen, either in the continent or in the is- lands, appeared to him to be a race of men marked out, by the inferiority of their talents^ for servitude^ and whom it would be impossible to instruct of improve^ unless they were kept under the eostinual inspection of a master; lias Casas^ ti greater length, and with more fervour, defended his own system. He rejected with indignation the idea that any race s2 2) HISTORY OP AMEBICA. B o K of men was bom to senrltade, aa irreligiouft andb- y. J human. He asserted that the facuities of the Ame- i^ijT ricans ware not naturally despicable, but unun- proved; that they were capable of receiving instruc- tion in the principles of rfsligion^ as well as of ac- quiring the industry and arts which would qualify them for the various offices of social life; that tbe mildness and timidity of their nature rendered them so submissive and docile, that they m^ht be kd i&nd formed with a gentle hand. He professed, that his intentions in proposing the scheme now wider consideration were pure and disinterested; and though from the accomplishment of his designs inestimable benefits would result to the crown of Castile, he never had claimed, nor ever would re- ceive, any recompense on that account. The' Charies, after hearing both, and consulting with Lm Caaas his ministers, did not think himself sufficiently in- approved fojihed to establish any general arrangement with respect to the state of the Indians; but as he had perfect confidence in the integrity of Las Casas, and as even the Bishop of Darien jadmitted his scheme lo be of such importance that a trial should 1522. be made of its effects, he issued a patent, granting him tle district in Cumana formerly mentioned, with full power to estabHsh a colony there accord- ing to his own plan. hisprepa. Las Casas pushed on the preparations for his "Stbg ^ y. ardour. But, either from it; his o^i inexperience in the conduct of af&irs, is from the secret opposition of ^ Spanish nobility, • Hdrrera, der. '2. 3/4^ 5% Argensda Aimales d*Ara- goa, 74. 97j R^misal Hjst. GeneC^ lib. 19^ 20. UISTORY OP AMERICA. 26 1 who universally dreaded the success of an institu* book tion that might rob them of the industrious and ^ useful hands which cultivated their estates, his pro- 15177" grass in engaging husbandmen and labourers was extremely slow, and he could not prevail on more than two hundred to accompany him to Cumana. Nothing, however, could damp his zeal. With ^pwtt this slender train, hardly sufficient to take posses^ rica, and sion of such a large territory, and altogether unequal fo. to any effectual attempt towards civilizing its inha«» oUtaciei; bitants, he set sail. Tlie first place at which he touched was the island of Puerto Rieo. There he received an account of a new obstacle to the exe- ctition of his scheme, more insuperable than any he had hitherto encountered. When he left Ame- rica in the year one thousand five hundred and six- teen, the Spaniards had little intercourse with any ^art of the continent except the countries adjacent to the Gulf of Darien. But fts every species of in- ternal industry began to stagnate in Hispaniola, when, by the rapid decrease of the natives, the Spa- niards were deprived of those hands with which they had hitherto carried on their operations, this prompted them to try various expedients for sup- • plying that loss. Considerable numbers of ne- groes were imported; but, on account of their ex- orbitant price, many of the planters could not af- ford to purchase them. In order to procure slaves at an easier rate, some of the Spaniards in Hispa- niola fitted out vessels to cruise along the coast of the continent. In places where theyfpund thepiselves inferior in strength, they traded with tbe natives, and gave European toys in exchange for the plates 263 UlTORJX)V A^EKlCA, B O O K of gold worn by them as oraaments; but, wberevei " they could surprise or overpower the Inifians, they carried them off by force, and sold theip as slaves ^ In those predatory excursions, such atrodous act, pf violence and cruelty l^d b^n committed, that the Spanish name was held in detestation all over the continent. Whenever any ships appeared, the inhabitants either fled to the woods, or rushed down to the shore in arms to repel those hated disturbers oi their tranquillity* They forced some parties of the Spaniard^ to retreat with precipitation; they cut pff others; and in the violence of their resi^ntment against the whole nation, they murdered two Domi- nican missionaries, whose zeal had prompted them to settle in the province of Cumana. This oat- rage against persons revered for their sanctity, ex« cited such indignation among the people of Wi. spaniola, who, notwithstanding all their lipenttous and cruel proceedings^ were possessed with a won- derful zeal for religion, and a superstitious respect for its ministers, that they determined to inffict exemplary punishment, not only upon the perpe- trators of that crime, but upon the whole race. With this view, they gave the command of five ^hips and three hundred men to Diegq Ocanapo, with orders to lay waste the country of Cumans with fire and sivord, and to transport all the inhs- bitants as slaves to Hispaiuola. This armament Las Casas found at Puertp Bico, in its way to the continent; and as Ocampo refused to defer his yoyage, he imtpedjately perceived that it would be t Herrera, dec. d«? Oriedo^ Hist. lib« xix. 3. HISTORY OF AMERICA. SffS impossible to attempt the execution of his pacific book pkoi in a country destined to be the seat of war and. cfesolation. J517. In order to provide against the effects of this. i; J^ unfortunate incident, he set sail directly for St. tonnouiit Domingo, leaving his followers cantoned out among. the planters in Puerto Rico. From many concur- ring causes, the reception which Las Casas met with in Hispaniola was very unfavourable. In his negotiations for the relief of the Indians, he had censured the conduct of his countrymen settled there with such honest severity as rendered him universally odious to them. They considered their own ruin as the inevitable consequence of his suc- cess. They were now elated mth hope of receiv- ing a lai^ recruit of slaves from Cuipana, which must be relinquished if Las Casas were assisted in settling his projected colony there. Figueroa, in consequence of the instructions which he had re- ceived in Spidn, had made an experiment concern- ing the capacity of the Indians, that was repre- sented as decisive against the system of Lits Cs^sas. He collected in Hispaniola a good number of the natives, and settled them in two villages, leaving them at perfect liberty, and with the uncontrolled direction of their own actions. But that people juscustomed to a mode of life extremely different from that which takes place wherever civili29ttkm has made any considerable progress, were incapable of assuming new habits at once. Dejected with fheir own misfortunes as well as those of tfa^eir ^ Herr^ra, et. c 8, 9. 264 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK countfy, they exerted so tittle industry iitcultivBtbg t^ J the grovnd, appeared so devoid of solicitade or 1617. foresight in providing for their own wants, und were 9uch strangers to arrangement in condocdng their. afiairs, at the Spaniards pronounced them inca- pable of being formed to live like social life, and considered them as children, who should be:kept under the perpetual tutelage of persons supe- rior to themselves in wisdom and sagacity^ final mi^ Notwithstanding all those, circumstanoesy wfaidi of hb alienated the persons in Hispaniola to whom Las *9^ e. from himself and from his measures^ he, by his activity and perseverance, by some con- cessions, and. many threats, obtained at length a small body of troops to protect him and his colony their first landing. But upon his return to Puerto Rico, he found that, the diseases of the cdi- mate had been fatal to several of his people; and that others, got employment in that island, refused to follow him. With the handful that re^ mained, he set sail and landed inCumana. Ocampo had executed his commission in that province with such barbarous rage, having massacred many of the. inhabitants, sent others in chains to Hispanicda* forced the rest to fly for shelter to the woods, the people of a small colony, which be had planted at a place which he named Toledo, ready to perish for want in a desolated cdlun- •try« There, however. Las Casas was obliged to fix -his residence^ though deserted both by the appointed to protect him, and by those imder the r He rrcm, dec. lilj. x« c. t. HISTORY OP AMERICA. fi65 coimnand of Ocampo, who foresaw and dreaded book the calamities te which he must be exposed in that ^ V- wretched station. He made the best provision in J5177 his power for the safety and subsistence of his fol- lowers; but as his utmost efforts availed little to- i^vards securing either the one or the other, he re- turned to Hispaniola, in order to solicit more ef- fectual aid for the preservation of men who, from confidence in him^ had ventured into a post of so much danger. Soon after his departure, the na- tives, having discovered the feeble and defenceless state of Uie Spaniards, assembled secretly, attacked them widi the fury natural to men exasperated by many injuries, cut off a good number^ and com- piled the rest to fly in the utmost consternation to the island of Cubagua. The small colony set- tled there on account of the pearl fishery, catching the panic with which their countrymen had been seia^ abandoned the island, and not a Spaniard remained in any part of the continent, or adjacent islands, from the gulf of Paria to the borders of Darien. Astonished at such a succession of dis- asters. Las Casas was ashamed to show his face •after this. fatal termination of all his splendid schemes. He shut himself up in the convent of the Dominicans at St. Domingo, and soon after assumed the habit of that order. ^ougfa the expulsion of the colony from Cu^ •mana happened in the year one thousand five hun- « Herrcra, dec. (lee. 3, 4, 5. Ovicdo Hist. Gomara, c 77. Davila Padilla^ lib. i, c. Remisal Hist. Gen. jd. c 22^ 23. 856 HISTORY or AMERICA* BOOK dred and twenty one, I have cbc^en to trace tbe. progress of Los Casas s negotiatiooa from their first l^lj^ rise to their final ksne without interruption. Hit aystem was the object of long and attentive discus* sion; and though his efibrts in behalf of the op- pressed Americans, partly from his own rashness and imprudence^ and partly from the malevolent op* position of his adversaries, were not attended with that success which he promised with too sanguine confidence, great praise is due to his humane ao- vity, which gave rise to various regulations that were of some benefit to that unhappy people. I re^ turn now to the history of the Spanish discoveries, as they occur in the order of time. fiew dis- Di^o Velasquez^ who conquered Cuba in tbe t^l^vdl y. thousand five hundred and eleven^ still le^ the wMt, tained the government of that bland, as the de* puty of Don Diego Columbus, though he sddom ac- knowledged his superior, and aimed at rendering his own authority altogether independent. Under his his prudent administration, Cuba became one of the most flourishing of the Spanish settlements. Tbe fame of this allured thither many persons firom the other colonies, in hopes of finding either some per- manentestablishment or some employment for didr activity. As Cuba lay to the west of all the islands occupied by the Spaniards, and as the ocean which stretches beyond it towards that quarter had not hitherto been explored, these circumstances natu- rally invited the inhabitants to attempt new disco- veries. An expedition for this purpose, in which * HetTcra, tiec. lib, x. 329. ^ 19. HISTOar OF AMRIC4« ^ 1267 activity and resolution night conduct (o sudden book wealth, nyas more suited to the genius of the age. than the patient industry requisite in clearing 15(7/ ground, and manufacturing sugar. Instigated by this spirit, several officers, who had served under Pedrarias, n Darien, entered into an association to undertake a voyage of discovery. They persuaded Francisco Hernandez Cordova, an ppulent planter in Ci^ba, and a man of distinguished courage, to join with theoi in ^he adventure, and chose him to be their commander. Velasquez not only approved of the design, but assisted in carrying it on. As the veterans from Darien were extremely indigent, he an( Cordova advanced money for purchasing three small vessels, and furnishing them with every thing requisite either for traffic or for war. A hun? dred and ten men embarked on board of them, and sailed from St. Jago de Cuba on the eighth of Fe- bruary pne thousand five hundred and seventeen. By the ^dvic^ of their chief pilot, Antonio Alami- qos, who had served un4er the first admiral Co- lutpbus, they stood directly west, relying an the opinion of (hat great navigator, who uniformly maintained that a v^esterly course would lead to the most important discoveries. On the twenty- first day after their departure from St. Jago, they saw land, ii^hich proved to be Cape CatQche, t^e eastern point of that large peninsula projecting from the continent of America, which still retains its original name of Yucatan. As they Yucatia^ approached the shore, five canoes came ofi* full of people decently clad in cotton garments; an asto- nishing spectacle to the Spaniards, who had found 26« niSTORir OF AMERICA. BOO K every odier part of America possessed by naked. ravages. Cordova endeavoured by small presents isij^ to gain tbe good will of these people. ITiey, though amazed at the strange objects now presented for the first time to their view, invited the Spaniards to visit their habitations, with an appearance of cordiality. They landed accordingly, and as they advanced into the country, they observed with new wonder some large houses built with stone. But they soon found that, if the people of Yucatan had made progress in improvement beyond their coun- trymen, they were likewise more artful and warlike. For though the cazique received Cordova with many tokens of friendship, he had posted a considerable body of his subjects in ambush behind a thicket, who, upon a signal given by him, rushed out and attacked the Spaniards with great boldness, and some degree of martial order. At the first flight of their arrows, fifteen of the Spaniards were wound- ed; but the Indians were struck with such terror by the sudden explosion of the fire-arms, and so sur- prised at the execution done by them, by the cross- t)ows, and by the other weapons of their new ene- mies, that they fled precipitately. Cordova quitted a country where he had met with such a fierce re- ception, carrying oflf two prisoners, together with the ornaments of a small temple which he plun- dered in his retreatf He continued his course towards the west, with- out losing sight of the coast, and on the sixteenth Cam- day arrived at Campeachy. There the natives re- pcachy. ^jy^j them more hospitably; but the Spaniards were much surprised, that on all the extensive coast HISTORY OF AMERICA. S69 along which they had sailed, and which they imiai- BOOK gined to be a large island, they had not observed. y^ any river c. As their water began to fail, they ad- l^A. vanced, in hopes of finding a supply; and at length they discovered the mouth of a river at Potonchan, some leagues beyond Campeachy. Cordova landed all his troops, in order to protect the sailors while employed in filling the casks; but notwithstanding this precaution, the natives rushed down upon them with such fury and in such num- bers, that forty seven of the Spaniards were killed upon the spot, and one man only of the whole body escaped unhurt. Their commander, though wound* ed in twelve different places, directed the retreat with presence of mind equal to the courage with which he had led them on in the engagement^ and with much difficulty they regained their ships. Af- ter this fatal repulse, nothing remained but to has. ten back to Cuba with their shattered forces. In their passage thither they suffered the most exqui- site distress for want of water^ that men wounded and sickly, shut up in small vessels, and exposed to the heat of the torrid zone, can be supposed to en- dure. Some of them, sinking under these calami- ties, died by the way; Cordova, their commander, expired soon after they landed in Cuba. Notwithstanding the disastrous conclusion of this VoynTO of expedition, it contributed rather to animate than. ' See NOTE XXVI. * Herrera, dec. 17, 18. Histor. Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana por Beroal Diaz del Costillo, cap. l-Tr-7. Oviedo, c. 52. Martyr dc Insulb nuper inventis, p. 329. S7d liisToaY of AliEiiicA. BOOK todatnp a spirit of Mtarprise aniong the Spaniards; t. They had discovered an extensive couritry, situated 1517. at no great distance from Cuba, fertile in appear' ance, and possessed by a people far soperior in im" provement to aily hitherto knoiiirn in AmericaA Though they had carried on little commerdal in* tercourse with the natives^ they had brought off some ornaments of gold, not considerable in valtie^ but of singular fabric. These circumstances, ie-» lated with the exaggeration natural to men desirous of heightening the merit of their own exploits, were more than sufficient to excite romantic hopes and expectations. Great numbers offered to engage in a new expedition. Velasquez^ solicitous to distin- guish himself by some service so meritorious as might entitle him to claim the government of Cuba independent of the admiral^ not only encouraged their ardour, but at his own expense fitted out four ships for the voyage. Two hundred and forty vo- lunteers, among whom were several persons of rank and fortune, embarked in this enterprise^ The command of it was given to Juan de Grijalva, a young man of known merit and courage, with in<» structions to observe attentively the nature of the countries which he should discover, to barter for gold, and, if circumstances were inviting, to settle isls» a colony in some proper station. He sailed from St. Jago de Cuba on the eighth of April, one thou- sand five hundred and eighteen. The pilot Ala- minos held the same course as in the former voy- djscorerg agc; but the violence of the currents carrying the ^paTn. ^hips to the south, the first land which they niade was the island of Cozumel^ to the east of Yucatan. niSTQRY OF AMERICA. 27! As nil the mhabiftints fled to the wooA& and motin« book tains at the approach of the Spaniards, they made ' • no long stay there, and without any remarkable i^igT^ occnrrence they reached Potonchan on the oppo* site aide of the peninsula. The desire of avenging their countrymen who had been slain there, con^ curred with dieir ideas of good policy, in prompt^ ing them to land, that they might chastise the In- dians of that district with such exemplary rigour as would strike terror into all the people around them* But though they disembarked all their troops, and carried ashore some field*pieces, the Indians fought with such courage, that the Spa- niards gained the victory with difficulty, and were confirmed in their opinion that the inhabitants of this country would prove more formidable enemies dian any they had met with in other parts of Ame* rioa. From Potonchan they continued their voy- age towards the west, keeping as near as possible to the shore, and casting anchor every evening, fipm dread of the dangerous accidents to which they might be exposed in an unknown sea. During the day their eyes were turned continually towards land, with a mixture of surprise and wonder at the beauty of the country, as well as the novelty of the objects which they bdield. Many villages were scattered along the coast, in which they could distinguish houses of stone that appeared white and lofty at a distance. In the warmth of their admiration, tliey fancied these to be cities adorned with towers and pinnacles; and one of the soldiers happening to remark that this country resembled Spain in ap- pearance, Grijaiva, with universal applause, called 4272 HISTOilY Of AMERICA* B o o Kit New Spam, the name which still di«6iig«i»hw I" this extensive and* opulent province of the ^pani. empire in America. They landed in a river whidi June 9. the natives called Tabasco; and the fame of thar Tabasco. Potonchan having reacheAthis pkce, the cazique not only received them amicably, but. be- stowed presents upon them of such value, as con- firmed the high ideas which the Spaniards had formed with respect to the wealth and fertiBty^ the country. These ideas were raised stiH higfier by what occurred at the place where they, next touched. This was considerably -to the west of Tabasco, in tiie province since known by the name Goaxaca. of Guaxaca. There they were recdved with the respect paid to superior beings. The people p»- afumed them, as they landed, with incense of gum copal, and presented to them as offerings, the choicest delicacies of their country. They were extremely fond of trading with their new visitants, and in six days the Spaniards obtained ornaments of gold, of curioua workmanship, to the value of fifteen thousand pesos, in exchange for European toys of small price. The two prisoners whom Cordova had brought from Yucatan, had hitherto served as interpreters; but as they did not under- stand the language of this country, the Spaniards learned from the natives, by signs, that they wctc subjects of a great monarch called Montezuma, whose dominion extended over that and many other provinces. Leaving this place, with which he had so much reason to be pleased, Grijalva continued • Sec NOTE XXVIL HiSTOaY Of AMEtGA« 275 his course towards the west. He landed on a small a o o k island, which he named the Me of Sacrifices, be- vJ! w. cause there the Spaniards beheld, for the first time, i&is. the horrid spectacle of human victims^ which the. • barharous superstition of the natives offi^red to their gods. He touched at another small island, which he called St. Juan de Ulua. From this place te. dispatched Pedro de Alvarado, one of his officers^ to Velasquez, with a full account of the important discoveries which he had made, and with all the treasure that he had acquired by trafficking with the natives. After the departure of Alvarado, he him«> self, with the remaining vessek, proceeded along the coast as far as the river Panuco, the country still appearing to be well peopled, fertile, and opulent. Several of 6rijalva*s officers contended that it Re^M was not enough to have discovered those delightful. regions, or to have performed, at their different <»i<»9y landing-places, the empty ceremony of taking pos- session of them for the crown of Castile^ and that their glory was incomplete, unless they planted a colony in some proper station, which might not enly secure the Spanish nation a footing in the country, but, with the reinforcements which they were certain of receiving, might gradually subject the whole, to the dominion of their sovereign. But the squadron had now been above five months at sea; the greatest part of their provisions was ex« hausted, and what remained of their stores so much corrupted by the heat of the climate, as to be al- most unfit for use; they had lost some men by death; others were sickly; the country was crowded VOL. u T <274 HISTORY OF AMBEICA. BOOK with people who semied to be intelHgent as well. as brave; and they were under the government of ^5j^ one powerful monarch, who could Imng them to act agamst their invaders with united force* To plant a colony under so many circumstances of disadvantage, appeared a scheme too perilous to be attempted. Grijalva, though possessed both of am^ bition and courage, was destitute of the superior talents capable of forming or executing such a great plan. He judged it more prudent to return to Cuba, having fulfilled the purpose of his voyage^ and ac* complished all that the armament which he com- manded enabled him to perform. He returned to St. Jago de Cuba on the twenty-sixth of October, from which he had taken his departure about six months before ^ Prepare. Xhis was the longest as well as the most success- anotb^ ful voyage which the Spaniards had hitherto made expedi. e jj^ World. They had discovered that Yucatan was not an island as they had supposed, but part of the great continent of America. From Potonchan they had pursued their course for many hun4red miles along a coast formerly une3q>lored, stretching at first towards the west, and then turn- ing to the north; all the country which they had discovered appeared to be no less valuable than ex- tensive. As soon as Alvarado reached Cuba, Ve- lasquez, transported with success so far beyond his most sanguine expectations, immediately dispatdied a person of confidence to carry this important in- telligence to Spain, to exliibit tbe rich productions ' Herrera, dec 1 1, lib. C. 1, 2, 9, 10. Beraal Kaz^ c. 8. 17. Gomaia, c. 49. HISTORY OF AMERICA* 75 of the countries which had been discovered by hisB o o K means, and to solicit such an increase of authority. as might enable and encourage him to attempt the 15^8^ conquest of them- Without waiting for the return of his messenger, or for the arrival of Grijalva, of whom he was become so jealous or distrustful that he was resolved no longer to employ him, he began to prepare such a powerful armament as might prove equal to an enterprise of so much danger and importance* But as the expedition upon which Velasquez was now intent, terminated in conquests of greater mo- ment than what the Spaniards had hitherto achiev- ed, and led them to the knowledge of a people, who, if compared with those tribes of America with whom they were Hitherto acquainted, may be con- sidered as highly civilized; it is proper to pause before we proceed to the history of events extremely different from those which we have already related^ in order to take a view of the state of the New World when first discovered, and to contemplate the policy and manners of the rude uncultivated tribes that occupied all the parts of it with which tiie Spaniards were at this time acquainted. t2 THfi BOOK IV. BOO K nr^WENTY-SIX years had elapsed since Colum. X bus conducted the people of Europe to the x. i ^ew World. During that period the Spaniards v^r^oi. had progress in exploring its various wm'then regions. They had visited all Uie islands scattered known. different clusters through that part of the ocean which flows in between North and South America. They had sailed along the eastern coast of the con- tinent from the river De la Plata to the bottom of the Mexican Gulf, and had found that it stretched without interrupUon through this vast portion of the globe. They had discovered the great South- em Ocean, which opened new prospects in that quarter. They had acquired some knowledge of the coast of Florida, which led them to observe the continent as it extended in an opposite direction; and though they pushed their discoveries no further towards the Norths other nations had visited tho^ HISTOET OP AMERICA, 277 parts which they neglected. The English, in a B o o K voyage the motives and success of which shall be. i related in another part of this History, had sailed along the coast of America from Labrador to the confines of Florida; and the Portuguese, in quest of a shorter passage to the East Indies, had ven- tured into the northern seas, and viewed the same r^ons. Thus, at the period where I have chosen to take a view of the state of the New World, its extent was known almost from its north- em extremity to thirty-five degrees south of the e( uator. The countries which stretch from thence to the southern boundary of America, the great em- pire of Peru, and the interior state of the extensive dominions subject to the sovereigns of Mexico, were still undiscovered. When we contemplate the New World, theTheraRt first circumstance that strikes us is its immense l^ J^ extent. It was not a small portion of the earth, so Wprid} inconsiderable that it might have escaped the obser- vation or research of former ages, which Columbus discovered. He made known a new hemisph^e, larger than either Europe, or Asia, or Africa, the three noted divisions of the ancient continent, and not much inferior in dimentions to a third part of the habitable globe. America is remarkable, not only for its magni- tude, but for its position. It stretches from the northern polar circle to a high southern latitude, above fifteen hundred miles beyond the furthest ex- tremity of the old continent on that side of the line. ■ Hcrrcra, dec. vi, c. 16. 278 II [6T0UY OF AMERICA. B O O K A counti-y of such extent passes through all the di* J. mates capable of becoming the habitation of ixum. and fit for yielding the various productions peculiar either to the temperate or to the torrid regions of the earth. I^rand ob- jj^ t to the extent of the New World, the gran- presents to deur of the objects which it presents to view is. most apt to strike the eye of an observer. Nature seems here to have carried on her operations upon a larger scale, and with a bolder hand, and to havt distinguished the features of this country by a pe- itt moun- culiar magnificence. The mountains in Anierica. are much superior in height to those in the other divisions of the globe. Even the plain of Quito, which may be considered as the base of the Andes, is elevated further above the sea than the top of the Pyrenees. This stupendous ridge of the Andes, no less remarkable for extent than elevation, rises in different places more than one-third above the Rke of Teneriffe, the highest land in the ancient hemi- sphere. The Andes may literally be said to hidethdr heads in the clouds; the storms often roll, and the thunder bursts below their summits, which, though exposed to the rays of the sun in the centre of the torrid zone, are covered with everlasting snows' lirert, From these lofty mountains descend rivers, pro- portionably large, with which the streams in the ancient continent are not to be compared, either for length of course, or the vast body of water which they roll towards the ocean. The Marag- Bon, the Orinoco, the Plata in South America, the '►Set NOTE XXVm. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 87^ Mississippi and St. Laurence in North America, book flow in such spacious channels, that, long before. • they feel the influence of the tide, they resemble. anns of the sea rather than rivers of fresh water. The lakes of the New World are no les conspi- lakes: cuous for grandeur than its mountains and rivers. There is nothing in other parts of the globe which resembles the prodigious chain of lakes in North Ama-ica. They may properly be termed inland seas of fresh water; and even those of the second or third class in magnitude are of larger circuit (the Caspian Sea excepted) than the greatest lake of the ancient continent. The New World is of a form extremely favour- Jta form able to commercial intercourse. When a conti. »' « to com* nent is formed, like Africa, of one vast solid mass, merce; unbroken by arms of the sea penetrating into its interior parts, with few large rivers, and those at a considerable distance from each other, the greater part of it seems destined to remain for ever uncivi- lised, and to be debarred from any active or en- larged communication with the rest of mankind. When, like Europe, a continent is opened by inlets of the ocean of great extent, such as the Mediter- ranean and Baltic; or when, like Asia, its coast is broken by deep bays advancing far into the country, such as the Black Sea, the Gulfs of Arabia^ of Persia, of Bengal, of Siam, and of Leotang; when the surrounding seas are filled with large and ^rtile islands, and the continent itself watered with a varety of navigable rivers, those regions may be •See NOTE XXIX. 280 HISTORY OF AMiaC. BOOK said to possess whatever can fiadlitate the progress. of their inhabitants in commerce and improvement. " In all these respects America may bear a compa* rison with the other quarters of the globe. The Gulf of Mexico, which flows in between North and South America, may be considered as a Medi* terranean sea, which opens a maritime commerce with all the fertile countries by which it is encircled. The islands scattered in it are inferior only to those in the Indian Archipelago, in number^ in magni* tude, and in value. As we stretch along the north- em division of the American hemisphere, the Bay of Chesapeak presents a spacious inlet, which con- ducts the navigator far into the interior parts of provinces no les^ fertile than extensive; and if ever the progress of culture and population shall miti- gate the extreme rigour of the climate in the more northern districts of America, Hudson's Bay may become as subservient to commercial intercourse in that quarter of the globe, as the Baltic is in Europe. The other great portion of the New World is en- compassed on every side by the sea, except one nar- row neck which separates the Atlantic from the Pa- cificOcean; and though it be not opened by spacious bays or arms of the sea, its interior parts are ren- dered accessible by a number of large rivers, fed by 30 many auxiliary streams, flowing in such various directions, that almost without any aid from the hand of industry and art, an inland navigation may be carried on through all the provinces from the nver De la Pl^ta to the Gulf of Paria. Nor is this bounty of nature cpnfined to the southern division pf AxnenoA* its northern continent abounda no HISTORY OP AMERICA, S81 less in rivers which are navigable almost to their book sources, and by its immense chain of lakes provi. sion is made for an inland communication, mofe ^ v— ^ extensive and commodious than in any quarter of the globe. The countries stretching from the Gulf of Darien on one side, to that of California on the other, which form the chain that binds the two ' parts of the American continent together, are not destitute of peculiar advantages. Their coast on one side is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, on the other by the Pacific. Some of their rivers flow into the fonner, some into the latter, and secure to them all the commercial benefits that may result from a communication with both. But whatmostdistinguishes America from other tempem- parts of the earth, is the peculiar temperature of its cUm^V; climate, and the different laws to which it is sub- jetVwith respect to the distribution of heat and cold. Wecannot determine with precision the portion of heat felt in any part of the globe, merely by mea- suring its distance from the equator. The climate of a country is afiSscted, in some degree, by its ele- vation above the sea, by the extent of continent, by the nature of the soiU the height of adjacent mountains, and many other circumstances. The influence of these, however, is &om various causes less considerable in the greater part of the ancient continent; and from knowing the position of any country there, we can pronounce with greater cer- tainty what will be the warmth of its climate, and the pature of its productions. The maxims which are founded upon observa- predomi- tioh of pur hemisphere mW not apply to the other. ^Jdf* iSi HISTORY OF AMERICA. B O o K In the Netv World, cold predominates. The rigour. of tl>e frigid zone extends over half of those r^om. which should be temperate by their position. Coon- tries where the grape and the fig should ripen, axe buried under snow one half of the year; and lands situated in tlie same parallel with the most fertile and best cultivated provinces in Europe, are chilled with perpetual frosts, which almost destroy the power of vegetation. As we advance to those parts of America which lie in the same parallel with provinces of Asia and Africa, blessed widi an uniform enjoyment of such genial warmth as is most friendly to life and to vegetation, the domi- nion of cold continues to be felt, and winter reigns^ though during a short period, with extrenae seve- rity. If we proceed along the American contxnent into the torrid zone, we shall find the cold prevalent in the New World extending itself also to this re- gion of the globe, and* mitigating the excess of its fervour. Wliile the negro on the coast of Africa is scorched with unremitting heat, the inhabitant of Peru breathes an air equally mild and temperate, and is perpetually shaded under a canopy of grey clouds, which intercepts the fierce beams of tlie sun, without obstructing his friendly influence ^ Along the eastern coast of America, the climate, though more similar to that of the torrid zone in other parts of the earth, is nevertheless considerabty milder than in those countries of Asia and Africa which lie in the same latitude. If from the southern tropic we continue our progress to the extremity ci < See NOTE XXX. « Voyage dc Ulloa, torn. 453. Anson's Vojrage, p. 184. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 383 the American continent, we meet with frozen seas, book and countries horrid, barren, and scarcely habitable. for cold, much sooner than in the norths ^ v* Various causes combine in rendering the climate causes of of America so extremely different from that of the. ancient continent. Though the utmost extent of America towards the north be not yet discovered, we know that it advances much nearer to the pole than either Europe or Asia. Both these have large seas to the north, which are open during part of the year; and even when covered with ice, the wind that blows over them is less intensely cold than that which blows over land in the same high lati- tudes. But in America the land stretches from the river St. Laurence towards the pole, and spreads out immensely to the west. A chain of enormous mountains covered with snow and ice, runs through all this dreary region. The wind, in passing over such an extent of high and frozen land, becomes so impregnated with cold, that it acquires a piercing keenness, which it retains in its progress through warmer climates, and it is not entirely mitigated until it reach the Gulf of Merico. Over all the continent of North America, a north-westerly wind and excessive cold are synonymous terms. Even in the most sultry weather, the moment that the wind veers to that quarter, its penetrating influence is felt in a transition from heat to cold no less vi» olent than sudden. To this powerful cause we may ' Anson's Voyage, p. 74. and Voyage de Quiros, chez Hist. Gen. des Voyages, torn. xir. 83. Richard Hist. de r Air, ii. 305, c. H4 HISTORY OF AMEtllCA. BOOK ascribe the extraordinary dominion of cold, and its. violent inroads into the southern provinces, in that. part of the globe «. Other causes, no less remarkable, diminish the active power of heat in those parts of the American continent which lie between the tropics. In all that portion of the globe, the wind blows in an invariable direction ftoro east to west. As this wind holds its course across the ancient continent, it arrives at the countries which stretch along the western shores of Africa, inflamed with all the fiery particles which it hath collected froin the sultry plains of Asia, and the burning sands in the African deserts. The coast of Africa is, accordingly, the r^on of the earth which feels the most fervent heat, and is ex- posed to the unmitigated ardour of the torrid zone. But this same wind, which brings such an accession of warmth to the countries lying between the river of Senegal and Cafraria, traverses the Atlantic Ocean before it reaches the American shore. It is cooled in its passage over this vast body of water, and is felt as a refreshing gale along the coast of Brazil^ and Guiana, rendering these countries, though among the warmest in America, temperate, when compared with those which lie opposite to them in Africa. As this wind advances in its course across America, it meets with immense plains covered with impenetrable forests, or occu- pied by large rivers, marshes, and stagnating wa- ters, where it can recover no considerable degree of • Charleroix Hi»t. dc Nouv. Jfi5. Generate des Voyages, 215, c. *» See NOTE XXXI. » Sec NOTE XXXH. HISTOEY OP AMRICA. 285 heat. At length it arrires at the Andes, which run book from north to south through the whole continents. In passing over thdr elevated and frozen sudtimits, it is so thoroughly cooled, that the greater part of the countries beyond them hardly feel the ardour to which they seem exposed by their situation. In the other provinces of America, from Tierra Ferme westward to the Mexican Empire, the heat of the climate is tempered, in some places, by the eleva- tion of the land above the sea, in others, by their extraordinary humidity, and in all, by the enormous mountains scattered over this tract. The islands of America in the torrid zone are either small or mountainous, and are fanned alternately by refresh- ing sea and land breezes. The causes of the extraordinary cold towards the southern limits of America, and in the seas be- yond it, cannot be ascertained in a manner equally satisfying. It was long supposed that a vast con- tinent, distinguished by the name of Terra Au" straits Incognita, lay between the southern ex- tremity of America and the Antarctic pole. The same principles which account for the extraordi- nary degree of cold in the northern regions of America, were employed in order to explain that which is felt at Cape Horn and the adjacent coun- tries. The immense extent of the southern conti- nent, and the large rivers which it poured into the ocean, were mentioned and admitted by philoso- phers as causes sufficient to occasion the unusus^l * Acoeita Hist. Buffon Hist. Natu- tclle, Ac. 512, c. 107, c. Osborn's Collect, of Voyages, ii. p, 868. 286 HISTO&Y OF AMERICA. BOOK sensation of cold, and the still more uncommoti ap. pearances of frozen seas in that region of the ^obe... But the imaginary continent to which such mflaenoe was ascribed, having been searched for in viun, and the space which it was supposed to occupy having been found to be an open sea, new conjectures nnut be formed with respect to the causes of a tempera* ture of climate, so extremely different from that which we experience in countries renK>ved at Xbt same distance from the opposite poleL oradrtion After Contemplating those permanent and charse- disco- teristic qualities of the American continent, which. arise from the peculiarity of its situation, and the disposition of its parts, the next object that merits attention is its condition when first discovered, as far as that depended upon the industry and opera- tions of man. The effects of human ingenuity and labour are more extensive and considerable, than even our own vanity is apt at first to imagine. When we survey the fece of the habitable globe, no small part of that fertility and beauty which we ascribe to the hand of nature, is the work of man. His efforts, when continued through a succession of ages, change the appearance and improve Ae qualities of the earth. As a great part of the an- cient continent has long been occupied by natrons far advanced in arts and industry, our eye is accus- tomed to view the earth in that form which it as- sumes when rendered fit to be the residence of a numerous race of men, and to supply them with nourishment. "See NOTE XXXIIL IIISTOIIY OF AMRICA. S»7 But in the New World» the state of mankind book iwas ruder, and the aspect of nature extremely dif. ferent. Throughout all its vast regions, there ^JiaT^Iia ^vere only two monarchies remarkable for extent of «ncu>ti. territory, or distinguished by any progress in im- provement. The rest of this continent was pos- sessed by small independent tribes, destitute of arts bikI industry, and neither capable to correct the defects nor desirous to meliorate the condition of that part of the earth allotted to them for their habitation. Countries occupied by such people were almost in the same state as if they had been without inhabitants. Immense forests covered a great part of the uncultivated earth; and as the hand of industry had not taught the rivers to run in a proper channel, or drained off the stagnating water, many of the most fertile plains were over- flowed with inundations, or converted into marshes* In the southern provinces, where the warmth of the sun, the moisture of the climate, and the fer- tility of the soil, combine in calling forth the most vigorous powers of vegetation, the woods are so choked with its rank luxuriance as to be almost impervious, and the surface of the ground is hid from the eye under a thick covering of shrubs and herbs and weeds. In this state of wild unassisted nature, a great part of the large provinces in South America, which extend from the bottom of the Andes to the sea, still remain. The European colonies have cleared and cultivated a few spots along the cofist; but the original race of inhabitants, as rude and indolent as ever, have done nothing to open or improve a country possessing almost 288 HISTORY OF ABIEKICA. BOOK every advantage of situildon and dimate^ As we V^ advance towards the northern provinces of America, nature continues to wear the same uncultivated aspect, and, in proportion the rigour of the cli- mate increases, appears more desolate and horrid. There the forests, though not encumbered with jLhe same exuberance of vegetation, are of immense extent; prodigious marshes overspread the plains, and few marks appear of human activity in any at- tempt to cultivate or embellish the No wonder that the colonies sent from Europe were astonished at their first entrance into the New World. It appeared to them waste, solitary, and uninviting. When the English began to settle in America, they termed the countries of which they took possession, 77ie fFildemess. Nothing but their eager expectation of finding mines of gold, could have induced the Spaniards to penetrate through the woods and marshes of America, where at every step they observed the extreme difference between the uncultivated face of Nature, and that which it acquires under the forming hand of in- dustry and art. iinwhoie> The labour and operations of man Hot only im. prove and embellish the earth, but render it more wholesome and friendly to life. When any region lies neglected and destitute of cultivation, the air stagnates in the woods; putrid exhalations arwc from the waters; the surface of the earth, loacfed with rank vegetation, feels not the purifying in- fluence of the sun or of the wind; the^malignity of "See NOTE XXXIV. mSTORY OP AMERICA- 289 the distempers natural to the dimate increases, and book new maladies no less noxious are engendered. Accordingly, all the provinces of America, when. first discovered, were found to be remarkably un- healthy. This the Spaniards experienced in every expedition into the New World, whether destined for conquest or settlement. Though by die natu- ral constitution of their bodies, their habitual tem- perance, and the persevering vigour of their minds, they were as much formed as any people in Europe for active service in a sultry climate, they felt se- verely the fatal and pernicious qualities of those un- cultivated regions through which they marched, or where they endeavoured to plant colonies. Great numbers were cut off by the unknown and violent, diseases with which they were infected. Such as survived the destructive rage of those maladies, were not exempted from the noidous influence of the climate. They returned to Europe, according to the description of the early Spanish historians, feeble, emaciated, with languid looks, and com- plexions of such a sickly yellow colour as indicated the unwholesome temperature of the countries where they had resided. The uncultivated state of the New World af- fected not only the temperature of the sdr, but the qualities of its productions. The principle of life seems to have been less active and vigorous there, than in the ancient continent. Notwithstanding tie vast extgpt of America^ and the variety of its » Gomara Hist. 20, 22. Oviedo Hist, librii. v. c. Martyr, Epist. 545. Decad. 176. VOL. U «90 HfSTORY OF jlkMERICA« BOOK climates^ the difiierent speeies of animals pecniiar ^ to it are much fewer in proportion than those of the other hemisphere. In the islands, there were only four kinds of quadrupeds known, the largest of which did not exceed the size of a rabbit. On the continent, the variety was greater; and though the individuals of each kind could not fail of multi- plying exceedingly when almost unmolested by men, who were neither so numerous, nor so united in society, as to be formidable enemies to the ani- mal creation, the number of distinct species must still be considered as extremely small. Of two hundred different kinds of animals spread over iht face of the earth, only about one-third existed in America at the time of its discovery. Nature was not only less prolific in the New Wprld, but she appears likewise to have been less vigorous in her productions. The animals originally belonging to this quarter of the globe af^>ear to be of an inferior race» neither so robust, nor so fierce, as thos^ of the other continent. America gives birth to no creature of such bulk as to be compared with the elephant or rhinoceros, or that equals the lion and tiger in strength and ferocity p. The Tiq)yr of Brazil, the largest quadruped of the ravenous tribe in the New World, is not larger than a calf of six months old. The Puma and Jaguar^ its fiercest j beasts of prey, which Europeans have inacciirately J Renominated lions and tigers, possess neither the " Buffon Hist. Naturelle^ torn. p See NOTE XXXV. uxidittibied omrage of the feitncr^ nor the rat b o o k venous craehy of the htbeas. They aic inactive. • and timid, hardly fornaidable to maii» and eAen. turn their backs upon the kast appearance of re* i8tance^ The same qualitiies in the climate of An^etica which stinted the growth, and enfeebled the spirit, of its native animals, haire proved per* nicious to such as have migrated into it voluntarily from the other continent, or have been transported thither by the Europeans ^ The bears, the wolves^ the deer of America, are not equal in siae to those of the Old World ^ Most of the domestic animals, with Ti^ch the Enropean&have stored the provinces wherein they settled, have degenerated with respect either to bulk or quality, in a country whose tem-r pefatnre and soil seem to he less favourable to tlM * strength and perfection of the animal creation. The same causes which cheeked the growth and insects an4 the vigour of the more noble animals^ were friendly. to the propagation and increase of reptiles and in* seoti. Though thia is not peeuliar to the New World, and those odious tribes, nourished by heat^ moisture, and corruption^ infest every part of the tofrid aone; they multiply fester^ perhaps^ in Ame* 4 Buffon Hist. tpm. Marcgravii Hist. Nat Brazil, p. 229. » Buffon Hist, Natur. 203. Acosta Hist. 34. Pisonis Hist. 13... • ClwrcbiU, V. 691. Ovalle Relat. of Chili, Churdi. Somario de Oviedo, c. 14—22. Voyage du Des Mat chais, iii. 299. t Buffon Hikt. Kalm*s TraveU, i. 102. Biet. Va^ de France Equinox, p. 339. » Sec NOTE ^CXXVL V2 S9S HISTORY OF AMERICA. B q^o K xica, and grow to a more monstrous bulk* As this country is on the whole less cultivated, and less peopled, than the other quarters of the earth, the active principle of life wastes its force in productions of this inferior form. The air is often darkened with douds of insects, and the ground covered with shocking and nocuous reptiles. The country around Porto-Bello swanks with toads in such multitudes as hide the surface ^ the earth. At Guayaquil, snakes and vipers are Imrdly less numerous. Car* thagena is infested with numerous flocks of bats, which annoy not only the cattle but the inhabitants In the islands, legions of ants have at different times consumed every vegetable production^ and left the earth eptirely bare as if it bad been burnt with fire. The damp forests and rank soil of the countries on the banks of the Orinoco and Marag- non, teem with almost every offensive and poisonous creature which the power of a sultry sun can quicken into life... i The birds of the New World are not distiii^uish- ed by qualities so conspicuous and characterlsticat as those which we have observed in its quadi Birds are more indq>endent of man, and les^ «! • fected by the changes which his industry and lanour make upon the state of the earth. They have a greater propensity to migrate from one country to « Voyage dc Ulloa^ tom. 89. Id. 147. Herrera, dec 11; lib. ill. 19. f Sec NOTE XXXVII. * Voyage de Condamine, p. 167. Gumilla, ui- 120^ c. Hbt. Gener. des Voyages, xiv. 317. Dumont M^moires sur la Loni- siane, i. Somario de Ovicdo, c. 52—62. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 293 another, and can gratify this instinct of their nature book without difficulty or danger. Hence the number ^ V. of birds common to both continents is much greater. than that of quadrupeds; and even such as are pe^ culiar to America, nearly resemble those with which mankind were acquainted in similar regions of the ancient hemisphere. The American birds 6f the torrid zone, like those of the same climate in Asia and Africa, are decked in plumage which dazzles the eye with the beauty of its colours; but nature, satisfied with clothing them in this gay dress, has denied most of them that melody of sound, and variety of notes, which catch and delight the ear. The birds of the temperate climates there, in the same manner as in our continent^ are less splendid in their appearance; but« in compensation for that defect, they have voices of greater compass, and more melodious. In some districts of America, the unwholesome temperature of the air seems to be unfavourable even to this part of the creation. The number of birds is less than in other countries, and the traveller is struck with the amazing solitude and silence of its forests. It is remarkable, how- ever, that America, where the quadrupeds are so dwarfish and dastardly, should produce the Condor^ which is entitled to pre-eminence over all the flying tribe, in bulk, in strength, and in courage. « Bouguer Voy. au Perovi, 17: Chanvalon Voyage k la Mar- unique^ p. 96. Warren's Descript. Surinam. Qsbom's Col- lect, ii 924. I^ttres Edif. xxiv. 339. Cbarlev. Hist, de la Nouv. France, iii. l. 'iD. ^ Voyage de UUoa, i. 363. Voyage de Condamine, 1 75. Buf- fon Hist. Nat^ xvi. 184. Voyage du Dcs Marchais, iii, 320. 894 HISTORY 01? AHERICA* The soil in a continent so extensive as Amenca must) of course, be extremely various. In eadi of g^a. its provinces we find some distinguishing pecoliari- ties, the description of which belongs to those vrho viTite their particular history. In general we may observe, that the moisture and cold, which predo- minate so remarkably in all parts of America, nnist have great influence upon the nature of its soil; countries lying in the same parallel with those re- gions which never feel the extreme rigour of winter in the ancient continent, are frozen over in Ame- rica during a great part of the year. Qiilled by this intense cold, the ground never acquires wannA sufficient to ripen the fruits which are found in the corresponding parts of the other continent. If we wish to rear in America the productions which abound in any particular district of the aiKneot world, we must advance several degrees nearer to the line than in the othei* hemisphere, as it requires «uch an increase of heat to counterbalance the na- tural frigidity of the soil and climate. At the Cape of Good Hope, several of the plants and fruits peculiar to the countries within the tropics are cul- tivated with success; whereas, at St. Augustine in Florida, and Charles-Town in South Carolina, though considerably nearer the line, they cannot be brought to thrive with equal certainty. Bat, if allowance be made for this diversity in the degree of heat, the soil of America is naturally as rich and fertile as in any part of the earth. As the country was thinly inhabited, and by a people of «= Sec NOTE XXXVUI. d See NOTE XXXIX. UISTOEY OF AMBRiCii. 295 litUe industry, fvho had none of the domestie ani- book mals which civilized nations rear in such vast num- t* bers, the earth was not exhausted by their con. sumption. The vegetable productions, to which the fertility of the soil gave birth, often remained tan touched, and, being suffered to corrupt on its sur- face, returned with increase into its bosom. As trees and plants derive a great part of their nourish- ment from air and water; if they were not destroyed by man and other animals, they would render to the earth more, perhaps, than they take from it, and feed rather than impoverish it. Thus the unoccupied soil of America may have gone on enriching for many ages. The vast numb^ as well as enormous size of the trees in America, indicate the extraordinary vigour of the soil in its native state. When the Europeans first began to cultivate the New World, they were astonished at the luxuriant power of ve- getation in its virgin mould; and in several places the ingenuity of the planter is still employed in di- minishing and wasting its superfluous fertility, in order to bring it down to a state fit for profitable cultured Having thus surveyed the state of the New World How was at the time of its discovery, and considered the pe- peopled? culiar features and qualities which distinguish and characterize it, the next inquiry that merits atten- tion is. How was America peopled? By what course did mankind migrate from the one continent to the « Buffon, Hi«t. 242. Kalm, i. 151. * Charlevoix, Histoire de Nouv. 405. Voyage du Des Marchais, iii. 229. Leiy ap. de Bry, part. 174. See NOTE XL. ^96 HlSrORY Of AMERICA. BOCK olher? and in what quarter is it most probable that. a communication was opened between them? We know, with infalUble certainty, that all the human race spring from the same source, and that the descendants of one man, under the protection as veil as in obedience to the command of Heaven, multiplied and replenished the earth. But neith^ theannals nor the traditions of nations reach backto those remote ages, in which they took possession of the different countries where they are now settled. We cannot trace the branches of this first family, or point out with certainty the time and manner in which they divided and spread over the face of the globe. Even among the most enlightened peoj^ the period of authentic history is extremely short; and every thing prior to that, is fabulous or obscure. It is not surprising, then, that the unlettered inba* bitants of America, who have no solicitude about futurity, and little curiosity concerning what is passed, should be altogether unacquainted with their own original. The people on the two opposite coasts of America, who occupy those countries in America which approach nearest to the ancient con- tinent, are so remarkably rude, that it is altogether vain to search among them for such information as might discover the place from whence they came, or the ancestors of whom they are descended^ Whatever light has been thrown on this subject, is derived, not from the natives of America, but firom the inquisitive genius of their conquerors. Varioui When the people of Europe unexpectedly disco- theories. ' yinegas*s Hist, of California^ i. 60. HISTORY OF AMEHICA. QSf vered a New World, removed at a vast distanbeB o ok from every part of the ancient eontinent wfaicfa was. then known, and filled with inhabitants whose ap- pearance and manners differed remarkably firomtfae rest of the human species, the question concerning their original became naturally an object of curio- sity and attention. The theories and speculaticms of ingenious men with respect to this subject, would fill many volumes; but are often so wild and. dii- merical, that I should offer an insult to the under- stsufiding of my readers, if I attempted dtber mi- nutely to numerate or to refute them. Some have. presumptuously imagined, that the people of Ame- rica were not the offspring of the same common parent with the rest of mankind, but that th^ formed a separate race of men, distinguishable fay peculiar features in the constitution of their bodies. as well as in the characteristic qualities of their minds. Others contend, that they are descended from some remnant of the antediluvian inhabitants of the earth, who survived the deluge which swept away the greatest part of the human species in the days of Noah; and preposterously suppose rude, uncivilized tribes, scattered over an uncultivated continent, to be the most ancient race of people on the earth. There is hardly any nation from the north to the south pole, to which some antiquary, in the extravagance of conjecture^ has not ascribed the honour of peopling America. The Jews, the Canaanites, the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians, tl^e Greeks, the Scythians in ancient times, are sup- posed to have settled in this western world. The Chinese, the Swedes, the Norwegians, the Welsh^ 998 HISIXWY OF AMSaiCA* BOO K tfaeSfmidards, am stklta hove sent eobiaesthidier. in later ages, at diffeieat periods, und on variom •^ occasions. Zealoos advocates stand fortfi to 8iq>- poit tfie respective claims of those people; and tiiougk ^bey rest upon no better ibmidation ihm the casual resemblance of some customs, or the supposed af&iity between a few words in dieir dif- ferent languages^ mooh erudition and more zeal have been employed, to little purpose, in defence ^f the opposite systems. Those re^ons of conjee^ ture and controversy belong not to the historian. His is a more limited province, confined by what is established by certain or highlyprobaUe evidence. Beyond this I shall not venture, in o&ring a few obsafvations which may contribute to throw some light upon this curious aqd much agitated ques- tion. Oagiit not L There are authors who have endeavoured by founded A^ofe eonj<3Cture to account for die peopling of •o mere America. have supposed that it was origi- ture» naily united to the ancient continent, and disjomeu from it by the shock of an earthipiake, or the ir- ruption of a deluge. Others have imagined, that. some vessel being forced from its course by the violence of a westerly wind, might be driven by ac- cident towards the American coast, and have given a beginning to population in that desolate conri- nent. But with respect to all those systems, it is •Tain either to reason or imjuire, because it is im- possible to come to any decision. Such events as « ParsonJ's Remains of Japhet, p. 240. Ancient Univers. Hist ▼oL XX. 164. Fejjoo Teatro Critico, torn. 304, c. Acosta. Ilist. lyforal. Novi Orbis^ lib. ID. HISTCXET OP AMEAICA. 299 they suppose are berdypoBsble, and tmy have htp* B O o ic pened. That they ev&i did happen, we hare no ^ evidence, either from the de«r testtmony of htstoiy. or from the obscure indmatknis of tiadition. 2. Nothing cui be more Aivobus, or uncertain, or on r^ than the attempts to book or to their progenitors; if ever tb^ had empIo]red. a plough, ft loom, or a forge, the utility of tho^e in* Tentions would have preaerved them» and it is iai«' poasible that they should have been, abandoned or foi^otten. We may conclude^ then, that the Ame* ricans sprung from some people who were them* selves in such an early and unimproved stage of so- ciety, as to be unacquainted with all those neces^ sary arts, which continued to be unknown among their posterity when first visited by the Spaniards* 5. It appears no less evident that Anaenca was nor from aot peopled by any colony from the more southern em re. BaAions of the ancient continent. None of the rude gi^nt of tribes settled in that part of our hemisphere can be nent. supposed to have visited a country so renxxte. They possessed neither enterprise, nor ingenuity, nor power that could prompt them to undertake, or en- able them to perform, such a distant voyage. Tliat the mcM'e civilized nations in Asia or Africa are not the progenitors of the Americans, is maniC^t, not only from the observations which I have already made concerning their ignorance of the most sim* pie and necessary arts, but from an additional cir* cumstance. Whenever any people have eiperi* enced the advantages which men enjoy by their do^ minion over the inferior animals, they can neither subsist without the nourishment which these afford, nor carry on any considerable q)eration independent of their ministry and labour. Accordingly, the first care of the Spaniards, when they settled in Ame^ rica^ was to stock it with all the domestic animals of Europe; and U prior to them, the Tyrians, thf S04 HlSfOltT bF AlktERICA* BOOR Carth^nians, the Chinese, or any other polisU ^ people, had taken possession of that continent, « ^ ■^ ■^ should have found there the animals peculiar to those regions of the globe where they were ori^oilly * seated. In all America, however, there is not one animal, tame or wild, which properly belongs to tbe warm or even the more temperate countries of the ancient continent. The camel, the dromedary, the horse, the cow, were as much unknown in Aoie- rica as the elephant or the lion. From wbichit is obvious, that the people who first settled in tbe western world did not issue from the countries where those animals abound, and where men, from having been long accustomed to their ud, wooU naturally consider it not only as beneficial, but is indispensably necessary to the improvement, uA even the preservation^ of civil society. The two 6. From considering the animals with wbi* ecm to America is stored, we may conclude that the neaiat approach. f contact between the old and new conti- nearest to. • r k«rii each other ncHts IS towards the northern extremity oi ooio, iSTSth. ». re the communication w4s opened, and the intercourse carried on between them. ABw extensive countries in America which lie within the tropics, or approach near to them, arefilW with indigenous animals of various kinds, entirely different from those in the corresponding r^w ^ the ancient continent. But the northern province of the New World abound with many oftbcirild animals which are common in such parts of oht hemisphere as lie in a similar situation. The w» the wolf, the fox, the hare, the deer, theroeboA the elk, and several other species, frequent tie HISTORY OP AMERICA. 305 forests of North America, no less than those in the b o O k north of Europe and Asia. It seems to be evi. dent, then, that the two continents approach each. other in thb quarter, and are either united. or so nearly adjacent that these animals might pass from tiie one to the other. 7. Hie actual viciniQr of the two continents isThisascer* so cleariy established by modem discoveries^ that SIwot. the chief difficulty with respect to the peopling of America is removed* While those immense re- gions which stretch eastward from the River Oby to the sea of Kamchatka were unknown or imper« fectly esqplored, the north-east extremities of our hemisphere were supposed to be so far dbtant from any part of the New World, that it was not easy to conceive how any communication should have been carried on between them. But the Russians having subjected the western part of Siberia to their em- pire, gradually extended their knowledge of that vast country, by advancing towards the east into unknown provinces. These were discovered by bunters in their excursions after game, or by soldiers employed in levying the taxes; and the court of Moscow estimated the in^rtance of those coun* tries, only by tiie small addition which diey made to its revenue. At length Peter the Great ascended the Russian throncr* His enlightened, comprehen- sivenrind, intent upon every circumstance that could aggrandise his empire, or render his reign illustrious^ discerned consequences of those discoveries whidi had escaped the observation of his ignorant prede- » Buffoti, Hist. Ntt. 97, c. VOL. X Digitize^by Google 306 HISTORY OF AMBRICA. BOOK cessors. He perceived that in proportion as the le. gions of Asia extended towards the east, they must. approach nearer to America; that the communica- tion between the Mo continents, which had long been searched for in vain, would probably be found in this quarter; and that by opening it, some pari of the wealth and commerce of the western world might be made to flow into his dominions by a new channel. Such an object suited a genius that de- lighted in grand schemes. Peter drew up instruc- tions with his own hand for prosecuting this des^n, and gave orders for carrying it into execution^ His successors adopted his ideas and pursued his plan. The officers whom the Russian court em- ployed in this service, had to struggle with so many difficulties, that their progress was extremely slow. Encouraged by some faint traditions among the people of Siberia, concerning a successful voyage in the year one thousand six hundred and forty- eight, round the north-east promontory of Asia, they attempted to follow the same course. Vessds were fitted out, with this view, at different times, from the rivers Lena and Kolyma; but in a frozen ocean, which nature seems not to have destined for navigation, they were exposed to many disasters^ without being able to accomplish their purpose. No vessel fitted out by the Russian court ever doubled this formidable Cape^ we are indebted for what is known of those extreme regions of Asia, to the dis- coveries made in excursions by land. In all those provinces an opinion prevails, that there are eoun- MuUer, Voyages et Decouvertes par les Russes, torn. 4, cLNOTEXU. ttlSTORY OP AMERICik« 307 tries of great extent and fertility which lie at no b O K Considerable distance from their own coasts* These. the Russians imagined to be part of America; and. several circumstances concurred not only in con- firming them in this belief, but in persuading them that some portion of that continent could not be very remote. Trees of various kinds unknown in those naked regions of Asia, are driven upon the coast by an easterly wind. By the same wind^ float- ing ice is brought thither in a few days; flights of birds arrive annually from the same quarter; and a tradition obtains among the inhabitants, of an in- tercourse formerly carried on with some countries situated to the east. After weighing all these particulars, and corn- paring the position of the countries in Asia which had been discovered, with such parts in the north- west of America as were already known, the Russian court formed a plan, which would have hardly oc- curred to a nation less accustomed to engage in ar- duous undertakings, and td contend with great dif- ficulties. Orders were issued to build two vessels at the small village of Ochotz, situated on the sea of Kamchatka, to sail on a voyage of discovery. Though that dreary uncultivated region furnished nothing that could be of use in constructing them, but some larch trees: though not only the iron« the cordage, the sails, and all the numerous articles re- quisite for th^ir equipment, but the provisions for victualling them were to be carried through the im- mense deserts of Siberia, down rivers of difficult navigation, and along roads almost imptssable, the mandate of the sovereign, and the perseverance of x2 308 B O O K the people, at last surmounted every obstacle. Twd vessels were finished, and, under the command of the Captains Behring and Tschirikow, sailed from Kamchatka, in quest of the New World in a quar- ter where it had never been approached. They shaped thdr course towards the east; and though a storm soon separated the vessels, which never re- joined, and many disasters befel them, the expecta- tions from the voyage were not altogethCT frustrated. Each of the commanders discovered land, which to them appeared to be part of the American conti- nent; and, according to their observations, it seems to be situated within a few degrees of the north- west coast of California. Each set some of his people ashore: but in one place the inhabitants fled as the Russians approached; in another, they car- ried off those who landed, and destroyed their boats. The violence of the weather, and the distress of their crews, obliged both captains to quit this inhospitable coast. In their return they touched at several islands which stretch in a chain from east to west between the Country which they had discovered and the coast* of Asia« They had some intercourse with the na- tives, who seemed to them to resemble the North Americans. They presented to the Russians the calumet^ or pipe of peace, which is a symbol of friendship universal among the people of North America, and an usage of arbitrary institution pe- culiar to them. Though the islands of this New Archipelago have been frequented since that time by the Russian hunt- ers, the court of St. Petersburgh, during a period of ra^e than forty years, seems to have relinquished HISTORY OF AMERICA. 309 every thought of prosecuting discoveries in that book quarter. But in the year one thousand seven hun- k^ j dred and sixty-eight it was unexpectedly resumed. The sovereign who had been lately seated on the throne of Peter the Greats possessed the genius and talents of her illustrious predecessor. During the operations of the most arduous and extensive war in which the Russian empire was ever engaged, she formed schemes and executed undertakings, to which more limited abilities would have been inca- pable of attending but amidst the leisure of pacific times. A new voyage of discovery from the eastern extremity of Asia was planned, and Captain Krenitzin and Lieutenant Levasheff were appointed to com- mand the two vessels fitted out for that purpose. In their voyage outward they held nearly the same course with the former navigators, they touched at the same islands, observed their situation and pro- ductions more carefully, and discovered several new islands with which Behring and Tschirikow had not fallen in. Though they did not proceed so far to the east as to revisit the country which Behring and Tschirikow supposed to be part of the American continent, yet, by returning in a course considerably to the north of theirs, they corrected some capital mistakes into which their predecessors had fallen, and have contributed to facilitate the progress of future navigators in those seas. Thus the possibility of a communication between the continents in this quarter rests no longer upon mere conjecture, but is established by undoubted I See NOTE XLII. • 310 IIISTOUY OF AMERICA. BOOK evidence. Some tribe, or some families of wm. dering Twtars, from the restless spirit peculitr to their race, might migrate to die nearest isfauid^ ifid, rude as their knowledge of navigation was, nugbt, by passing from one to the other, reach at length the coast of America, and give a beginning to po- pulation in that continent. The distance between the Marian or ladrone islands and the nearest land in Asia, is greater than that between the part of America which the Russians discovered, and the coast of Kamchatka; and yet the inhabitants of those islands are manifestly of Asiatic extract. U notwithstanding theii remote situation, we admit that the Marian islands were peopled from our con- tinent, distance alone is no reason why we shouU hesitate about admitting that the Americans may derive their original from the same source. It is probable that future navigators in those seas, by steering further to the north, may find that the con- tinent of America approaches still nearer to Asia. According to the information of the barbarous peo- ple who inhabit the country about the north-tast promontory of Asia, there lies, oflF the coast, a small island, to which they sail in less than a day. From that they can descry a large continent which, according to their description, is covered with fo- rests, and possessed by people whose language they do not understand. By them they are supplied with the skins of martens, an animal unknown in the northern parts of Siberia, and which is never found but in countries abounding with trees. If » Muller's Voyages, torn. 248, See 267. 276. "Ibid. 166. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 311 we conld rely on this account, we might conclude B O o K that the American continent is separated from ours ♦. j. only by a narrow strait, and all the difl&cuUies with respect to the communication between them would vanish. What could be offered only as a conjec- ture when this History was first published, is now known to be certain. The near approach of the two continents to each other has been discovered and traced in a voyage undertaken upon principles so pure and so liberal, and conducted with so much professional skill, as reflect lustre upon the reign of the sovereign by whom it was planned, and do honour to the officers intrusted with tlie execution of ii It 18 likewise evident from recent discoveries. Another that an intercourse between our continent and. by" America might be carried on with no less facility. north- from the north-west extremities of Europe. As early as the ninth century, the Norwegians disco- A. 830. vered Greenland, and planted colonies there. The communication with that country, after a long in- terruption, was renewed in the last century. Some Lutheran and Moravian missionaries, prompted by zeal for propagating the Christian faith, have ven- tured to settle in this frozen and uncultivated re- gion p. To them we are indebted for much curious information with respect to its nature and inha- bitants. We learn, that the north-west coast of Greenland is separated from America by a very narrow strait; that, at the bottom of the bay into which this strait conducts, it is highly probable that « See NOTE XLIIl. P Crantz* Hist, of Greenl. 244. Prevot, Hist. des Voyages, torn. 152. not. (96. 3 1 S UISTORT OF AMERICA; BO OK they are united "i; that the inhabitants of the I. two countries have some intercouise with one. another; that the Esquimaux of America per- fectly resemble the Greenlanders in their aspect, dress, and mode of living; that some sailors vAio had acquired the knowledge of a few words in the Greenlandish language, reported that these were 764. understood by the Esquimaux; that, at length, a Moravian missionary, well acqudnted-with the lan-i guage of Greenland, having visited the country of the Esquimaux, found, to his astonishment, that they spoke the same language with the Green- landers; that they were in every respect the same people, and he was accordingly received and enter- tained by them as a friend and a brother^ By these decisive facts, not only the consangui- nity of the Esquimaux and Greenlanders is esta* blished, but the possibility of peopling America from the north of Europe is demonstrated. If the Norwegians, in a barbarous age, when science had not begun to dawn in the north of Europe, pos- sessed such naval skill as to open a communication with Greenland, thdr ancestors, as much addicted to roving by sea, as the Tartars are to wand^ng by land, might, at some more remote period, ac- complish the same voyage, and settle a colony there, whose descendants might, in progress of time, mi- grate into America. But if, instead of venturing to sail directly from their own coa^t to Greenland, we suppose that the Norwegians held a more cau- tious course, and advanced from Shetland to the Feroe islands, and frpm them to Iceland^ in all 9Eggcde, p. 2, 3. ' Crantz* Hist, of Greenl, p. 261, 262. HISTORY of AMERICA; 9 1 3 which they had planted colonies; their j^rogress book may have been so gradual, that this navigation can. not be considered as either longer or more bazar- dous, than those voyages which that hardy and en* terprising race of men is known to have performed in every age. 8. Though it be possible that America may have Probably received its first inhabitants from our continent, fr^ the dther by the north-west of Europe or the north- north- ast. east of Asiai^ there seems to be good reason for sup- posing that the progenitors of all the American nations from Cape Horn to the southern confines of Labrador, migrated from the latter rather than the former. The Esquimaux are the only people in America, who in their aspect or character bear any resemblance to the northern Europeans. They are manifestly a race of men* distinct from all the nations of the American continent, in language, in disposition, and in habits of life. Their original, then, may warrantably be traced up to that source which I have pointed out. But among all the other inhabitants of America, there is such a striking si- militude in the form of their bodies and the qua- lities of their minds, that, notwithstanding the di- versities occasioned by the influence of climate, or unequal progress in improvement, we must pro- nounce them to be descended from one source. ITiere may be a variety in the shades, but we can every where tface the same original colour. Each tribe has something peculiar which distinguishes it, but in all of them we discern certain features com- mon to the whole race. It is remarkable, that in every peculiarity, whether in their persons or dispo- 3 1 4 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOO Ksittons, which characterize the Americans, they y^ j have some resemblance to the rude tribes scattered over the north-east of Asia, but almost none to the nations settled in the northern extremities of Eu- rope, We may, therefore, refer them to the former origin, and conclude that their Asiatic pro- genitors, having settled in those parts of America where the Russians have discovered the proximity of the two continents, spread gradually over its va- rious regions. This account of the progress of po- pulation in America coincides with the traditions of Uie Mexicans concerning their own origin, which, imperfect as they are, were preserved with more ac- curacy, and merit greater credit, than those of any people in the New World. According to them, their ancestors came from a remote country situ- ated to the north-we«t of Mexico. The Mexicans point out their various stations as they advanced from this, into the interior provinces, and it is precisely the same route which they must have held if they had been emigrants from Asia. The Mexi- cans, in describing the appearance of their proge- nitors, their manners and habits of life at that pe- riod, exactly delineate those of the rude Tartars, from whom I suppose them to have sprung. Thus have I finished a Disquisition which has been deemed of so much importance, that it would have been improper to omit it in writing the his- tory of America. I have ventured to inquire, but r Acosta, Hist. Mor. 2, c. Garcia, Origcn de los Indios, lib. Torquemada Monar. 2, kc, Boturini Benaduci Idea de una Hist, de la Amer. Septentr. § xvii. 127. ncans: HISTORY OF AMERICA, 315 without presuming to decide. Satisfied with offer* book ing conjectures, I pretend not to establbh any sy. stem. When an investigation is, from its nature. v—^ o intricate and obscure, that it is impossible to ar < rive at conclusions which are certain, there may be some merit in pointing out such as are probable. The condition and character of the American CondiUon nations, at the time when they became known to J! cter ^ the Europeans, deserve more attentive cotisideration t,»« Amis thaathe inquiry concerning their original. The latter is merely an object of curiosity; the former is one of the most important as well as instructive researches which can occupy the philosopher or his- torian. In order to complete the history of the human mind, and attain to a perfect knowledge of its nature and operations, we must contemplate man in all those various situations wherein he has been placed. We must follow him in his progress through the different stages of society, as he gra- dually advances from the infant state of civil life towards its maturity and decline. We must ob- serve, at each period, how the faculties of his un- derstanding unfold; we must attend to the efforts of his active powers, watch the various movements of desire and affection, as they rise in his breast, and mark whither they tend, and with what ardour they are exerted. The philosophers and historians of ancient Greece and Rome, our guides in this as well as every other disquisition, had only a li- mited view of this subject, as they had hardly any opportunity of surveying man in his rudest and ' M^oires sur la Louisiane^ par Dumont^ toxn. 1 19. 322 mSTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK most early state. In all those regions of the earth. with which they were well acquainted, civil society. jjmi made considerable advances, and nations had finished a good part of their career before they be- gan to observe them. The Scythians and Germans, the rudest people of whom any ancient author has transmitted to us an authentic account, possessed flocks and herds, had acquired property of various kinds, and, when compared with mankind in thdr primitive state, may be reckoned to have attained to a great degree of civilization, less im- But the discovery of the New World enlarged proved ^jjg sphere of contemplation, and presented nations any part to our view, in stages of their progress, mu<^ h^ less advanced than those wherein they have been observed in our continent. In America, man ap« pears under the rudest form in which we can con- ceive him to subsist. We behold communities just beginning to unite, and may examine the sen- timents and actions of human beings in the in- fancy of social life, while they feel but imperfectly the force of its ties, and have scarcely relinquished their native liberty. That state of primseval simpli<> city, which was known in our continent only by the fanciful description of poets, really existed in the other. The greater part of its inhabitants were strangers to industry and labour, ignorant of arts, imperfectly acquainted with the nature of property, and enjoying almost without restriction or control the blessings which flowed spontaneously from the 4)ounty of nature. There were only two nations in this vast continent which had emerged from this rude state, and had made any Considerable progress HlSrORT OF AMBRIGA^ 317 in a<^quiring the ideas, and adopting the institu* book tions, which belong to polished societies. Their. government and manners will fall naturally under. our reriew in relating the discovery and conquest of the Mexican and Peruvian empires; and we shall have there an opportunity of contemplating. the Americans in the state of highest improvement to which they ever attained. At present, our attention and researches shall be This in- turned to the small independent tribes which occu- 2^ pied every other part of America. Among these, the mdcst though with some diversity in their character, their manners, and institutions, the state of society was nearly similar, aiid so extremely rude, that the de- nomination of savage may be applied to them all. In a general history of America, it would be highly improper to describe the condition of each petty community, or to investigate every minute circum- stance which contributes to form the character of hs members. Such an inquiry would lead to de- tails of immeasurable and tiresome extent. The qualities belonging to the people of all the different tribes have such a near resemblance, that they may be painted with the same features. Where any circumstances seem to constitutem diversity in their character and manners worthy of attention, ft will be sufficient to point these out as they occur, and to inquire into the cause of such peculiarities. It is extremely difficult to procure satisfying and DifficuHjr authentic. information concerning nations while SiJ^in. they remain uncivilized. To discover their true^<>»*«^ character under this rude form, and to select the features by which they are distinguished, requires 3 1 8 HISTORY Of AMEMCA« B o K an observer possessed of no less impartiality than J^ diseernment. For, in every stage of society, the faculties, the sentiments, and desires of mm are sa accommodated to their own state, thaC they beoome 8tandar(k of excellence to themselves, they affix the idea of perfection and happiness to those attain- ments which resemble their own, and, wherever the objects and enjoyments to which they have been accustomed are wanting, confidently pronounce a people to be barbarous and miserable. Hence the mutual contempt with which the members of com- munities, unequal in their degrees of improvement, regard each other. Polished nations, conscious of the advantages which they derive from their know- ledge and arts, are apt to view rude nations with peculiar sconi, and, in the pride of superiority, will hardly allow either their occupations, their feelings, or their pleasures, to be worthy of men. It has seldom been the lot of communities, in their eaily and unpolished state, to fall under the observation of persons endowed with force of mind superior to vulgar prejudices, and capable of contemplating man^ under whatever aspect he appears, with a can* did and discerning eye. from tbe Tlie Spaniards, who first visited America, and orthcfirat. opportunity of beholding its various tribes obseners, while entire and unsubdued, and before any change had been made in their ideas or manners by inter<- course with a race of men much advanced beyond them in improvement, were far from possesMng the qualities requisite for observing the striking spec- tacle presented to their view. Neither the age in which they lived, nor the mjitipn to which they be- HISTORY OF AMERICA. 3 1 9 longed, bad made such progress in true science, as b o o K inspires enlarged and liberal sentiments. Tbe con- y^ j qnerors of tbe New World were mostly illiterate. adventurers, destitute of all the ideas which should have directed them in contemplating objects so ex- tremely different from those with which they were acquainted. Surrounded continually with danger or struggling with hardships, they had little lei- sure, and less capacity, for any speculative inquiry. Eager to take possession of a country of such ex- tent and opulence, and happy in finding it occupied by inhabitants so incapable to defend it, they hastily pronounced them to be a wretched order of men, formed merely for servitude; and were more em- ployed in computing the profits of their labour, than in inquiring into the operations of their minds, or the reasons of their customs and institutions. The persons who penetrated atsubsequent periods into the interior provinces; to which the knowledge and devastations of the first conquerors did hot reach, were generally of a similar character; brave and enterprising in an high degree, but so uninformed as to be little qualified either for observing or de- scribing what they beheld. Not only the incapacity but the prejudices of and t>»eir thit Spaniards render their accounts of the peopk. of America extiemely defective. Soon after they planted colonies in their new conquests, a difference in opinion arose with respect to the treatment of the natives. One party, solicitous to render their servitude perpetual, represented them as a brutish, obstinate race, incapable either of acquiring reli- gious knowledge, or of being trained to the func- SSO HISTORY OP AMERICA. BOOK. social life. The other, full of pious i^ cern for their converaion, contended that, tbou. rude and ignorant, they were gentle^ affectionate, docile, and by proper instructions and r^ ulatioiis might be foroied gradually into good Christiaiis and useful citizens. This controversy, as I hsfe already related, was carried on with all the warmth which is natural, when attention to interest on the one hand, and religious zeal on the other, lyoiinate the disputants. Most of the laity espoused the for- mer opinion; all the ecclesiastics were advocates for the latter; and we shall uniformly find tiiat, ac- cordingly as an author belonged to either of these parties, he is apt to magnify the virtues or aggravate the defects of the Americans far beyond trudi* Those repugnant accounts increase the difficulty of attaining a perfect knowledge of their character^ and render it necessary to peruse all the descriptioas of them by Spanish writers i^th distrust. and to receive their information with some grains of al- lowance, and from Almost two ccuturies elapsed after the discovery Itrmrof ^f America, before the manners of its inhabitaBts phiioso- attracted, in any considerable degree, the attentiiML of philosophers. At length they discovered that the contemplation of the condition and character of the Americans, in tbeir original state, tended to complete our knowledge of the human species; nfiight enable us to fill up a considerable chasai in the history of its progress; and lead to speculations no less curious than important Tliey entered npoa this new field of study with great ardour; but, in- stead of throwing light upon the subject, th^ have HISTORY OF AMERICA. 321 contributed in some degree to involve it in addi^ book tional obscurity^ Too impatient to inquire, they k^ j hastened to decide; and began to erect systems, when they should have been searching for facts on which to establish their foundations. Struck with the appearance of degeneracy in the human species throughout the New World, and astonished at be- holding a vast continent occupied by a naked, feeble, and ignorant race of men, some authors, of great name, have maintained that this part of the globe had but lately emerged from the sea, and become lit for the residence of man; that every thing in it bore marks of a recent original; and that its inha- bitants, lately called into existence, and still at the beginning of their career, were unworthy to be com- pared with the people of a more ancient and im- proved continent^ Others have imagined, that, under the influence of an unkindly climate, which checks and enervates the principle of life, man never attained in America the perfection which belongs to his nature, but remained an animal of an inferior •order, defective in the vigour of his bodily frame, and destitute of sensibility, as well as of force, in the operations of his mind. In opposition to both these, other philosophers have supposed that man arrives at his highest dignity and excellence long before he reaches a state of refinement; and, in the rude simplicity of ravage life, displays an ele- vation of sentiment, an independence of mind, and a warmth of attachment, for which it is vain to » M. dc Buffon Hist. 484, c. 1 14. « M. de P. Rechcrches Philos. sur les Americ. passim. VOL. Y 322 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK search among the members of polished societies. ' • They seem to consider that as the most perfect state. of man which is the least civilized. They describe the manners of the rude Americans with such rap- ture, as if they proposed them for models to the rest of the species. These contradictory theories have been proposed with equal confidence, and uncom- mon powers of genius and eloquence have been ex- erted, in order to clothe them with an appearance of truth. As all those circumstances concur in rendering an inquiry into the state of the rude nations in America intricate and obscure, it is necessary to carry it on with caution. When guided in our re- searches by the intelligent observations of the few philosophers who have visited this part of the globe, we may venture to decide. When obliged to have recourse to the superficial remarks of vulgar travel- lers, of sailors, traders, buccaneers, and missiona- ries, we must often pause, and, comparing detached facts, endeavour to discover what they wanted sa- gacity to observe. Without indulging conjecture, or betraying a propensity to either system, we must study with equal care to avoid the extremes of ex- travagant admiration, or of supercilious contempt for those manners which we describe. Method In order to conduct this inquiry with greater ODserveii in the in- accuracy, it should be rendered as simple as possi. ble. Man existed as an individual before he be- came the member of a community; and the qua- lities which belong to him under his former capacity * M. Rousseau. HISTORY OF AMElUCiU 3*23 should be known» before we proceed to examine bo o k those which arise from the latter relation. This is. peculiarly necessary in investigating the manners. of rude nations. Their political union is so incom* plete, their civil institutions and regulations so few, 80 simple, and of such slender authority, that men in this state ought to be viewed rather as independ- ent agents, than as members of a regular society. The character of a savage results almost entirely from his sentiments or feelings as an individual, and is but little influenced by his imperfect subjec- tion to government and order. I shall conduct my researches concerning the manners of the Ameri- cans in this natural order, proceeding gradually from what is simple to what is more complicated. I shall consider, I. The bodily constitution of the Americans in those regions now under review. II. The qualities of their minds. III. Their do- mestic state. IV. Their political state and insti- tutions. Their system of war, and public secu* rity. VI. Tlie arts with which they were acquaint- ed. VII. Their religious ideas and institutions. VIII. Such singular detached customs as are not reducible to any of the former heads. IX. I shall conclude with a general review and estimate of their virtues and defects. I. The bodily constitution of the Americans. — T,»« con- The htiman body is less affected by climate than f their that of any other animal. Some animals are con- i>o^ »5 fined to a particular region of the globe, and can- not exist beyond it; others, though they may be brought to bear the injuries of a climate foreign to them, cease to multiply when carried out of that y2 324 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK district which nature destined to be their mansion. y. J Even such as seem capable of being naturalized in. various climates, fed the eflFect of every remove from their proper station, and gradually dwindle and de- generate from the vigour and perfection peculiar to their species. Man is the only living creature whose frame is at once so hardy and so flexible, that he can spread over the whole earth, become the inhabitant of every region, and thrive and mulr tiply under every climate. Subject, however, to the general law of Nature, the human body is not entirely exempt from the operation of climate; and when exposed to the extremes either of heat or cold, its size or vigour diminishes. com- The first appearance of the inhabitants of the p exion. World filled the discoverers with such asto- nishment, that they were apt to imagine them a race of men diflferent from those of the other hemi- sphere. Their complexion is of a reddish brown, nearly resembling ^the colour of copper y. The hair of their heads is always black, long, coarse, and uncurled. They have no beard, and every part of their body is perfectly smooth. Their persons are of a full size, extremely straight, and well propor- tioned. Their features are regular, though often distorted by absurd endeavours to improve the beauty of thdr natural form, or to render their aspect more " uL dreadful to their enemies. In the islands, where four-footed animals were both few and small, and the earth yielded her productions almost sponta- y Ovicdo Somario, p. 46, D. Life of ColumbuR, c. 24. * Sec NOTE XLIV. feeble; HISTORY OF AMERICA. 325 neously, the constitution of the natives, neither book braced by the active exercises of the chase, nor in. vigorated by the labour of cultivation, was extremely. feeble and languid. On the continent, where the forests abound with game of various kinds, and the chief occupation of many tribes was to pursue it, the human frame acquired greater" firmness. Still, however, the Americans were more remarkable for agility than strength. They resembled beasts of prey, rather than animals formed for labour. Tliey were not only averse to toil, but incapable of it; and when roused by force from their native indo- lence, and compelled to work, they sunk under tasks which the people of the other continent would have performed with ease. This feebleness of constitution was universal among the inhabitants of those regions in America which we are survey- ing, and may be considered as characteristic of the «pecies there. The beardless countenance and smooth skin of the American seems to indicate a defect of vigour, occasioned by some vice in his frame. He is de- stitute of one sign of manhood and of strength. This peculiarity, by which the inhabitants of the New World are distinguished from the people of all other nations, cannot be attributed, as some travellers have supposed, to their mode of sub- • See NOTE XLV. «» Oviedo Som. Voy, de Conreal, ii. 138. Wafer's Description, p. 131. ^ B. Las Casas Brev. Belac. Torquem. Monar. 580. Oviedo Somario, p. 41. Vb* iU. Henera, dec. 1. lib. Simon, p. 41. Goagle 326 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK sistcnce. For though the food of many Ameri- yj^ j cans be extremely insipid, as they are altogether unacquainted with the use of salt, rude tribes in other parts of the earth have subsisted on aliments equally simple, without this mark of degradation, or any apparent symptom of a diminution in thdr vigour, less ap. ^5 ^j^g external form of the Americans leads us petite I to suspect that there is some natural debility in their frame, the smallness of their appetite for food has been mentioned by many authors as a conhrmation of this suspicion. The quantity of food which men consume varies according to the temperature of the climate in which they live, the degree of ac- tivity which they exert, and the natural vigour of their constitutions. Under the enervating heat of the torrid zone, and when men pass their days in indolence and ease, they require less nourishment than the active inhabitants of temperate or cold countries. But neither the warmth of their cli- mate, nor their extreme laziness, will account for the uncommon defect of appetite among the Ame- ricans. The Spaniards w^ re astonished with ob- serving this, not only in the islands, but in several parts of the continent. The constitutional tem- perance of the natives far exceeded, in their opi- nion, the abstinence of the most mortified hermits* while, on the other hand, the appetite of the Spa- niards appeared to the Americans insatiably vora- cious; and they affirmed, that one Spaniard de- Charley. de. Nouv. 310. • Ramusio, iii. 304. 306. Simon Conquista^ c. 39. Hakluyt, iii. 468. 508. HISTORY OP AMERICA* 397 voured inore food in a day than was sufficient for b o o K ten Americans. A proof of some feebleness in their frame, still leiiTvehc- more striking, is the insensibility of the Americans mence of to the charms of beauty, and the power of love. That passion which was destined to perpetuate life* to be the bond of social union, and the source of tenderness and joy, is the most ardent in the human breast. Though the perils and hardships of the savage state, though excessive fatigue on some occasions, arid the difficidty at all times of pro- curing subsistence, may seem to be adverse to this passion, and to have a tendency to abate its vigour, yet the rudest nations in every other part of the globe seem to feel its influence more powerfully than the inhabitants of the New World. The negro glows with all the warmth of desire natural to his climate; and the most uncultivated Asiatics discover that sensibility, which, from their situation on the globe, we should expect them to have felt. But the Americans are, in an amazing degree, strangers to the force of this first instinct of nature. In every part of the New World the natives treat their women with coldness and indifference. They are neither the objects of that tender attachment which takes place in civilized society, nor of that ardent desire conspicuous among rude nations. Even in climates where this passion usually ac- quires its greatest vigour, the savage of America views his female with disdain, as an animal of a less noble species. He is at no pains to win her 'Herrcra, dec. IG. 328 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOO K favour by the assiduity of courtship, and still less. M solicitous to preserve it by indulgence and gentle- ness. Missionaries themselves, notwithstanding the austerity of monastic ideas, canhot refrain from expressing their astonishment at the dispas- sionate coldness of the American young men in their intercourse with the other sex. Nor is this reserve to be ascribed to any opinion which they entertain with respect to the merit of female chas- tity. That is an idea too refined for a savage, and suggested by a delicacy of sentiment and affection to which he is a stranger. Reflections g^t in inquiries concerning either the bodily or with re-». • speot to mental qualities of particular races of men, there is. not a more common or more seducing error, than that of ascribing to a single cause, those character- istic peculiarities which are the effect of the com- bined operation of many causes. The climate and soil of America difier in so many respects from those of the other hemisphere, and this difference is so obvious and striking, that philosophers of great eminence have laid hold on this as sufficient to account for what is peculiar in the constitution of its inhabitants. They rest on physical causes alone, and consider the feeble frame and languid desire of the Americans, as consequences of the § Hennepin Moeurs des Sauvagcs, 32, c. Rochefort Hist, dcs Isles Antilles, p. 461. Voyage dc Cerreal, ii. 141. Ra^ piusio, iii. 309. Lozuno Descr. del Gran Chaco, 71. Falk- ner's Descr. of Patagon, p. 125. Lettere di P. Cataneo ap. Muratori 11 Christian. Felice, i. 305. ■» Chanvalon, p. 5 1. Lettr. Edif. 318. Tertre, ii. 3? 7. Yenegas, i. 8 1. Ribas Hist, dc los Triumf. 1 1. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 329 temperament of that portion of the globe which book they occupy. But the influences of political and t. moral causes ought not to have been overlooked. These operate with no less effect than that on which many philosophers rest as a full explanation pf the singular appearances which have been men- tioned. Wherever the state of society is such as to create many wants and desires, which cannot be satisfied without regular exertions of industry, the body accustomed to labour becomes robust and patient of fatigue. In a more simple state, where the demands of men are so few, and so moderate, that they may be gratified, almost without any ef- fort, by the spontaneous productions of nature, the powers of the body are not called forth, nor can they attain their proper strength. The natives of Chili and of North America, the two temperate regions in the New World, who live by hunting, may be deemed an active and vigorous race, when compared with the inhabitants of the isles, or of those parts of the continent where hardly any labour, 18 requisite to procure subsistence. The exertions of a hunter are not, however, so regular, or so continued, as those of persons employed in the culture of the earth, or in the various arts of ci- vilized life, and though his agility may be greater than theirs, his strength is on the whole inferior. I^f another direction were given to the active powers of man in the New World, and his force augmented by exiercise, he might acquire a degree of vigour which he does not in his present st^te possess. The truth of this is confirmed by experience. Wberiever the Americans have been gradually ac- 330 UISTORY OF AMEKICA* BOOK customed to hard labour, their constitutions become y. robust, and they have been found capable of per- forming such tasks, as seenoed not only to exceed the powers of such a feeble frame as has been deemed peculiar to their country, but to equal any effort of the natives, either of Africa, or of Eu- rope. The same reasoning will apply to what has been observed concerning tlieir slender demand for food. As a proof that this should be ascribed as mudi to their extreme indolence, and often total want of occupation, as to any thing peculiar in the physical structure of their bodies, it has been observed, that in those districts where the people of America are obliged to exert any unusual effort of activity, in order to procure subsistence, or wherever they are employed in severe labour, their appetite is not in- ferior to that of other men, and in some places, it has struck observers as remarkably voracious. Tlie operation of political and moral causes is still more conspicuous in modifying the degree of attachment between the sexes. In a state of high civilization, thi^ passion, inflamed by restraint, re- filled by delicacy, and cherished by fashion, occki- pies and engrosses the heart. It is no longer a simple instinct of nature; sentiment heightens tbe ardour of desir^ and the most tender emotions W which our frame is susceptible soothe and agitate the soul. This description, however, applies only to those, who, by their situation, are exempteid « See NOTE XLVI. »'GumUla, fitau^i. 515. OvaUe Church. Muratori^ i. 295. HISTORY OF AMERICA, 8S I from the cares and labours of life. Among persons book of inferior order, who are doomed by their con. dition to incessant toil, the dominion of this pasi. V" sion is less violent; their solicitude to procure subf fiistence, and to provide for the first demand of mar ture, leaves little leisure for attending to its second calL But if the nature of the intercourse between the sexes varies so much in persons of different rank in polished societies, the condition of man while he remains uncivilized must occasion a vari- ation still mdre apparent. We may well suppose^ that amidst the hardships, the dangers, aqd the iiimplicity of savage life, where subsistence is always precarious and often scanty, where men are almost continually engaged in the pursuit of their enemies^ or in guarding against their attacks, and wher^ neither dress nor reserve are employed as arts of female allurement, tiiat the attention of the Amerir cans to their women would be extremely feeble; without imputing this solely to any physical defect Condam. G7, Stadius op. de Biy, ix. 128. Lery^ ibid. 251. Biet. 3C2. 314. ^ Dumont Louis, i. 187. 3. Biet. 396. Borde, 6. * This is the case with the Greenlanders, Crantz^ i. 225. and with Kamchatkadales^ M. TAbb^ Chapp^ iii. 17. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 34y ber. The Cherokee, a less considerable nation on b O o K the same Continent, can reckon only as far as a hun. dred, and to that extent have names for the several. — " numbers; the smaller tribes in their neighbourhood can rise no higher than ten. In other respects, the exercise of the understand- No abs- ing among rude nations is still more limited. The Jj* first ideas of every human being nmst be such as he receives by the senses. But in the mind of man, while in the savage state, there seem to be hardly any ideas but what enter by this avenue. The objects around him are presented to his eye. Such as may be subservient to his use, or can gra- tify any of his appetites, attract his notice; he views the rest without curiosity or attention. Satisfied with considering them under that simple mode in which they appear to him, as separate and detached, he neither combines them so as to form general classes, nor contemplates their qualities apart from the subject in which they inhere, nor bestows a thought upon the operations of his own mind con- cerning them. Thus he is unacquainted with all the ideas which have been denominated umversali or abstract^ or of reflection. The range of his un- derstanding must, of course, be very confined, and his reasoning powers be employed merely on what is sensible. This is so remarkably the case with the ruder nations of America, that their languages (as we shall afterwards find) have not a word to ex- press any thing but what is material or corporeal. TknCy spacey substance^ and a thousand other " Charlev. Franc, iii. 402. * Adair s Hist, of Amer. Indians, 77. See NOTE LI. 350 HT8TOBY OF AMERICA. BOOK tertMf which repreaent abstract and universal ideas. ore altogether unknown to th^n. A ni^ed sa. ysge^ cowering oyer the fire in hia miserable cainn, or stretched under a few branches which afford him a temporary shelter, has as little inclination as ca- pacity for useless speculation. His thoughts ex- tend not beyond what relates to animal life; and when they are not directed towards some of its con- cernsy his mind is totally inactive. In situations where no extraordinary effort either of ingenuity or labour is requisite, in order to satbfy the simple demands of nature, the powers of the mind are so seldom roused to any exertion, that the rational fa- culties continue almost dormant and unexerdsed. The numerous tribes scattered over the rich plidns of South America, the inhabitants of some of the islands, and of several fertile r^ons on the con- tinent, conoe under this description. Their vacant countenance, their staring unexpressive eye, thdr listless inattention, and total ignorance of subjects which seemed to be the first which should occupy the thoughts of rational beings, made such impres* sion upon the Spaniards, when they first beheld those rude people, that they considered them as animals of an inferior order, and could not believe that they belonged to the human species p. It re- quired the authority of a papal ball to counteract this opinion, and to convince them that the Aine« ricans were capable of the functions and entitled to the privileges of humanity. Since that time, per- sons more enlightened and impartial than the dis- Condam. 54. » Herrenij dec. 15. 1 Torquem. Mon. 198. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 351 coveiws or conquerors erf America, have' had an b o o R opportunity of contemplating the most savage of. its inhabitants, and they have been astonished and. humbled with observing how nearly man in this condition approaches to the brute creation/ But in severer climates, where subsistence cannot be pro* cured with the same ease, where men must unite more closely, and act with greater concert, neces- sity calls forth their talents and sharpens their invention, so that the intellectual powers are more exercised and improved. The Nortli Ame- rican tribes and the natives of Chili, who in- habit the temperate regions in the two great districts of America, are people of cultivated and ^ enlarged undei'standings, when viewed in compa- rison with some of those seated in the islands, or on the banks of the Maragnon and Orinoco. Their occupations are more various, their system of po- licy, as well as of war, more complex, their arts more numerous. But even among them, the in- tellectual powers are extremely limited in their ope- rations^ and, unless when turned directly to those objects which interest a savage, ar^ held in no esti- mation. Both the North Americans and Chilese, when not engaged in some of the functions belong- ing to a warrior or hunterj loiter away their time in thoughtless indolence, unacquainted with any other subject worthy of their attention, or capable of occupying their minds ^ If even among them reason is so much circumscribed in its exertions, and never arrives, in its highest attainments^ at the ^ Lafitau^ ii. 2. 35 2 HISTORY OF AM ERICA. BOOK knowledge of those general principles and masdms. which serve as the foundation of science, we may. conclude that the intellectual powers of man in the savage state are destitute of their proper object, and cannot acquire any considerable degree of vi- gour and enlargement. Active ef- From the same causes, the active efforts of the forts of the • t r i • t • t -r^ mind few Himd are few, and on most occasions languid. If and lan^ we examine into the motives which rouse men to guid. activity in civilized life, and prompt them to perse- vere in fatiguing exertions of their ingenuity or strength, we shall find that they arise chiefly from acquired wants and appetites. These are numerous and importunate; they keep the mind in perpetual agitation, and, in order to gratify them, invention must be always on the stretch, and industry must be incessantly employed. But the desires of simj^e nature are few, and where a favourable climate yields almost spontaneously what suffices to gratify them, they scarcely stir the soul, or excite any vio- lent emotion. Hence the people of several tribes in America waste their life in a listless indolence. To be free from occupation, seems to be all the enjoy- ment towards which they aspire. They will con- tinue whole days stretched out in their hammocks, or seated on the earth in perfect idleness, without changing their posture, or raising their eyes from the ground, or uttering a single word. iroprovi. Sq^j jg. y aversion to labour, that neither the dent* hope of future good, nor the apprehension of fu- ture eviJ, can surmount it. They appear equally ' Bougucr Voy. au Peiou, 102. Borde, 15, HISTORY OF AMEUICA. 353 iaiUfferent to both, discoverihg little solicitude, and book taking no precautions to avoid the one, or to secure. the other. The cravings gf hunger may rouse. v* them; but as they devour, with little distinction, whatever will appease its instinctive demands, the exertions which these occasion are of short dura- tion. Destitute of ardour, as well as variety of desire, they feel not the force of those powerful springs which give vigour to the movements of the mind, and urge the patient hand of industry to per* severe in its efforts. Man, in some parts of Ame* rica, appears in a form so rude, that we can disco- ver no effects of his activity, and the principle of understanding, which should direct it, seems hardly to be unfolded. Like the other animals, he has no fixed residence; he has erected no habitation to shelter him from the inclemency of the weather; he has taken no measures for securing certain sub* sistence; he neither sows nor reaps; but roams about as led in search of the plants and fruits which the earth brings forth in succession; and in quest of the game which he kills in the forests, or of the fish which he catches in 4;he rivers. This description, however, applies only to some Someva* tribes. Man cannot continue long in this state of. g. feeble and uninformed infancy. He was made for ^ t*»ese. industry and action, and the powers of his nature, as well as the necessity of his condition, urge him to fulfil his destiny. Accordingly, among most of the American nations, especially those seated in rigorous climates, some efforts are employed, and some previous precautions are taken, for securing subsistence. The career of regular industry is b^ vot. u 2 A 354. HISTORY fiRlCA. BOOK gun, and the laborious arm has made the first essa}3. of its power. Still however the improvident and. slothful genius of the savage state predominates. Even among those more improved tribes, labour is deemed ignominious and degrading. It is only to work of a certain kind that a man will deign to put his hand. The greater part is devolved entirely upon the women. One half of the community re- mains inactive, while the other is oppressed with the multitude and variety of its occupations. Thus their industry is partial, and the foresight which regulates it is no less limited. A remarkable in- stance of this occurs in the chief arrangement vnh respect to their manner of living. They depend for their subsistence, during one part of the year, on fishing; during another, on hunting; during a third, on the produce of their agriculture. Though experience has taught them to foresee the return of those various seasons, and to make some provision for the respective exigencies of each, they either want sagacity to proportion this provision to their consumption, or are so incapable of any command over their appetites, that, from their inconsiderate waste, they often feel the calamities of famine as severely as the rudest of the savage tribes. Vhat they suffer one year does not augment their indus- try, or render them more provident to prevent si- milar distresses ^ This inconsiderate thoughtless- ness about futurity, the effect of ignorance and the cause of sloth, accompanies and characterizes man * Charley. 338. Lcttr. 298. Descript. of N. France, Qsborns CoDect. 880. De la Potherie, ii. 63. HISTORY OF AMERICA; 355 V in every stage of savage life" and, by a capricious book singularity in his operations, he is then least soli- l^ citous about supplying his wants, when the means. of satisfying them are most precarious, and pro- cured with the greatest difficulty^ III. After viewing the bodily constitution of the Their so. Americans, and contemplating the powers of their. minds, we are led, in the natural order of inquiry, to consider them as united together in society. Hitherto our researches have been confined to the operations of understanding respecting themselves as individuals; now they will extend to the degree of their sensibility and affection towards their species. The domestic state is the first sUid most simple Domestic form of human association. The union of the sexes. among different animals is of longer or shorter du- ration in proportion to the ease or difficulty of rear- ing their offspring. Among those tribes where the season of infancy is short, and the young soon ac- quire vigour or agility, no permanent union is form- ed. Nature commits the care of training up the offspring to the mother alone, and her tenderness^ without any other assistance, is equal to the task. But where the state of infancy b long and helpless, and the joint assiduity of both parents is requisite in tending their feeble progeny, there a more inti- mate connexion takes place, and continues until the purpose of nature be accomplished, and the new race grow up to full maturity. As the infancy of man is more feeble and helpless than that of any « Bancroft's Nat. Hist, of Guiana, 326. 333. ^ See NOTE LII. 2a2 SS6 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK Other animal, and he is dependent during a much K. longer period on the care and foresight of his pa- rents, the union between husband and wife came early to be considered not only as a solemn but as a permanent contract. A general state of promiscuous intercourse between the sexes never existed but in the imagination of poets. In the infancy of 90« ciety, when men^ destitute of arts and industry, lead a hard precarious life, the rearing of their pro-» geny demands the attention and eflbrts of both pa- rents; and if their union had not been formed and continued with this view, the race could not have been preserved. Accordingly in America, even among the rudest tribes, a regular union between husband and wife was universal, and the rights of marriage were understood and recognised. In those districts where subsistence was scanty, and the dif- ficulty of maintaining a family was great, the man confined himself to one wife. In warmer and more fertile provinces, the facility of procuring food con- curred with the influence of climate in inducing the inhabitants to increase the number of thdr wives. In some countries the marriage-union sub- sisted during life; in others, the impatience of the Americans under restraint of any species, together with their natural levity and caprice, prompted them to dissolve it on very slight pretexts, and often with- out assigning any caused. Conditioii But in whatever light the Americans considered ol women. «Lettr. Lafitau Moe^ure, i. 554. Bry, iii. Journal de Grillet et Bechamel, p. 88. f Lafitau, i. 580. Joutel Journ. 345. Losano Desc. del GranChaco, 70* Henntpin Mceurs des SMtvages^ p. 30. 33. HISTORY OP AMERICA. 357 the obligation of this contract, either as perpetual, book or only as temporary, the condition of women was. equally humiliating and miserable. Whether man. ^ has been improved by the progress of arts and ci- vilization in society, is a question which, in the wantonness of disputation, has been agitated among philosophers. That women are indebted to the refinements of polished manners for a happy change in their state, is a point which can admit of no doubf. To despise and to degrade the female sex is the characteristic of the savage state in every part of the globe. Man, proud of excelling in strength and in courage, the chief marks of pre-eminence among rude people, treats woman, as an inferior, with disdain. The Americans, perhaps from that coldness and insensibility which has been considered as peculiar to their constitution, add neglect and harshness to contempt. The most intelligent tra- vellers have been struck with this inattention of the Americans to their women. It is not, as I have already observed, by a studied display of tenderness and attachment, that the American endeavours to gain the heart of the woman whom he wishes to marry. Marriage itself, instead of being an union of aflfection and interests between equals, becomes among them the unnatural conjui^ction of a master with his slave. It is the observation of an author whose opinions are deserv^y of great weight, that wherever wives are purchased their condition is ex- tremely depressed. They become the property and the slaves of those who buy them. In what- » Sketches of Hist, of Man, i, 184. 358 HISTORY OF AMERICA. BOOK ever part of the globe this custom prevails, the oIk. j servation holds. In countries where refinement has. made some progress, women when purchased are excluded from society, shut up in sequestered apart- ments^ and kept under the vigilant guard of thdr masters. In ruder nations they are degraded to the meanest functions. Among many people of Ame- rica the marriage-contract is properly a purchase. The man buys his wife of her parents. Though unacquainted with the use of money, or with such commercial transactions as take place in more im- proved society, he knows how to give an equivalent * for any object which he desires to possess. In some places, the suitor devotes his service for a certain time to the parents of the maid whom he courts; in others he hunts for them occasionally, or assists in cultivating their fields and forming their canoes; in others he offers presents of such things as are deemed most valuable on account of their usefiil- ness or rarity. In return for these he receives his wife; and this circumstance, added to the low esU« mation of women among savages, leads him to consider her as a female servant whom he has pur- chased, and whom he has a title to treat as an in- ferior. In all unpolished nations, it is true, the functions in domestic economy which fall naturally to the share of women are so many, that they are subjected to hard labour, and must bear more than their full portion of the common burden. But in America their condition is so peculiarly grievous, and their depression so complete, that servitude is » Lafitau Moeurs, c. 560, c. 286, c. Her. rera, dec. Dumont, ii. 156, HISTORY OP AMERICA. 3S9 a name too mild to describe their wretched state. BOOK A wife among most tribes is no better than a beast ^ J _ of burden, destined to every office of labour and atigue. While the men loiter out the day in sloth, or spend it in amusement, the women are con- demned to incessant toil. Tasks are imposed upon them without pity, and services are received with- out complacence or gratitude. Every circumstance reminds women of this mortifying inferiority. They must approach their lords with reverence; they must regard them as more exalted beings, and are not per- mitted to eat in their presence. There are districts in America where this dominion is so grievous, and so sensibly felt, that some women, in a wild emo- tion of maternal tenderness, have destroyed their female children in their infancy, in order to deliver them from that intolerable bondage to which they knew they were doomed. Thus the first institu- tion of social life is perverted. That state of do- towards which nature leads the human species, in order to soften the heart to gentleness and humanity^ is rendered so unequal as to establish a cruel distinction between the sexes, which forms the one to be harsh and unfeeling, and humbles the other to servility and subjection. It is owing perhaps, in some measure, to this Their wo- state of depression, that women in rude nations are, oUfi& Tertre, ii. 382. Borde Relat. des Moeurs des Caraibes, p. 21. Biet, 357. Condamine, p. 1 10. Fermin, i. 79. « Gumilla, i. 153. Barrerc, 164. Labat, Voy. Chan- valon, 5 1. 300. ^ Gumilla, ii. 233. 238. Herreni/dec. iv. 360 HISTORY OF AMERICA. B o K far from being prolific. The vigour of their con- stitution is exhausted by excessive fatigue, and the. wants and distresses of savage life are so numerous, as to force them to take various precautions in order to prevent too rapid an increase of their progeny. Among wandering tribes, or such as depend diiefly upon hunting for subsistence, the mother cannot attempt to rear a second child until the fir^t has at- tained such a degree of vigoiu* as to be in some measure independent of her care. From this mo- tive, it is the universal practice of the American wo- men to suckle their children during several years' and as they seldom marry early, the period of their fertility b over before they can finish the long but necessary attendance upon two or three children. Among some of the least polished tribes, whose industry and foresight do not extend so far as to make any regular provision for their own subsist- ence, it is a maxim not to burden themselves with rearing more than two children^ and no such nu- merous families as are frequent in civilized socie- ties are to be found among men in the savage state. When twins are bom, one of them com- monly is abandoned, because the mother is not « Lafitau, i. 690. Charlevoix, iii. 304. ' Hcrrera, dec. 4. 8 Charlcv. 303. Dumont, Mem. tur Louisiane, ii. 270. Deny'8 Hist. de VAmerique, c. 365. Hist, de Parag. 422. ^ Techo's Account of Paragua^ Sec, Church. Collect, vi. 1 08. Lett. 24. 200. Lozano Descr. 92. i Macdeur's Jourhal^ 63. UISTO&Y Of AMERICA* 36 1 equal to thie task of re&ring both. Whenamothem o o R dies while she is nursing a child, all hope of pre. serving its life fails, and it is buried together with. her in the same graved As the parents are he* quoidy exposed to want by their own improfident indolence, the difficulty of sustaining their children becomes so great, that it is not uncommon to aban« don or destroy them. Thus their experience of the difficulty of training up an infant to maturity, amidst the hardships of savage life, often stifles the voice of nature among the Americans, and sup- presses the strong emotions of parental tenderness. But though necessity compels the inhabitants of Parental America thus to set bounds to the increase of their andfiuS families, they are not deficient in affection and at. tachment to their ofispring. They feel the power of this instinct in its full force, and as long as their progeny continue feeble and helpless, no people ex« ceed them in tenderness and care. But in rude nations the dependence of children upon thdr pa«- rents is of shorter continuance than in polished so- cieties. When men must be trained to the various functions of civil life by previous discipline and education, when the knowledge of abstruse sciences must be taught, and dexterity in intricate arts must be acquired, before a young man is prepared to begin his career of action, the attentive feelings of a parent are not confined to the years of infancy, Lett. See NOTE LIII. ^ Charlev. ili. 368. Lett. Melch. Hemandex Memor. de Cheriqui. Colbert. Collect. Orig. Pap. i. ^ Venega'8 Hist, of Californ. 82, ■Gumilla. 211. Diet, 390. 36a HISTORY OF i^M&ICA4 BOOK but extend to what is more remote, the establish- j ment of his child in the world. Even then his so- licitude does not terminate. His protection may still be requisite, and his wisdom and experience still prove useful guides. Thus a permanent con- nexion is formed; parental tenderness is exercised, and filial respect returned, throughout the whole course of life. But in the simplicity of the savage stale the affection of parents, like the instinctive fondness of animals, cfeases almost entirdy as soon as their offspring attain maturity. Little instnie- tion fits them for that mode of life to which they are destined. The parents, as if their duty were accomplished, when they have conducted their chil- dren through the helpless years of infancy, leave them afterwards at entire liberty. Even in their tender age, they seldom advise or admonish, they never chide or chastise them. They suffer them to be absolute masters of their own actions. In an American hut, a father, a mother, and their poste* rity, live together like persons assembled by acci- dent, without seeming to feel the obligation of the duties mutually arising from this connexion p. As filial love is not cherished by the continuance of attention or good offices, the recollection of benefits received in early infancy is too fsdnt to excite it. Conscious of their own liberty, and impatient of restraint, the youth of America are accustomed to act as if they were totally independent. Their pa- <»Charlev. 272. Biet, 390. Gumilla, i. 212. Lafitau, i. 602. Creuxii Hist. Fernandez^ Rclac. Hist, de los Chequit. 33. P Charlev. 273. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 363 rents are not objects of greater regard than other book persons. They treat them always with neglect, and. j often with such harshness and Insolence, as to fill those who have been witnesses of their conduct with horror. Thus the ideas which seem to be natural to man in his savage state, as they result necessarily from his circumstances and condition in that period of his progress, affect the two capital relations in domestic life. They render the union, between husband and wife unequal. They shorten the duration and weaken the force of the connexion between parents and children. 1 GumiUa, i. 2 1 2. 376. Hist, de N. France, iii. Hist, de Parag. 115. Lozano Descript. del Gran Chacx) p. 68. 100, 101. Fernand. Relac. de los Chequit. 426. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. NOTES AtXD ILLUSTRATIONS. NOTE I. S. TYRE was situated at such a distance from the Ara- bian Gulf, or Red Sea, as made it impracticable to convey commodities from thence to that city by land* carriage. This induced the Phenidans to reader them- selves masters of BMnocrura or Rhinocolura, the nearest port in the Mediterranean to the Red Sea« They landed the cargoes which they purchased in Arabia, Ethiopia^ and Inma, at Elath, the safest harbour in Ams Red Sea towards the North. Thence they were carried by land to Rhinocolura, the distance not being very considerable; and, being re-shipped in that port, wete transported to Tyre, and distributed over the world. Strabon. Geogr. edit Casaub. 1128. Diodor. Bibliotb* Histor. edit. Wesselingii, lib. 70. NOTE II. 11. The Periplus Hannonis is the only authentic rnonu* ment of the Carthaginian sldll in naval affairs, and one of the most curious fragments transmitted to us by antiquity. The learned and industrious Mr. Dodwell, in a disserta* tion prefixed to the Periplus of Hanno, in the edition of the Minor Geographers published at Oxford, endeavours to prove that this is a spurious work, the composition of some Greek, who assumed Hanno's name. But M. de Montesquieu^ in bis TEsprit des Jioix, lib. xxi. c« 8. and 366 KOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. M. de Bougainville^ in a dissertation published torn. xsvi. of the M6moires de rAcademie des Inscriptions, 8cc. have established its authenticity by arguments which to me ap- pear unanswearable. Rarausio has accompanied his trans- lation of this curious voyage vnth a dissertation tending to illustrate it. Racolte de Viaggi, vol. 112. de Bougainville has, with great learning and ability, treated the same subject. It appears that Hanno, according to the mode of. ancient navigation, undertook this voyage in small vessels, so constructed that he could keep close in with the coast. He sailed from Gades to the island of Ceme in twelve days. This is probably what is knoini to the modems by the name of the Isle of Arguim. It be- came the chief station of the Carthaginians on that cdast; and M. de Bougainville contends, that the cisterns found tliere are monuments of the Carthaginian power and in- genuity. Proceeding froin Ceme, and still following the i^ inding of the coast, he arrived, in seventeen days, at a promontory, which he called The West Horn, probably Cape Palmas. From this he advanced to another pro- montory, which he named The South Horn, and which is manifestly Cape de Tres Puntas, about five degrees north of the line. All the circumstances contained in the short abstract of his journal, which is handed dovm to us, con- ceming tlie appearance and state of the countries on the coast of Africa, are confirmed and illustrated by a com- parison with the accounts of modern navigators. Even those circumstances which, from their seeming improba- bility, have been produced to invalidate the credibility of his relation, tend to confimi it. He observes, that in the country to the south of Cerne, a profound silence reigned through the day; but during the night innume- rable fires were kindled along the banks of the rivers, and the air resounded with the noise of pipes and drums, and cries of joy. The same thing, as Ramusio observes, still takes place. The excessive heat obliges the Negroes to take shelter in the woods, or in their houses, during the day. As soon aS the sun sets, they sally out, and by torch-light enjoy the pleasure of music and dancing, in Avhich they spend the night Ramus, i. 1 13. In an- other place, he mentions the sea as burning witli torrente of fire. What occurred to M. Adanson, on the same coast, may explain tlus. As soon. says he. as the NOTES AND ILLl/STRATIONS. 367 sun dipped beneath the horizon, and night overspread the eardi with darkness, the sea lent us its friendly hght. While the prow of our vessel ploughed the foaming surges, it seemed to set them all on fire. Thus we sailed in a lu* minous inclosure, which surrounded us like a large circle of rays, from whence darted in the wake of the ship a long stream of a hght. Voy. to Senegal, p. 176. This appear- ance of the sea observed by Hunter, has been mentioned as an argument against the authenticity of the Periplus. It is, however, a phenomenon very common in warm cli- mates. Captain Cook's Second Voyage, vol. The Periplus of Hanno has been translated, and every point with respect to it has been illustrated with much learning and ingenuity, in a work pubhshed by Don Pcdr. Ro- drig. Campomanes, intitled, Antiguedad maritima de Car- tago, con el Periplo de su General Hannon traducido ^ illustrado. 1756. 4to. NOTE III. 12/ Long after the navigation of the Phenicians and of Eu- doxus round Africa, Polybius, tlie most intelligent and best informed historian of antiquity, and particularly di- stinguished by his attention to geographical researches, affirms, that it was not known, in his time, whether Africa was a continued continent stretching to the south, or whe- ther it was encompassed by the sea. Polybii Hist. iii. Pliny the naturalist asserts, that there can be no com* muni cation between the southern and northern temperate zones. Plinii Hist. inusum Delph. ii. c. If they had given full credit to the accounts of those voyages, the former could not have entertained such a doubt, the latter could not have deUvered such an opi- nion. Stiabo mentions the voyage of Eudoxus, but treats it as a fabulous tale, lib. 155. and, according to his account of it, no other judgment can be formed with re- spect to it. Strabo seems not to have known any thing with certainty concerning the form and state of the south- ern parts of Africa. 1180. Ptole- my, the most inquisitive and learned of all the ancient geographers, was equally unacquainted with any parts of Africa situated a few degrees beyond the equinoctial line; for he supposes that this great continent was not sur- 969 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. rounded by the sea, but that it stretched, without iuter- ruption, towards the south pole; and he so far mistakes its true figure, that he describes the conUnent as becom- ing broader and broader as it advanced towards the south. Ptoiemaei Geogr. Brietii Parallela Geogr. veteris et novae, p. 86. NOTE IV. 19. A feet recorded by Strabo afibrds a ^e^y strong and singular proof of the ignorance of the ancients with respect to the situation of the various parts of the earth. Wheo Alexander marched along the banks of the Hydaspes and Acesine, two of the rivers which fall into the Indus, he observed that there were many crocodiles in those rivers, and that the country produced, beans of the same species with those which were common in Egypt. From these circumstances, he concluded that he had discovered the source of the Nile, and prepared a fleet to sail down the Hydaspes to Egypt. Strab. 1020. This amazing error did not arise from any ignorance of geography peculiar to that monarch; for we are informed by Strabo, that Alexander applied with particular attentioa in order to acquire the knowledge of this science, and had accurate maps or descriptions of the countries through which he marched. Lib. 1. But in his age the knowledge of the Greeks did not extend beyond the limits of the Mediterranean. NOTE V. 19. As the flux and reflux of the sea is remarkably great at the mouth of the river Indus, this would render the pbe- nomenon more formidable to the Greeks. Varen. Geogr. vol. 951. NOTE VI. 2. It is probable that the ancients were seldom induced to advance so far as the mouth of the Ganges, either by mo* tives of curiosity or views of commercial advantage. La consequence of this, their idea concerning the position of that great river was very erroneous. Ptolemy places that NOTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 359 branch of die Guiges, which he distioguishes by the name of die Great Mouthy in the hundred and forty-sixth de* me of longitude from his first meridian in the Fortunate islands. But its true longitude, computed firom that me* ridian, is now determined^ by astronomical observatiDns, to be only a hundred and five degrees. A geographer so eminent must have been betrayed into an error of this magnitude by the imperfection of the information which he had recaved concerning those distant regions; and this aflfords a striking proof of the intercourse with theol being extremely rare. With respect to the countries of India beyond the Ganges, his intelligence was still more defective, and his errors more enormous. I shall have oc- casion to observe, in another place, that he has placed the country of the Seres, or China, no less than sixty degrees further east than its true position. d'Anville, one of the most learned and intelligent of the modem, eogra* phers, has set this matter in a clear light, in two disserta- tions published in Mem. de I'Academ. des Inscript. 8u: tom. xxxii. 573. 604. NOTE VII. 23. It is remarkable, that the discoveries of the ancients were made chiefly by land; those of the modems are car- ried on chiefly by sea. The progress of conquest led to the former, that of commerce to the latter. It is a judi* cious observation of Strabo, that the conquests of Alex^ ander the Great made known tlie East, those of the Ro- mans opened the West, and those of Mithridates King of Pontus the North. When discovery is carried on by land alone, its progress must be slow and its operations confined. When it is carried on only by sea, its sphere may be more extensive, and its adVances more rapid; but it labours under pecuUar defects. Though it may make known the position of diferent countries, and ascertain th^ boundaries as far as these are determined by the o^an, it leaves us in ignorance with respect to their interior state. Above two centuries and a half hav elapsed since the Europeans s^led round the southern pro« montory of Afiica, and have traded in most of its pdrts; but, in a considerable part of that great continent^ they VOL. 2 B 370 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. have done little more than survey its coasts, and mark its capes and harbours. Its interior regions are in a great measure unknown, llie andeots, who had a very imper- fect knowledge of its coasts, except where they are wa^ied by die Mediterranean or Red Sea, were accustomed to penetrate into its inland provinces, and, if we may rely on the testimony of Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, had explored many parts of it now altogether unknown. Un- less both modes of discovery be united, the geographical knowledge of the earth must remain incomplete and inac- curate. NOTE VIII. 27. The notion of the ancients concerning such an exces- sive degree of heat in the torid zone, as rendered it uninha- bitable, and their persisting in this error long after they be- gan to have some commercial intercourse with several parts of India lying within the tropics, must appear so singular and absurd, that it may not be unacceptable to some of my readers to produce evidence of their holding this opinion, and to account for the apparent inconsistence of their theory with their experience. Cicero, who had bestowed attention upon every part of philosophy known to the ancients, seems to have believed that the torrid zone was uninhabitable, and, of consequence, that thece could be no intercourse between die northern and southern tem- perate zones. He introduces Aiiicanus thus addressing the younger Scipio. You see this earth encompassed^ and as it were bound in by certain zones, of which two, at the greatest distance from each other, and sustuoing the opposite poles of Heaven, are frozen with perpetual cold; the middle one, and the lar^t of all, is burnt with the heat of the sun; two are habitable, the people in the southern one are antipodes to us, with whom we have no connection. Samnium Scipionisy c. Geminus a Greek philosopher, contemporary with Cicero, delivers the same doctrine, not in a popular work, but in his Etcayarpi n^ w- 90fiepmf a treatise purely scientific. When we speak. says he. of the southern temperate zone, and its inha- bitants, and concerning those who are called antipodes, it must be always understood, that we have no certain know- NOTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 371 ledge or information concerning the southern temperate Eone^ whether it be inhabited or not* But from tlie spherical figure of^ the earth, and the course which the sun holds between the tropics, we conclude that there is another zone situated to the south, which enjoys the same degree of temperature with the northern one which we inhabit' Cap. xiii. 31. Petavii Opus de Doctr. Tempor. in quo Uranologium sive Systemata var. Auctorum. 1705. The opinion of Pliny the naturalist, with respect to both these points, was the same. There are five divisions of the earth, which are called zones. All tliat portion which lies near to the two opposite poles is oppressed with vehement cold and eternal frost. There, unblest with the aspect of milder stars, perpetual darkness reigns, or at the utmost a feeble light reilected finom surrounding snows. The middle of the earth, in whidi is the orbit of the sun, is scorched and burnt up witli flames and fiery vapour. Between these torrid and fi-ozen districts lie two other portions of the earth, which are temperate; but, on account of the burn- ing region interposed, there can be no communication be- tween them. Thus Heaven has deprived us of three parts of the earth. Lib. Strabo delivers his opmion to the same eSect, in terms no less explicit. The por- tion of the earth which lies near the equator, in the tor- rid zone, is rendered uninhabitable by heat. Lib. ii. p. 154. To these i might add the authority of many other respectable philosophers and historians of antiquity. In order to explain the sense in which this doctrine was generally received, we may observe, that Parmenides, as we are informed by Strabo, was the first who divided the earth into five zones, and he extended the limits of tlie zone which he supposed to be uninhabitable on account of heat, beyond the tropics. Aristotle, as we learn like- wise from Strabo, fixed the boundaries of the different zones in the same manner as they are defined by modem geographers. But the progress of discovery having gra- dually demonstrated tliat several regions of the earth which lay within die tropics were not oiily habitable, but popu- lous and fertile, this induced later geographers to circum- scribe the limits of the torrid zcme. It is not easy to as- certain with precision the boundaries which they allotted 2B« -979 NOTSS AWD ILLUSTBATIONJi. to it. From a passage in Strabo, wbo, as for as I know, IB the ODly author of aotiquity firoiu whom we receive any hint coDceraing this subject, I should coojecture, that those who calculated accordiog to the measurement d* the earth by firatostheoes, supposed the torrid acme to com* prehend near ozteen degrees, about eight on each side of the equator; whereas such as fioUowed the computation of Posidonius allotted about twenty-four degrees, or some- what more than twdve degrees on each side of the equator, to thp torrid zone. Strabo, Ub. 151. According to the former opinion, about two-thirds of that porUon of the earth which lies between the tropics was considered as ha^ bitable; according to the latter, about one half of it With this restriction, the doctrine of the andsits concaning the torrid zone appears less absurd; and we can concave the reascm of the'ur asserting this zone to be uninhabitable, even after they had opened «a communication with sevoral places within the tropics. When men of science spoke of the torrid zone, they considered it as it was limited by the definition of geographers to sixteen, or at the utmost to twenty-four degrees; and as they knew almost nothing of the countries nearer to the equator, they might still suppose them to be uninhabitaUe. In loose and popular discourse, the name of the torrid zone c(Hitinued to be given to all that portum of the earth which lies within the tropics. Ci- cero seems to have been unacquainted mth those ideas of the later geographers; and, adhering to die division of Par- menides, describes the torrid zone as the largest of the five. Some of the^ andents rejected the notion concerning the intolerable heat of the torrid zone as a popular error. This we are told by Plutarch was the sendment of Pythago- ras; and we learn from Strabo, that Eratosthenes and Po- lybius had adopted the same opinion, hb* ii. Pto- lemy seems to have paid no regard to the ancient doctrine and opinions concerning the torrid zonie. NOTE IX. 47. The court of Inquisition, which eflSectuaily checks a spi^ rit of liberal inquiry, and^of literary improvement, where- ever it is establish^ was unknown iu Portugal in the fif« teepth century, when the people of that kingdom begaa J ITOTEB AND ILLTTffrBitlONS. t575 their voyages of discovery. More than a century elapsed^ before it was introdaced by John Hi. whose reign com- menced A. 152K NOTE X. 56. An instance of thb is related by Hakluyt^ upon the at^ thority of the Portuguese historian Garcia de Resoode. Some'Eng^sb merdmnts having resolved to open a trade with the coast of Guinea, John II. of Portugal dispatched anabftssldors to Bdward IV., in order to lay before him the rig^t which he had acquired by the Pope's bull to the dominion of that country, and to request of him to prohi- bit his subjects to prosecute their intended voyage. d. ward was so much satisfied with the exclusive title of the Portugweie, that he issued his orders in the terms which they desired. Hakkiyt, Navigations, Voyages, and Traf- fics of the English, voi. part ii. 2. NOTE XI. 66. The time of Columbus's death may be neaiiy ascer- tained by the fdlov^ng circumstances. It appears firom the fragment of a letter addressed by him to Ferdinand and Isabella, A. 1501, that he had at ttiat time been ei^aged forty years in a sea-fering life. In another letter, he informs them, that he went to sea at the age of four- teen: from those faots it follows, diat he was born A. D. 1447« Life of Christo. Columbus, by his son Don Ferdinand. Churchill's Collection of Voyages, vol. 484, 485. NOTE XII. 73. The spherical figure of the earth was known to the an- cient geographers. They invented the method, still in use, of computing the longitude and latitude of difierent places. According to their doctrine, the equator, or imaginary line which encompasses the earth, contained three hundred and Btx^ degrees; these they divided into twenty-four I>art8^ or hours, each equal to fifteen degrees. The couur try of the &trt% or Sinat^ bemg the furtiiest part of India known to the anci,pts, ws^ supposed by Marinus Tyrius, 374 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. the most embent of the ancient geographers before Pto- lemy, to be fifteen boursi or two hundred and twenty-five degrees to the east of the first meridian^ passing throu^ the Fortunate Islands. Ptolema^ Geogr. If this supposition was well founded, the country of tbe Se- res, or China, was only nine hours, or one hundred and thir^ five decrees west from the Fortunate or Canaiy Islands; and the navigation in tliat direction was muck shorter than by the course which the Portuffuese were pursuing. Marco Polo, in his travels, bad described countries, particularly the island of Cipango or Zipangri, supposed to be Japan, considerably to the east of any part of Asia known to the ancients, Marcus Paulus de Re- gion. Oriental, lib. 70. Of course, tlKS country, as it extended further to the east, was still nearer to the Canary Islands. The conclusions of Columbus, though drawn from inaccurate observations, were just. If the suppositions of Marinus had been well-founded, and if the countries which Marco Polo visited, had been si- tuated to the east of those whose longitude Marinus bad ascertained, the proper and nearest course to the Rast-ln- dies must have been to steer directly west. Hemera, dec I. lib. A more extensive knowledge of the globe has now discovered the great error o Marinus, in suppos- ing China to be fifteen hours^ or two hundred and twenty- five degrees east from the Canary Islands; and that eves Ptolemy was mistaken, when he reduced the loi^tude of China to twelve hours, or one huncked and righty d^rees. The longitude of the western frontier of that vast Em]ure is seven hours, or one hundred and fifteen degrees firom the meridian of the Canary Islands. But Cdumbus fol- lowed the light which his age afforded, and relied upon the authority of writers, who were at that time regarded as the instructors and guides of mankind in the science of geography. NOTE XIII. 96. As the Portuguese, in making their discoveries, watohed during the whole night, and those on shore lamented as if they had been much interested in our loss. The people are so affectionate, so tractable, and so peace- able, that I swear to Your Highnesses, that tbo-e is not a better race of men, nor a better country in the world* They love their neighbour as themselves; their conversatioo is the sweetest and mUdestintheworid, cheerful, and always accompanied with a smile. And although it is true that they go naked, yet Your Highnesses may be assured that they nave many very commendable customs; the King is served with great state, and his behavioar is so decent, that it is pleasant to see him, as it is likewise to observe the wonderful memory which these people have, and their desire of knowing every thing, which leads them to inquire into its eauaes and efieets. Life of Columbus, c. It is probable, that the Spaniards were indebted for this officious attention, to the opinion which the Indians en- tertained of them as a superior order of beings. NOTE XVI. 119. Every monun^ent of such a man as Columbus is valu- able. A letter which he wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella, describing what passed on diis occasion, exhibits a most striking picture of his intrepidity, his humanity, his pru- dence, his public spirit, «ul courtly address. I would NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 577 have been kse coaceraed for this misfoitiinei had I alono been in danger, both because mj bfe is a debt that I owe to the Supreme Creator, and because 1 have at other times been exposed to the most imminent hazard. But what gave me infinite grief and vexation was, that after it had pteased our Lord to give me failli to undertake this enter- prise, in which I had now been so successful, that my o^ pmients would have been convinced, and the glory of Your Highnesses, and the extent of your territory, increased by me; it should please the Divine Majesty to stop all by my death. AU this would have been more tolerable, had it not been attended witli the loss of tbosc^ men whom 1 had carried with me, upon promise of the greatest prosperity, who, seeing themselves in such distress, cursed not only their coming along with me, but that fear and awe of m^ which prevented them from returning, as they often had reserved to have done. But besides all this, my sorrow was greatly increased by recollecting that I had left my two sons at school i^t Cordova, destitute of friends, in a foreign cotmtry, when it could not in aU probability be known that I had done such services as might induce Your High* nesses to renoember them. And though I comforted my- self with the fietith that our Lord would not permit that, which tended so much to the glory of his Church, and which 1 had brought about with so much trouble, to re^ main imperfect, yet I considered, that, on account of my sins, it was his will to deprive me of that glory, which I might have attained in this world. While in this confused state, I thought on the good fortune which accompanies Your Highnesses, and imagined that although I should perish, and the vessel be lost, it was possible that you Plight somehow come to the knovirledge of my voyage, and the success vrith which it was attended. For that reason I wrote upon parchm^t with the brevity which the situa- on required, that I had discovered the lands which I pfo- mised, in how many days I had done it, and what course I had followed. I mentioned the goodness of the country, the character of tlie inhabitants, and that Your High- nesses' subjects were left in possession 6f all that I had discovered. Having sealed this writing, I addressed it to Your Highnesses, and promised a thousand ducats to any person who should dehver it sealed, so ftiat if any foreigner found it, the promised reward might prevail on them hdt 378 KOTS AND ILLUSIRATIONS. to give tbe information to another. I then caused a great cask to be brought to me, and wrapping up the parchment in an cnled clotl^ and afterwards in a cake of wax^ I put it into the cask, and having stopped it well, I cast it into the sea. AU the men believed that it was some act of de- voticxi. Ims^ning that this might never chance to be taken up, as the ships apjnroached nearer to Spain, I made another packet like the first, and placed it at the top of the poop, so that, if the diip sunk, the cask remuning above water might be committed to the guidance of fcNrtune. " NOTE XVII. 123. Some Spanish authors, witli tlie meanness of national jealousy, have endeavoured to detract from the glory of Columbus, by ins'muating that he was led to the disoovery of the New World, not by his own inventive or enter- prising genius, but by information which he had received. According to their account, a vessd having been driven from its course by easterly winds, was carried before them far to the west, and landed on the coast of an unknown country, from which it returned with difficulty; the pilot, and three sailors, being the only persons who survived the distresses which the crew suffered from want of provisions ' and fatigue in this long voyage. In a few days after thdr arrival, all the four died; but the pilot having been re- ceived into the house of Columbus, his intimate ineoA disclosed to him, before his death, the secret of the dis- covery which he had accidentally made, and left him his papers containing a journal of the voyage, which served as a guide to Columbus in his undertaking. Gomara, asfar as I know, is the first author who published tliis story. Hist* c. Every circumstance is destitute of evidence to support it. Neither the name of die vessel nor its de- stination is known. Some pretend that it belonged to one of the sea-port towns in Andalusia, and was sailing either to the Canaries, or to Madeira; others, that it was a Bis- cayner in its way to England; others, a Portuguese ship traidiog on the coast of Guinea. The name of the pilot is alike unknown, as well as^ that of the port in which he landed on his return. According to some, it was in Por- tugal; according to others, in Madeira, or the Azores. The year in which Uiis voyage 9& made is jk> less uacer NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 379 tain. Moneon'sNav. Tracts* ChurchiH, ill* 871 • No men- tion is made of this pilot, or his discoveries, by And. Ber- naldes, or Pet. Mar^ the contemporaries of Columbus. Herrera, with his usual judgment, passes over it in silence. Oviedo takes nodce of this report, but considers it as a tale fit only to amuse the vulgar. As Columbus hdd his course directly west from the Canaiies, and never varied it, some later authors have supposed that this uniformity is aproof of lus bong guided by some previous information... But they do not recollect the prin- dptes on which he founded all his hopes of success, that by holding a westerly course, he must certainly arrive at those regions of the east described by the ancients. His firm belief of his own system led him to take that course, and to Pjursue it without deviation. The Spaniards are not the only people who have called in question Columbus's claim to the honour of having dis- covered America. Some German authors ascribed this honour to Martin Behaim, their countryman. He was of the noble femily of the Behaims of Schwartzbach, citizens of die first rank in the Imperial town of Nuremberg. Hav- ing studied under the celebrated John Muller, better known by the name of Regiomontanus, he acquired such knowledge of cosmography, as excited a desire of exploring those regions, the situation and aualities of which he had been accustomed, under that able master, to investigate and describe. Under tlie patronage of the Duchess of Burgundy he repidred to Lisbon, whither the fame of the Portuguese discoveries invited all the adventurous spirits of the age. There, as we learn from Herman Scbedel, of whose Chramcon Mundi a German translation was printed at Nuremberg, A. 1493, his merit as a cos- inographer raised him, in conjunction with Diego Cano, to tiie command of a squadron fitted out for discovery in the year 1483. In that voyage, he is said to have discovered the kingdom of Congo. He settied in the island of Fayal, one cS the Azores, and was a particular firiend of Colum- bus. c 2. Magellan had a terres- trial globe made by Behaim, on which he demonstrated the course that he proposed to hold in search of the com- munication with the South Sea, which he afterwards dis- covered. 6omaraHist. ig. «. 19* In the year 149^ Behaim visited his relations in Nurein- 880 NOTES AND IIXUST&ATIOKS. berg, snd left with tb^m a ihap drawn with Ins own Band, whieh is sdil preserved among the archives of the family. Thus far the story of Martin Bebaim seems to be wdi authenticated; but the dccouht of his bating discovered any partof the Kew World appears to be merdy cdnyee* tural. In the fh^t edition, as I had at that 6ine hardly any knowledge of Bchaim but trhat 1 derived fifom a friroldos dissertation * De vero Novi Orbis Inventore. publish^ at Frattcfort, A. 1714, by Jo. Frid. Stuvenius, 1 was ii»- duced, by the authority of Herrera, to suppose that Behaim was not a native of Germany; bot from more full uxl ac- curate information, contounicated to me by the learned Dr. John Reinhold Forster, I am now satisfied that I was mistaken. Forster has been hkeivise so good as to fevour me vrith a copy of Behaim's map, as publbhed by • Doppelmayer in lus account of the Mathematicians and Artists of N uremberg. From this map, the imperfection of cosmographical knowledge at that ^>6riod is manifest. Hardly one place is laid down in its true situation. Nor can I discover from it any reason to suppose that Bdiaim had the least knov^ledge of any region in America^ Ue delineates^ inde^ an island to which he gives the name of St. Brandon. This, it is inwigined, may be some part of Guiana, supposed at first to be an island. He places it in th3 same latitude with the Cape Verd isle^ and I sus- pect it to be an imaginary islai^ which has been admitted into some ancient maps on no better authority than the legend of the Irish St. Brandon or Brendan, whose story is so childishly fabulous as to be unworthy of any notice. Girald. Cambreilsis ap. Missingham Florile^um Sanc- torum, p. 4S7. The pretensions of the Welsh to the discovery of Ame- rica seem not tQ rest on a foundation mnch more solid. In V the twelfth centufy, according to PoweB, a dispute havii^ urisen among the soiVs of Owen Guyneth, King of North- Wales, concerning the succession to his crown, Madoc, pne of their number, weary of diis contention, betook him^ self to sea in quest of a more quiet settlethent. He steered due " e^t, living Ireland to tfie north, aind lurriv^ in an unkno couritry, which appeared to him so desirable, that he returned to Wales and carried tiiither several of his adherents aqd companions. This is said to have hap« NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 381 pcned about die year 1 170, and after that, he and his co- lony were heard of no more. But it is to be observed, that Powdi, on whose tesUmony the authenticity of this story rests, published his history above four centuries from die date of the e^ent which he relates. Among a people as rude and as illiterate as the Welsh at that period, the memory of a transaction so remote must have been very imperfectly preserved, and would require to be confirmed by some author of greater credit, and nearer to tlie ssra of Madoc's voyage, than PowelL Later antiquaries have in- deed appealed to the testimony of Meredith ap Rees, a Welsh bard, who died A. 1477. But he, too, hved at such a distance of time firom the event, that he cannot be considered as a witness of much more credit than Powell. Besides, his verses, published by Hakluyt, vol. 1., ccmvey no information, but that Madoc, dissatisfied with his domestic ^tuation, employed himself in searching the ocean for new possessions. But even- if we admit the au- thenticity of Powell's story, it does not follow that the un- known country which Madoc discovered by steering west, in such a course as to leave Ireland to the north, was any part of America. The naval skill of the Welsh in the twelfth century was hardly equal to such a voyage. If he made any discovery at all, it is more probable that it was Madeira, or some other of the western isles. The affinity of the Welsh language with some dialects spoken in Ame- rica, has been mentioned as a circumstance which confirms the truth of Madoc's voyage. But that affinity has been observed in so few instances, and in some of these is so obscure, or so fanciful, that no conclusion can be drawn from the casual resemblance of a small number of words. There is a bird, which, as far as is vet known, is Found only on the coasts of South- America, nrom Port Desire to ibe Straits of Magellan. It is distinguished by the name of Penguin. This word in the Welsh language signifies Whtte^head. Almost all the authors who favour the pre^ tensions of the Welsh to the discovery of America, men- tion this as an irrefiragable proof of the affinity of the Welsh language with that spoken in this region of America. But Mr. Pennant, who has given a scientific description of the Penguin, observes, that all the birds of this genus have black heads. so that we must resign every hope (adds he) found- ed on this hypothesis of retrieving the Cambrian race ki 382 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. the New World- Plulos. Transwrt, voL Iviii. 9 1, fcc Besides this^ if the Welsh, towards the close of the twelfth century, had settled in any part of America, some remiaDs of the Christian doctrine and rites must have been found among thdr descendants, when they were discovered about three liundred years posterior to their migration; a period so short, that, in the course of it, we cannot w^ suppose that all European ideas and arts would be totally foreottea. Lord Lyttelton, in his notes to the fifth book of his History of Henry U., p. 37 1., has examined what Powell relates concerning the discoveries made by Madoc, and in( ali- daces the truth of his story by other arguments of great weight* Ihe pretensions of the Norwegians to the discovery of Aiuerica seem to be better founded than those of the Ger- mans or Welsh. The inhabitants of Scandinavia were re- markable in the middle ages for the boldness and esteot of thdr maritime excursions. In 874, the Norwegians discovered, and planted a colony in Iceland. In 9S2, they discovered Greenland, and established settlements there. From that, some of their navigators proceeded towards the west, and discovered a country more inviting than thoae horrid r^oos wi^ which they were acquainted. Accord- ing to their representation, this couutiry was sandy oo the coasts, but in the interior parts level and covered with wood, on which account they gave it the name of HelU' land, and MarMandj and having afterwards found some plants of the vine which bore grapes, they called it Wimm land* The credit of this story rests, as far as I know, on the authority of the 9aga, or chronicle of King Olaus, com* posed by Snorro Sturionides, or Stnrlu9onf^ published by Perinskidd, at Stoddiolm, A. lQ97. As Snorro was bom in the year 1 179f his chronicle might be compiled about two centuries after the event which he relates. His account of the navi^tion and discoveries of Biam, and his companion Lie^h a very rude confused tale, p. 104. 1 10. 326. It is impossible to discover from him what part of America it was m which the Norw^ans landed. Ac^ cording to his accountofthe length of e days andmghts, it must have been as far north as the fifty-eighth degree of latitude, on some part of the coast of Labradi^ approach- ing near to the entry of Hudson's Straits. Grapes cer- tainly are not the production of that country. Torfeus NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 383 scipposes that there is an error in the test, by rectifying <^ which the place where the Norw^ians landed may be supposed to be utuated in latitude 49. But neither is that tlie region of the vine in America. From perusing Snorro's tale^ I should think that the situation of New- foundland corresponds best with that of the country dis* covered by the Norwegians. Grapes, however, are not the production of that barren island. Other conjectures are mentioned by M. Mallet, Introd. kTHisUde Dannem. 1 7^ 8cc. I am not sufficiently acquainted with the litera- ture of the north to examine them. It seems manifest^ that if the Norwegiabs did discover any part of America at that period, their attempts to plant colonies proved un- successful, and all knowledge of it was soon lost. NOTE XVIII. l4. Peter Martyr, ab Angleria, a Milanese gentleman, re- siding at that time in the court of Spain, whose letters con- tain an account of the transactions of that period, in the order wherein they occurred, describes the sentiments with which he h'unself and his learned correspondents were af- fected, in very striking terms. Prs Isetitia prosiluisse te„ vixque a lachrymis pr» gaudio temperasse, quando literas adspexisti meas quibus, de antipodum orbe latenti bactenus, te certiorem feci, mi suavissime Pomponi, insinuasti. x tuis ipse Uteris coUigo, quid senseris. Sensisti autem, tan- tique rem fecisti, quanti virum summadoctrina insignitum decuit. Quis namque cibus sublimibus prsestari potest ingeniis, isto suavior? quod condimentum gratius i A me Eu:io cx)njecturam. Bcati sentio spiritus meos, quando accitos aUoquor prudentes aliquos ex his qui ab ea redeunt provincia. Implicent animos pccuniarum cumulis au- gendis miseri avari, libidinibus obscceni; nostras nos men- te8, postquam Deo pleni aliquandofuenmus, contemplando, hujuscemodi rerum notitia demulciamus. pist. 152. Pomp(Hiio Laeto, NOTE XIX. 137. So firmly were men of science, in that age, persuaded that the countries which Columbus had discovered were connected with the East-Indies, that Benaldes, the Cura 384 KOTS AKB ILLUSTRATIONS. de lo8 Palacios, who seems to have been no mcoAsiderable proficient in the knowledge of cosmography, contends that Cuba was not an island, but a part of the continent, and united to the dominions of the Great Khan. This be (d»- livered as his opinion to Columbus himself, who was hb guest for some time on his return from his second voyage; and he supports it by several arguments, mostly founded on the authority of &t John MandeviUe. peties inc. Antonio Gallo, who was secretary to the magistracy of Genoa towards the close of the fifteenth century, published a short account of the navigations and discoveries of his countryman Columbus, annexed to his Opuscula Historica de Rebus Populi Genuensis; in which he informs us, from letters of Columbus which he himself had seen, that it was his opinion. Founded upon nautical observations, that one of the islands he had discovered was distant only two hours or thirty degrees firom Cattigara, which, in the charts of the geographers of that age, was laid down, upon the authority of Ptolemy, lib. 3., as the most easterly place in Asia. From this he concluded, that if some un- known continent did not obstruct the navigation, there must be a short and easy access, by holding a westerly course, to this extreme region of the East. Muratori Scriptores Rer. Italicarum, vol. xxiii. 304. NOTE XX. 143. Bemaldes, the Cura or Rector de los Palacios, a con- temporary writer, says, that five hundred of these caplises^ were sent to Spain, and sold publicly in Seville as slaves; but that, by die change of climate and their inability to bear the fatigue of labour, they all died in a short time. MS. penes me. NOTE XXI. 156. Columbus seems to have formed some very sragular opinions concerning the countries whicii he had now dis- covered. The violent swell and agitation of the waters on the coast of Trinidad led him to conclude thi^i to be the highest part of the terraqueous globe, and he imagined that various circumstances concurred in proving that the sea was here visibly elevated. Having adopted this erroneous prk! Ci, te, th6 aJ^pAf-fenft hekixty of Ate cotintr^ ittdufced him to M to mth A iKjfioft of Sir 3dhh M^nctevilte, c. lOe., Ihal thte terrestrial paiiadise was th^ highest land lA the le^i^ 41^ he telieved that he had been to Ibrtuitafe ^s 6 discover Ai« h^ppy abode. Ndf Ought #6 to thiiA it strfetige thait a Jjerson of so touch ^agatit^r should be ibflu- eBc^d by the ( iniota or Jreporte t>f such a fitbuloui auAor hs Mandevilte. Colurtibus and the other discoverer^ were obliged to follow Mich guides as thfey could find; tcoA it appeals from Several passages in th6 hDanuscript of Andf. flem^des, the friend 6f Columbud, that ho itaconisider^ble degWe of Credit Wa4 giVeh to the testiitiony of Maiidevilfe ki thfet age. Bertialdes frequendy quotes hirt, attd al- Wayd m i reApeet. NoTEXXltp. 169. It is reraaritable that neithelr Gromattt no^ Oviedd> the most ancient Spanish historian^ of America, hbl* Hehtrd, Consider Ojeda> or hi& companion Vitepu(ici> as thfe firSt discoverers of the continent of Ataerica. Tliey unifohnly ABoribe this honour to Columbtis. Som^ ha^e supp6ded that national t^sentment against Vespucci, for deS^k^ the service of Spain, and entering into that of Portugal^ tnay have prompted these writers to cbneeai th^ attions which he performed. But Marty t and Benzbni, both Italians, could not be Warped by the same prejudite. Miwtyt was a conteftipottury author; he resided in the court of Spain, and h»l th6 best opportunity to bfe ^ir- actiy informed with respect to all pubUc transactions; and yet neither in hid t)eciids> the first general history published of the New World, nor in his Epistle8, hich contain an account of all the remarkable events of his time, does he ascribe to Vespucci the honour of having 6r8t discovered the continent. Benzoni ^ nt as aii ad- venturer to America in the yeat I54i> and resided thei« a considerable time. He appears to have b^n animated with a warm tehl for the honout of Italy, his native coun- try, and yet does not mention the exploits and discov^ies of Vespucci* Hefrera, who compiled his general historjr of America from the most authentic records, not only iU- lows thdse eArly Writet3> but accuse V^putci of farsify- ing the dates of both the voyages which he made to tRfe VOL. I, 2 C 386 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. New Wq^id, and of confounding the one with the other, in order ibat be mi^t arrogate to himself the glory of hal- ving discovered the continent. Her. 2. He asserts, that in a judicial inquiry into diis matter by the royal fiscal, it was proved by the testimony of Ojeda himself, tliat he touched at Hispaniola when returning to Spain from his first voyage; whereas Vespucci gave out that they returned directly to Cadiz from the coast of Pa- ria, and touched at Hispaniola only in their second voy- age; and that he had finished the voyage in five months; whereas, according to Vespucci's account, he had em- ployed seventeen months in performing it. Vit^gio pri- mo de Am. Vespucci, p. S6. Viag. secundo, p. 43. Herrera gives a more full account of this inquest in an- other part of his Decads, and to the same efiect. Her. dec. Columbus was in Hispaniola when Ojeda arrived there, and had by that time come to an agreement with Roldan, who opposed Ojeda's attempt to excite a new insurrection, and, of consequence, his voy- a,e must have been posterior to that of the admiral. Life of Columbus, c. According to Vespucci's account, he set out on his first voyage May 10th, 1497. pri- mo, p. At tiiat time Columbus was in the court of Spun preparing for his voyage, and seems to have enjoyed a considerable degree of favour. The afiairs of the New World were at this juncture under the direction of Anto- nio Torres, a friend of Columbus. It is not probable, that at that period a commission would be granted to an- other person, to anticipate the admiral, by undertaking a voyage which he himself intended to perform. Fonseca, who patronized Ojeda, and granted the licence fot his voy- age, was not recalled to court, and reinstated in the direc- tion of Indian affairs, until the deaUi of Prince John, which happened September 1497, P. Martyr, Ep. 182. several months posterior, to the time at which Vespucci pretends to have set out upon his voyage. A life of Ves- pucci was pubUshed at Florence by the Abate Bandini, A. 1745, 4to. It is a work of no merit, written with litde judgment, and less candour. He contends for his countryman's tide to the discovery of the continent wlh all the blind zeal of national partiality, but produces do new evidence to support it. We learn from him Aat Ves- pucci's account of his voyage was published as eariy as KOTS AND ILLUSTllATIONS^ S87 the year 1510, and probably sooner. Vita di Am. Vesp, p. At Wrhat time the name of America caipe to be first given to the New World is not certain. NOTEXXllI. 216. The form employed on this occasion served as a model to the Spaniards in all their subsequent conquests in Ame^ rica. It is so extraordinary in its nature, and gives us such an idea of the proceedings of the Spaniards, and the principles upon which they founded their right to the ex- tensive dominions which tliey acquired in the New Worid, that it well merits the attention of the reader. I Alonso de Ojeda, servant of the most high and powerful Kings of Casdle and Leon, the conquerors of barbarous nations, their messenger and captain, notify to you and declare, in as ample form as 1 am capable, that God our Lord, who is one and eternal, created tlie heaven and the earth, and one man and one woman, of whom you and we^ and all the men who have been or shall be in the world, are de- scended* But as it has come to pass through the number of generations during more than five thousand years, that they have been dispersed into different parts of the world, ancl are divided into various kingdoms and provinces, be- cause one country was not able to contain them, nor could they have foujid in one the means of subsistence and prcr servation; therefore God our Lord gave the charge of all those people to one man named St. Peter, whom he con- stituted the lord and Jiead of all the human race, that all men, in whatever place they are bom, or in whatever faith or place they are educated, might yield obedience UAto Inm* He hath subjected tlie whole world to his jurisdictiQn, and commanded him to establish his residence in Rome, as the most proper place for tlie government of the world. He likewise promised and gave him power to establish his authority in every other part of tlie world, and to judge and govern all Christians, Moors, Jews, Gentiles, and all other people of whatever sect or faith they may be. To him is given the name of Pope, which signifies admirable, great father and guardian, because he is the father and gor vemor of all men. Those who lived in -the time of this holy father obeyed and acknowledged him as their Lor4 ftnd King, and the superior of the universe. The same ^ C 2 388;tfOT8 AND ILLUSTRATIONS. has been obften^ with resp^t to tbem who» siogm his Uin»t have been cbosea to the pontificate. Thus it now eontinues, and will continue to the end of the worid. " One of these Pontifis^ as lord of the worlds hath made a grant of these islands, mad of the Tierra Firmfe of the ocean sea, to the Catholic Kings of Castile, Don Ferdi- nand and Donna Isabella, of glorious memory, and their successors, oqr sovereigns, th all they contain, as is more ftiUy expressed in cert^n deeds passed upon that occasion, which you may see, if you desire it. Thus His Msgesty is King and lord of diese islands, and of the con- tinent, in virtue of this donation; and, as King and lord aforesaid, most of the islands to which his title hath been notified, have recq^ised His Majesty, and now yield obe- dience and subjection to him as their lord, voluntarily and without resistance; and instantly, as soon as they received information, they obeyed the religious men sent by the King to preach to them, and to instruct them in our holy faith; and all these, of their own free will, without any re. compeese or gratuity, became Christians, and cont'mue to be so; and His Ma^ ty having received them gracious- ly under Hs protection, has commanded that they sliould be trea^ in the same manner as his otlier subjects and vassals. You are bound and obliged to act in the same sianner. Therefore I now entreat and require you to con^ sider attentively what I have declared to you; and that you may more perfectly comprehend it, that you take such time as is reaFosable, in order that you may acknowledge the Church as the superior and guide of the universe, and likewise the holy h^tlet called the Pope, in his own right, cmd His Majesty by his appointment, as Kin^ and sove- reign lord of thei^ islands, and of the Tierra Firm^ and diat you consent tliat the aforesaid holy fathers shall de- clare and preach to you the doctrines above mentioned. If you do this, you act well, and perform that to which you are bound and obhged; and His Majesty, and I in his name, will receive you with love and kindness, and will leave you, your wives and children, free and ex^npt from servitude, and in the ^joyment of all you possess, in the same manner as the inhabitants of the islands. Be- sides this. His Majesty will bestow upon you many pri* vileges, exemptions, apd rewards. But if you Will not comply, or inaliciously delay to obey my injunction, then. NOTES AND ILLUSTPBATION. 989 with the help of God, I will enter yottf country by force, i will carry on war against you with thd utcnost violence, I will sokgect you to the yoke of obedience to the Churcli and King, I will take your wives and children, and will make thefn slstves^ and seU or dispose of theffi according to His Majesty's pleasure; I will seize your goods, and do you all the misciuef in my power, as tebelhous subjects, who will not acknowledge or submit to their lawful sove. reign. And I protest, that all the bloodshed and calami- ties which shaH foHow are to be imputed to you, and jrtot to His Mjkjesty, 6r to me, or the gentlemen who serve un- der me; and as I have nOw made this declaration and requisition unto you, i require the notary here present to frant me a certificate of this, subscribed irt proper form. " lerrera, dec. 14. NOT XXIV. (230. BAtboA, in his letter to- the King, observes, that of the hundred and ninety men whom he took with hirt, there were never above eighty fit for service at one time. So much did they sufier from hunger, fatigue, and sickness. Herrera, dec. 6, P. Mart, decad. 226. NOTE XXV. 243. FoDseca, Bishop of Pafencia. the principal director of American afiadrs, had eight hundred India tfee Planters. Her- rera, dec. 325; NOTE XXVI. 269. Though America is mori3 pleatifuliy supplied V^ith wa- ter than the other regions ot th^ J. or stream of water in Vuctttan* This peninSuia pr6j^t^ from the continental hundred leagiie^ but, whcire? broadest, does not extend above twenty-five leagues. It ia^ atte^ tensive plain; not ortly without mdudtain^ but aJlriidait with- out any inequality 6{ gitound. f he iiihaBitiB(ntsr aafe sup- 390 NOTES AND ILLUSTRAtlONS. j)lied with water from pits, and, wherever they dig them, lind it in abundance. It is probable, from aQ those cir- cumstance^ that this country was formerly covered by the sea. Herrerae Descriptio Indiae Occidentalis, p. Hi- toire Naturelle, par M. de BufFon, tom. 593. NOTE XXVII. 272- M. Clavigero censures me for having represented the Spaniards who sailed with Cordova and Grijalva, as fan- cymg, in the warmth of their imaginaUon, Uiat they saw cities on the coast of Yucatan adorned with towers and cupolas. I know not what translation of my history he has consulted, for his quotation from it is not taken from - the original. but I never imagined that any building erected by Americans could suggest the idea of a cupola or dome, a structure which their utmost skill in architecture was incapable of rearing. My words are, that they fended the villages which they saw from their ships " to be cities adorned with towers and pinnacles. By pinnacle* I meant some elevation above the rest of the building; and the passage is translated almost literally from Herrera, dec. hb. In almost all the accounts of new countries given by the Spanish discoverers in that age, this warmth of admiration is conspicuous; and led them to de- scribe these new objects in the most splendid tenns. When Cordova and his companions first beheld an Indian vil- lage of greater magnitude than any they had beheld in the islands, they dignified it by the name of Crrand CairOf B. Diaz, c. From the same cause Grijalva and his asso- ciates thought the country, along the coast of which tbey held their course, entitled to the name of New Spain. NOTE XXVIIl. 278. The height of the most elevated point in the Pyrenees is, according to M. Cassini, six thousand six hundred and forty-six feet. The height of the mountain Gemmj, in the canton of Berne, is ten thousand one hundred and ten feet. The height of the Peak of Tenerific, according to the measurement of P. Feuill6, is thirteen thousand ooe hundred and seventy-eight feet. The height of Chimbo- razzo, the most elevated point of the Andes, is twenty NdTtS AN1> ILLUSTRATIONS. 5^1 thousand two hundred and eighty feet; no less than seven thousand one hundred and two feet above the highest mountain in the ancient continent. Voyage de D. Juan Ullodi Observations Astron. et Physiq. 114. The line of congelation on Chimborazzo, or that part of the mountain which is covered perpetually with snow, is no less than t^vo thousand four hundred feet from its sum- mit, Prevot Hist. des Voyages, vol. xiii, p. 6SS. NOTE XXIX. 279. As a particular description makes a stronger impression than general assertions, 1 shall give one of Rio de la Plata by an eye-witness, P. Cattaneo, a Modenese Jesuit, who landed at Buenos Ayres in 1749, and Uius represents what he felt when such new objects were first presented to his view. While I resided in Europe, and read in books of history or geography that the mouth of the river de la Plata was an hundred and fifty miles in breadth, t consi- dered it as an exaggeration, because in this hemisphere we have no example of such vast rivers. W hen I ap- proached its moutli, 1 had the most vehement desire to ascertain tlie truth with my own eyes; and I found the matter to be exactly as it was represented. This I de- duce particularly from one circumstance: When we took our departure from Monte-Video, a fort situated more than a hundred miles from the mouth of ilie river, and wliere its breadth is considerably diliiinished, we sailed a complete day before we discovered the land on tlie opposite bank of tlie river; and when we were in the middle of the chan- nel, we could not discern land on either side, and saw no- thing but the sky and water, as if we had been in some great ocean. Indeed wer should have taken it to be sea, if the fresli water of the river, which was turbid like the Po, had not satisfied us that it was a river. Moreover, at Buenos Ayres, another hundred miles up the river, and where it is still much narrower, it is not only impossible to discern the opposite coast, which is indeed very low, but perceive the houses or the tops of the steeples in the Portuguese settlement at Cdonid on tbo other side of the river. Lettera prima, published by Muratori, II Chria. - tlanesimo Felice, 8cc. i^ p. 257. 3f)t^ • NOTftS AlfJ> JWUSTRAH^ a NOTE XXX; p, «8«. NewrovM:tdla)M} fweut of Noxa Sicotia, and Canada, are ^ oQUomes vv:bich lie in the same par^aUel of lalitudA wi^h tbp kingdom of Frapce; and in every part o these the wat^F of tbe liYers is frozen ducing winter to the thick- ness oi several fiaet] t^e eartli is coveved with snow m deep; almost all the birds fly during tliat season, fixMn a climate where they qpuJid pot live, xli^ country of the Es- kimaux, part of Labrador, and the countries on the south of Hudson's Bay, are in the same parallel with Great Bri- tain; and yet ia all these the cold is so intense, that e^en the industry of Europeans has not attempted cuMvatton. • NOTE XXXL p. 284. Aoo^ta is the first philosopher, as far as l ksQw, who endeayou^ to account bv the difierent degreea of beat in tj^ old and new contixients, by the agency of the winds whicb blow in each. IJ^toice Moral. iL and iii. M-de Bufibnadoptstbis theory, and has not only improved it by new observations, but has employed bis amaang powor^ofdesodptive eloquence ia embellishing and placing it ia tbe^ m<»t striking light. Some remarks may be added, wbich tend to. illustrate niore fully a doctrine of muchira- poFtance ia evosy inquiry concerning the temperature of yiu^ious climal^ea* Wfa^t a cold wind blows over land> it must in its pas- sage, robi the surface of some of its heat. By this, the. coldness: of the wind is abated. But if it continue to blow in the same dirocdon, it will come, by degrees, to pa^ over a surface- already cooled, and will sufier no longer a(iy abatement of its own keenness. Tlius, as it ad vaoces oyer a. large traot ofland, it brings the severi^ of in- tense frost. Let the same wind blow over an extensive and de. sea; the superficial: water must be immediately cooled to a certain degree, and the wind proportionally warmed. But the superficial and colder water, becoming ^ ecifically heaviep tbap the warmer water below it, descends; what is warmer supplies its place, whicb, as it cornea to be cooled in its turn, continues to warm the air which passes SiQTE» AW» UWSTRATIONa. ^S Qve? ij; QCio wi»n a warm, wind blows over l^d, it heajta the sur&ce, which ouist therefore cease to abate the fervoqr of the windf But the same wind blowing over water, agitates it, brings up the colder water from below, and thus is continually losing somewhat of its own heat. Bulrthe great poiiver of the sea to mitigate the heat of the wind or air passing over it, proceeds from the follow- ing cii^cumstance:— that on account of the transparency of the sea, its surface cannot be heated to a great degree hy the sun's rays; wh^ eas the ground, subjected to their influence) very soon acquires great heat. When, there- fotic, the wind blows over a torrid continent, it is sooit raised to a heat almost intolerable; but during its pas- sage* over an extensive ocean, it is gradually cooled- sa that on its anival at the ftirthest shore, it is again fit for respiration. Those principles will account for the sultry heats of large contin«its in the torrid zone: for the mild climate of islands in the same latitude; and for the superior wamttlT in summer which large continents, situated in- the terape»- rate Of' colder zones of the earth, enjoys whew compared* witli that of islands. The heat of a climate depends nqt 5fll4 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. nly upon the immediate effect of the 8un's rays, but oit their continued operation, on the ettect which tl>ey lurve fonnerly produced, and which remains for some time m the ground. This is the reason why the day is wannest about two in the afternoon^ the summer wannest about the middle of J uly, and the winter coldest about the mid* die of January* The forests whicii cover America, and hinder tbe sun- beams froin heating the ground, are a great cause of the temperate climate in iha equatorial parts. The ground not being heated, cannot heat the air; and the leaves, which receive tlie rays intercepted from the ground, have not a mass of matter sufficient to absorb heat enough for this purpose. Besides, it is a known fact, that the vegetative power of a plant occasions a perspiration from the leav^ in proportion to the heat to which they are exposed; aiwl, from tiie nature of evaporation, this perspiration produces a cold in the leaf proportional to the perspiration. Thus tlie effect of the leaf in heating the air in contact with it, is prodigiously diminished. For those observations, wfaicb tlirow much additional light on this curious subject, 1 am indebted to my ingenious friend, Mr. Robison, professor of natural pliilosophy in the university of Edinbiirgh. KOTE XXXII. 84. The climate of Brasil has been described by two emi- nent naturalists, Piso ^id Margrave, who observed it with a philosopliical accuracy for which we search in vain in the accounts of many other provinces in America. Botli represent it as tenn>erate and mild, when compared with the climate of Africa. They ascribe this chiefly to the re- freshing, wind which blows continually from the sea. The air is not only cool, but chilly through the night, in so nittcl that the natives kindle fires every evening in their huts. Piso de Medicina Brasiliensi, lib. l. Mar^ra- vius Histor. llerum Natural. BrasilisB, lib. 264. Nieuhofli who resided long in Brasil, confirms their de- scription. Churchiirs CollecUon, vol. Gumilla, who was a missionary many years among the Indians xipavk the river Oronoco, gives a similar description of tlie tem- perature pf the climate tliere. Hist, de TOrenoque, torn. i. p» 'i(i. J. Acugna felt a very considerable degree of cold NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 395 in the countries on the banks of the river Amazons. Relate vol. 56. Biet, who lived a considerable time in Cayenne, gives a similar account of the temperature of that climate, and ascribes it to the same cause. Voyage de la France, Equinox, p. 330. Nothing can be more difierent from these descriptions than that of the burning heat of the African coast given by M. Adanson. Voyage to Se- negal, passim. NOTE XXXIII. 286. Two French frigates were sent upon a voyage of disco- very in the year 1739. In latitude 44* south, they began to feel a considerable degree of cold. In latitude 48" they met with islands of floating ice. Histoire des Navigations aux Terres Austi-ales, torn. 256, c. II alley fell in with ice in latitude 59. 47. Commo- dore Byron, when on the coast of Patagonia, latitude 50" 33' south, on the fifteenth of December, which is mid- summer in tliat part of tlie globe, the twenty-first of De- cember being the longest day there, compares the climate to that of England in the middle of winter. Voyages by llawkesworth, i. 25. Mr. Banks having landed on Terra del Fuego, in tlie Bay of Good Success, latitude 65^ on the sixteenth of January, which corresponds to tlie month «f J uly in our hemisphere^ two of his attendants died in one night of extreme cold, and all the party were in the most imminent danger of perishing. 51, 52. By the fourteenth of March, corresponding to September in our hemisphere, winter was set in with rigour, and the nwrnntains were covered with snow. 72. Captain Cook, in his voyage towards the South Pole, furnishes new and striking instances of the extraordinary predomi- nance of cold in this region of the globe. Who w^ould have thought (says he) that an island of no greater extent than seventy leagues in circuit, situated between the lati- tude of 54* and 55. should in the very height of summer be, in a manner, wholly covered, many fathoms deep, with frozen snow; but more especially the S. V. coast? The very summits of the lofty mountains were cased with snow andice; butthequantitythatlay in the valleys is incredible; and at the bottom of the bays, the coast was terminated by a wall of ice of considerable height. Vol. 217. 996 NOTS AKD ILLUSTRATIONS. In tome places of the ancient continent^ an eaUraordinary degree of oM prevaUs in yery bw latitudes. Bogle, in his embassy to the court of the Ddai Lama, passed the winter of the year 1774 at Chanmanning, in laUtode 3r dg^ N. He often found the thenaoraeter in his room t^ enty^nine degrees under the freezing point by Fahren- b^ s scale; and in the middle of April tliestandbig waters were all frozen^ and heavy showers of snow firequeody firit. The extraordinary elevation of the country seems to be tlie cause of this excessive coM. In traveH'mg from Indostan to Thibet^ the ascent to the summit of the Boutan Moun- tains is very great, but the descent on the other side is not in equal proportion. The kingdom of Thibet is an cle ated region^ extremely bare and d^esolate. Accoimt of Thibet, by Mr. Stewart, read in the Royal Society, pw 7. The extraordinary cold in low latitudes in America cannot be accounted for by the same cause. Those region* are not remarrkable for elevation. Some of them are countries de- pressed and level. The most obvious and probable cause of the superior degree of cold towards the southern extremity of America, seems to be the form of the continent there. Its breadth gradually decreases a» it stretches from St. Antonio south- wards, and from the bay of St. Julian to the Straits of Magellan its dimensions are much contracted. Oh the east and west sides, it is washed by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. From its sou^iem point it is probable that a great extent of sea, without any considerable tract of land, reaches to the Antarctic pole. In whichever of these di- rections the wind blows, it is cooled before it approaches the Magellanic regions, by passing over a vast body of water; nor is the land there of such extent, that it can re- cover any considerable degree of heat in its progress over it. Tliese circumstances concur in rendering the tempe- rature of the air in this district of America more similar to tliat of an rasular, tkjan to that of a continental climate, and hinder it from acquiring the same degree of summer heat with places in Europe and Asia in a correspondent northern latitude. The north wind is the only one that loaches this part of America, after blowing over a great continent But from an attentive survey of its position, this will be found to have a tendency rather to diminish than augment ^he degi'ee of heat. The southern extremity NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS: 397 qF America 18 properly the termination of the immense ridge of the Andes, wliich stretches nearly in a direct Une fiom north to south, through the whole extent of the con- tinent. The most sultry regions in South America, Guiana, Brasil, Paraguay, and Tucuman, lie many de- grees to the east of the Magellanic regions. The level couniiy of Peru, which enjoys the tropical heats, is situ- ated considerably to the west of them. The north wind tl^n, though it blows over land, does not bring to tlie southern extremity of America an increase of heat collected in its passage over torrid regions; but before it arrives there, it must have swept along the summits of the Andes, nd comes impregnate with the cold of that frozen region. Though it be now demonstrated that there is no southern continent in that region of the globe which it was supposed to occupy, it appears to be certain from Captain Cook's discoveries, that there is a large tract of land near the south pole, which is the source of most of the ice spread over the vast southern ocean. 230, 39, c. Whether the influence of this remote frozen continent may reach the soutliem extremity of America, and afiect its climate, is an inquiry not unworthy of at- tention. NOTE XXXIV. 288. M. Condamine is one of the latest and most accurate observers of the interior state of South America. After descending from the Andes, says he. one beholds a vast and uniform prospect of water and verdure, and nothing more. One treads upon the earth, but does not see it; as it is so entirely covered with luxuriant plants, weeds, and shrubs, that it would require a considerable degree of labour to clear it for the space of a foot. Relation abr6g6e d*un Voyage, c. 48. One of the singulaiities in the forests is a sort of oaers, or withs, called bejucos by the Spaniards, liaties by the French, and nibbes by the Indians, which are usually employed as ropes in America. This is aae of the parasiucal plants, which twists about the trees it meets with, and rising above their highest branches, its tendrib descend perpendicularly, strike into the ground, take root, rise up around another tree, and 398 NOTES^ AND ILLUSTRATIOl^S. tfaus mount and descend alternately. Other tendrils aro earned obliquely by the wind, or some accident, and form - a confiision of interwoven cordage, which resembles the rigging of a ship. Bancroft, Nat. Hist, of Guiana, 99* These withs are often as thick as the ann of a man. lb. p. 75. Bouguer's account of the forests in Peru per- fectly resembles Qiis description. Voyages au Peru, p. 16. Oviedo gives a similar description of the forests in other parts of America. 144. The coun- try of the Moxos is so much overflowed, that they are obliged to reside on the summit of some rising ground du- ring some part of the year, and have no communication ' th their countrymen at any distance. Lettres Edifiantes, tom. X. Garcia gives a full and just description of the rivers, lakes, woods, and marshes in those countries of America which lie between the tropics. Origin de los Indios, lib> ii. 4, o. The incredible hardships to which Gonzal^ Pizarro was exposed in attempting to march intP the country to the east of the Andes, convey a very strikuig idea of that part of America in its original uncultivated state. Garcil. de la Vega, Royal. Comment, of Peru, part ii. book iii. ^—5. NOTE XXXV. 290. The animals of America seem pot to have been always of a size inferior to those in other quarters of the globe. From antlers of the moose-deer which have been found in America, it appears to have been an animal of great si»e^ Near the banks of the Ohio, a considerable number of bones of an immense magnitude have been found. Tha place where this discovery has been made lies about one hundred and piuety miles below the junction of the rivar Scioto with the Ohio, it is about four miles distant firom the banks of latter, on the side of the marsh called the Salt Lick. The bones lie in vast quantities about five or six feet under ground, and the stratum is visible in tlie bank on the edge of the Lick. Jourrial of Colonel Georee Croglarij MS. penes me* This spot seems to be accuratdy laid down by vans in his map. These bones must have belonged to animals of enormous bulk; but naturalists being acquainted with no living creature of such size, were at first inclined to think that they were nuneral substai^ces^ NOTKS AND ILLUSTJBtATIOICS. 3! Upon receiving a greater number of spectiiiensy and after iaspecting them more narrowly, they are now allowed to be the bones of an animal. As the elephant is the largest known quadruped, and tiie tanks which were found n^rly resembled, both in form and quality, the tusks of an el& phant, it was concluded that the carcases deposited on the Ohio were of that species. But Dr. Hunter, one of the- persons of our age best qualified to decide with respect to this point, having accurately examined several parcek of tusks, and grinders, and jaw-bones, sent from the Ohio to London, gives it as his opinion, that they did not belong to an elephant, but to some huge carnivorous animal of an unknown species. Phil. Transact, vol. Iviii, p. Bones of the same kind, and as remarkable for their size, have been found near the mouths of the great rivere Oby, Jeniseia, and Lena, in Siberia. Strahlrenberg, Descrip. of 'North (uid East Parts of Europe and Asioy p. 402, c. The elephant seems to be confined in his range to the torrid zone, and never multiplies beyond it. In such cold regions as those bordering on the frozen sea, he could not live. The existence of such large animals in America might open a wide field for conjecture. The more we contemplate the face of nature, and consider the variety of her productions, the more we must be satisfied that as- tonishing changes have been made in the terraqueous globe by convulsions and revolutions, of which no account is preserved in history. NOTE XXXVI. 291. This degeneracy of the domestic European animals in America may be imputed to some of these causes. In the Spanish settlements, which are situated either within the torrid zone, or in countiies bordering upon it, the increase of heat, and diversity of food, prevent sheep and homed cattle from attaining the same size as in Europe. They seldom become so fat, and their flesh is not so juicy, or of such delicate flavour. In North America, where the jclimate is more favourable, and similar to that of Europe. the quail:y of the grasses which spring up naturally in their pasture-grounds is not good, Mitchell, p. Agricul- ture is still so much in its infancy, that artificial food for ^attle is not raised in any quantity. During a winter. 400 NOTES Am> /LLOSTAAllOKS. »* taken of their cattle. The genettd trenttneDt of their horseft uid bo^tjed cattfeis injudicious uid hu^h in all the English colonies. These circumstMces omitribute more, perhaps, than any thing peculiar in the quaKtj of the cli- mate, to the degeneracy of breed in the horses, cows, and ^ sheep of many of the Korth American proinces. NOTE XXXVII. «92. In the year 1518, theisland of Hiipaniola was afiicted with a dreadful visitation of those destmctiv« insects, the pardculars-of which Henrera describes, and mentions a ^ singular instance of the superstition of the Spsinish {banters. After tiding various metliodt of exterminating the ants, they resolved to implore' protecuon of the saints; but as the calamity was new, they were at a loss to find out the Saint who could give them the most efiectual aid. They cast lots in order to discover the patron whom they should iiv voke. The lots decided in favour of St. Satuminus* They celebrated his festival with great solemnity^ and immedi- ately, adds the historian, the calamity began to abate. Herrera, dec. 107. NOTE XXXVIII. «94. The author of Recherches Pbiloso{4uques sur les Ame- ricains supposes this difference in heat to be equal to twelve degrees, and that a place thirty degrees from the equator in the old continent is as warm as one situated eighteen degrees from it in America, torn. Br. Mitchell, after observations carried'on during thirty year^ contends that the di&rence is equal to fourteen or fifteen degrees of latitude. Present Sute, tic. 257. NOTE XXXIX. 294. January 3d, 1 765, Mr. Bertram, near the head of St. John's river, in East Florida, observed a frost so intense, that in one night the ground was frozen an inch thick upon the banks of die river. The Umes, citrons, and banana trees, at St. Angustin, were destroyed. Bertram's Journal, p. Other imtances of the extraordinary operations of NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 401 cold in the soudiera proviDces of North America are col- lected by Dr. MitchiU. Pncsent State, p. 206, 6uc. 9^ bruary 7tb, 17479 the front at Cbariestowo was to intense, that a person having carried two qaart bottles of hot wa- ter to bed, in the morning they were split to pieces, and the water converted into solid ice. In a kitchen, where there was a fire, the water in a jar in which there ^ was a live large eel, was frozen to the bottom. Almost all the orange and olive trees were destroyed. Descrip- tion of SouUi Carolina, 8vo. 176K NOTE XL. 295. A remarkable instance of tliis occurs in Dutch Guiana, a country every where level, and so low, that during the * rainy seasons it is usually covered with water near two feet in height. This renders tlie soil so rich, that on the surface, for twelve inches in depth, it is a stratum of per- fect manure, and as such has been transported to Barba- does. On the banks of the Essequebo, thirty crops of ratan canes have been raised successively; whereas in the West-Indian islands not more than two is ever ex- pected from the richest land. The expedients by which the planters endeavour to diminish tliis excessive fertility of soil are various. Hist, of Guiana, p. 10, 8cc. NOTE XLI. 306. Muller seems to have believed, without suflBdent evi- dence, that the Cape had been doubled, tom. 11. &c. and tlie Imperial Academy of St. Petersburgh give some countenance to it by the manner in which 2«cA«- koUkoi'Voss is laid down in their charts. But I am as- sured, from undoubt^ authority, that no Russian vessel has ever sailed round that cape; and as the country of Tschutki is not subject to the Russian Empire, it is very imperfectly known. NOTE XLIL p. 309. Were this the place for entering into a long and intri- cate geographical disquisition, many curious observatioas might anse from comparing tlie accounts of the two Rus- sian voyages and the charts of their respective navigations. One remark is applicable to both. We cannot rely with absolute certaiin^ on the position which they assign to se- VOL. « D 40S NOTES AND IlXUST&ATIONS. veral of the fiuxs which they visited. The weather was se extremely foggy^ that they seldom saw the siin or slars; the position of the islands and supposed continents was commonly determined by reckoning, not byobsenra- taon. Behring and Tschiiikow proceeded much further. towards the east than Krenitzin. The land discovered by Behringi which he imagined to be part of the American oontinent^ is in the 2S6th degree of longitude from the first meridian in the isle of Ferro, and in 58' 8' of lati- tude. Tschirikow came upon the same coast in longit. 241^ lat. 56 Muller, i. 248, 249. The former must have advanced 60 degrees from the port of Petropaw- iowski, from which he took his departure, and tlie latter 65 degrees. But from the chart of Krenitzin's voyage, it appears that he did not sail further towards llie east than the 208th degree, and only 32 degrees from Petropaw- iowski. In 1741, Behring and Tschirikow, both ingoing and returning, held a course which was mostly to the south of that chain of islands, which they discovered; and ob- serving the mountainous and rugged aspect of the head- lands which they descried towards the north, they sup- posed them to be proniontories belonging to some part of the American continent. which, as they fancied, stretched as far south as the latitude 56. In this manner they are laid down in the chart published by Muller, and likewise in a manuscript chart drawn by a mate of Behring's ship, communicated to me by Mr. Professor Robison. But in 1769, Krenitan, after wintering in tlie island Alaxa, stood so far towards the north in his return, that his course lay through the middle of what Behring and Tschirikow had supposed to be a continent, which he found to be an open sea, and that they had mistaken rocky isles for the head-lands of a continent. It is probable, that the countries discovered in 1741, towards the east, do not be- long to the American continent, but are only a continua- tion of the chain of islands. The "number of volcanos in this region of the globe is remarkable. There are several in Kam^Jiatka, and not one of the islands, great or small, as far as the Russian navigation extends, is without tiiem. Many are actually burning, and the mountains in all bear marks of having been once in a state of eruption. Were I disposed to admit such conjectures as have found place in other inquiries concerning the peopling of America, I might suppose tbat this part of the earth, having mani- S^OTES AND IIXUSTBATI0N8. 40S festly scifiered violent convulsions from earthquakes and vqI- canosy an isthmus, which may have formerly united Ana to America, has been broken, and formed into a cluster of islands by the shock. It is singular, that at the very time the Russian navi- gators were attempting to make discoveries in the north* west of America, the Spaniards were prosecuting the same design from another quarter. In 1769^ two smaU vessels sailed from Loretto in California to explore the coasts of the country to the north of that peninsula. They advanced no further than the port of Monte-Rey in lati^ tude 36. But, in several successive expediUons fitted out from the port of St. Bias in New Galicia, the Spaniards have advanced as far as the latitude 58. Gazeta de Ma- drid, March 19. and May 14. 1776. Butas die journals of those voyages have not yet been published, I cannot compare their progress with that of the Russians, or show how near the navigators of the two nations have ap- proached to each other. It is to be hoped that the en- lightened minister, who has now the direction of Ameri- can afiairs in Spain^ will not Avithhold this information from the public. Our knowledge of the vicinity of the two continents of Asia and America, which was very imperfect when I pub- lished the History of America in the year 1777, is now complete. Coxe's Account of the Russian Discove- ries between Asia and America, printed in the year 1780, contains many curious and important facts with respect to the various attempts of the Russians to open a com- munication with the New World. The history of the great Voyage of Discover. begun by Captain Cook in 1776, and completed by Captains Clerk and Gore, pub- lished in the year 1780, communicates all the information that the curiosity of mankind could desire with regard to this subject. At my request, my friend Mr. Playfair, Professor of Mathematicks in the University of Edinburgjh, has com- pared the narrative and charts of those illustrious naviga- tors with the more imperfect relations and maps of the Russians. The result of this comparison I communicate in his own words, with much greater confidence in his 2D a 404 NOTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. scientific accuracy, than I could have ventured to place in any ob8ervations which I myself might have made upon the8ul:gect. * The discoveries of Captain Cook in his last voyage have confirmed the conclusions which Dr. Robertson had drawn, and have connected together the facts firom which tliey were deduced. They have now rendered it certain that Behring and Tschirikow touched on the coast of America in 1741. The former discovered land in lat. 5^ S' and about 236' east from Ferro. He has given such a diescription of the Bay in which he anchored, and the hi^h mountain to the westward of it, which he calls St. Ehas, tiiat though the account of his voyage is much abridged in the English translation, Captain Cook reoog* nised the place as he sailed along the western coast of America in the year 1778. The isle of St. Hermogenes, near the mout^ of Cook's river, Schumagins Isles on the coast of Alashka, and Foggy Isle, retain in Captain Cook's chart the names which they had received firom the Rus- sian navigator. Cook's Voy^ vol, ii. 347. ^ Tschirikow came upon the same coast about 2? 90' farther south than Behring, near the Mount dgecumbe of Captain Co<^ k. * With regard to KiWitzin, we learn from Coxe*s Ac- count of the Russian Discoveries, that he sailed from the mouth of the Kamtchatka river with two ships in the year 1768. With his own ship he reached the island Oono- iashka, in which there had been a Russian settlement since the year 1 762, where he wintered probably in the same harbour or bay where Captain Cook aftervards anchored. The other ship wintered at Aiashka, which was supposed to be an island, though it be in fact a part of the Ameri- can continent. Krenitzin accordingly returned wndiout knowing that either of his ships had been on the coast of America; and this is the more surprising, because Cap- tain Cook has informed us that Aiashka is understood to be a great continent, both by the Russians and the natives at Oonolashka. "According to Krenitzin, the ship which had wintered at Alaslika had hardly sailed 32" to the eastward of the harbour of St. Peter and St. Paul in Kamtchatka but, according to the more accurate charts of Captain Cook, it had sailed no less than 37" 1/ to the eastwald of that harbour. There is neariy the same mistake (rf 5* in the NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 405 longitude which Krenitun assigns to OoncAashka. It is remaricable enough, that in the chart of those seas, put in* to the hand of Captain Cook by the Russians on thdt island, there was an error of the same kind^ and very near- ly of the same extent ' But what is of most consequence to be remarked op the subject is, that the discoveries of Captain Cook have fiUly verified Dr. Robertson's conjecture " that it is pro- bable that future navigators in those sea^ by steering far- ther ta the north than Behring and T^ Kre- nitzin had done, may find that the continent of Ameripa approaches still nearer to that of Asia. 44. It has accordingly been found that tliese two continents, which, in the parallel of 55% or that of the southern ex- tremity of Alashka, are about four hundred leagues asun- der, approach continually to one another as thpy stretch together toward the north, until, within less than a. degree from the polar circle, they are terminated by two capes only thirteen leagues distant. The east cape of Asia is in latitude 66 6' and in longitude igO" 9SL east from Green- wich; the western extremity of America, or Prince of Wales' Cape, is in latitude 65" 46^ and in longitude 191* 45. Nearly in the middle of the narrow strmt (Behring's Strait) which separates these capes, are the two islands of St. Diomede, from which both contipents may be seen. Captain King informs us, that s^s he was sailing through this strait, July 5, 1779, the ibg having cleared away, he enjoyed the pleasure of seeing from the ship the continents of Asia and America at the same moment^ together with the islands of St^ Diomede lying between theni. Cook's Voy. 244. * Beyond this point the strait opens towards the Arc- tic Sea, and the coasts of Asia and, America' diverge so fast from one another, that in the parallel of 69^ they are more than one hundred leagues asunder. lb. 277* To the south of the strsdt there are a number of islands, Clerk's, King's, Anderson's, c., which, as well as those of St. Diomede, may have facilitated die migrations of the na- tives from the one continent to the other. Capt^n Cook, however, on the authority of the Russians at Oopolashka, and for other good reasons, has diminished the number of islands which had been inserted in former charts of the northern Archipelago. He has also placed Alashka, or the promontory which stretches from the continent of Anie: 406 NOTfiS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. rica S. W. towards Kamtchatka, at die distance of five degrees of longitude farther from the coast of Asia than it was reckoned by the Russian navigators. " The geogra{ y of the Old and New World is there- ote equally indebted to the discoveries made in this me- morable voyage; and as many errors have been corrected, and many deficiencies supplied, by means of these disco- veries, so the accuracy of some former observations has been established. The basis of the map of the Russian Empire, as fiar as regarded Kamtchatka, and the country of the Tschutzki, was the position of four places, Ya- kutsh, Ochotz, BiJchere8k, and Petropawlowski, which had been determined by the astronomer Krassilnicow in the year 1744. G)mment. Petrop. 465, Su. But the accuracy of his observations was contested by M. Engel, and M. Robert de Vaugondy; Coxe, Append. i. No. ^7. ^7. and the former of these gec^ra- phers ventured to take away no less than 28 degrees mm the longitude, which, on the futh of Krassilnicow's ob- servations, was assigned to the eastern boundary of the Russian Empire. With how little reason this w^as done, will appear from considering that our British navigators, having determined the position of Petropawlowski by a great number of very accurate observations, found the lon- Stude of that port IdS* 43' E. fix>m Greenwich, and its titude 5S* 1' agreeing, the first to less than seven mi- nutes, and the second to less than half a minute, widi tbe calculations of the Russian astronomer: a coinddeooe which, in the situation of so remote a place, does not leave an uncertainty of more than four English miles, and which, for the credit of science, deserves to be particu- larly remarked. The chief error in the Russian maps has been in not extending the boundaries of that Empire suf- ficiently towards the east. For as there was noithiog to connect the land of the Tschutzki and the north-east point of Asia with those places whereof the position had been carefully ascertained, except the imperfect accounts of Behring's and Synd's voyages, considerable errors could not fail to be introduced, and that point was laid dovm as not more than Sy 2' east of the meridian of Petropaw- lowski. Coxe, App. No. By the obseri-ations of Captain King, the difference of longitude between Pe- tropawlowski and the East Cape is 3r 9' that is SCf 7' greater than it was supposed to be by the Russian geo^ NOTS AND ILLVSTRATIQNSC 407; graphers. — It appears from Cook^s and King's Voy, iii, p» k7^ r. the continenu of Asia and America are usur. ally joined together by ice during winter. Samwell confirms this account of his superior officer. At this place, viz, near the latitude of G& H • the two coasts are only thirteen leagues asunder, and about midway between them lie two islands, the distance from which to ejthei; shore is short of twenty miles. At this place the naUves of A^a could find no difficulty in passing over to the. op- posite coast, which is in sight of their own. That in a course of years such an event would happen, either through design or accident, cannot admit of a doubt. The canoes, which we saw among the Tschutzski were capable of performir^ a much longer voyage; and, however rude they may have been at some distant period, we can scarcely suppose them unequal to a passage of six or se-t ven leagues. People might have been carried over by accident on floating pieces of ice. They might also h^ve t;raveUed across on sledges or on foot; for we have reason to believe that the strait is entirely frozen over in the win- ter; so that, during that season, the continents, with re- spect to the communication between them, may be consU dered ^s one land. Letter from Mr. Samwell, Scots Magazine for 1788, p. 6Q4... It is probable that this in- teresting portion of geographical knowledge will, in the course of a few years, receive farther improvement. Soon after the publication of Captain Cook's last voyage, die great and enlightened Sovereign of Russia, attentive to every thing that may contribute to extend the bounds of science, or to render it more accurate, formed the plan of a new voyage of discovery, in order to explore those parts' of the ocean lying between Asia and America, which Captain Cook did not visit, to examine more accurately the islands which stretch from one continent almost to the other, to survey the north-east coast of the Russian Em- pire, from the mouth of the Kovyma, or Kolyma, to the. North Cape, and to settle, by astronomical observations, the po^Uon of each place worth notice. The conduct o this important enterprise is committed to Captain Bill- ings, an English officer in the Russian service, of whose abilities for that station it will be deemed the best evi- dence, that he accompanied Captain Cook in his last voy- age. To render the expedition more extensively useful, an eminent naturalist b appointed to attend Captain Bill- 408 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. inf^ Six yean will be requiaile for acoomidiflluDg the purposes of the voyage. Coxe Supfdement to Ruaatan Siscoveriesy p. » &• NOTEXLIV. 34. Few travellers have had such opportuniQr of observing the natives of America, in its various districts, as Don Antonio UUoa. In a work lately published by him, he thus describes the characteristical features of the race: A very small forehead, covered with hair towards its ex- tremities, as fiEur as the middle of the eye-lHt>ws; little eyes; a thin nose, small and bending towards the upper lip; the countenance broad; the ears lai^ge; the hair very black' lank, and coarse; the limbs well turned, the feet small, the body of just proportion; and altogether smooth and free from hair, until old age, when they acquire some beaid, but never on the cheeks; Noticias Americanas, c, p. 307* M. le Chevalier de Pinto, who resided se- veral years in a part of America which Ulloa never visited, gives a sketch of the general aspect of the Indians there. " They are all of copper colour with some diversity of shade, not in prqx)rtion to tlieir distance from the equa- tor, but according to the d^ree of elevation of the terri- toiy which they inhabit. Those who live in a high coun- try are fairer than those in the marshy low lands on the coasts TbeiT hce is round, forther removed, perhaps, than that of any people from an oval shape, llieir bm- head is small, the extremi^ of their ears fer from the face, their lipe thick, their nose flat, their eyes black, or of a chesnut colour, small, but capable of discerning objects at a great distance. Their hair is always thick and sleek, and without any tendency to curl. They have no hair on any part of their body but the head. At the first aspect a soudiem American appears to be mild and innocent, but on a more attentive view, one discovers in his counte- nance something wild, distrustfol and sullen. MS. ptfies ffie. The two portraits drawn by hands very different firom those of common travellers, have a near resemblance. NOTE XLV, p. 325. Amazing accounts are given of the persevering speed of the Americans. Adair relates the adventures of a Cbik- kasali warrior, who ran through woods and over mountains. NOTBS AKD ILLU8TBATI0KS. 409 three hmxlrad compuled miles, in a day and a Imtf and two nights. Hist, of Amer. Syti. NOTE XLVI. 33a M. Godin le Jeune, who resided fifteen years among the Indians of Peru and Quito, and twenty years in the French colony of Cayenne, in which there is a constant intercourse with the Galibis and other tribes on the Ori- noco, observes, that the vigour of constitution among the Americans is exactly in proportion to their habits of la- bour. The Indians, in warm climates, such as diose on the coasts of the South Sea, on the river of Amazons, and the river Orinoco, are not to be compared for strength with those in cold countries; and yet, says he, boats daily set out from Para, a Portuguese settlement on the river of Amazons, to ascend tliat river against the rapidity of the stream, and with the same crew they proceed to San Pa- blo, which is eight hundred leagues distant. No crew of white people, or even of negroes, would be found equal * to a task of such persevering fatigue, as the Portuguese have experienced; and yet the Indians^ being acx:ustomed to this labour from their infancy, perform it. penes me* >JOTE XLVII. 336. Don Antonio Ulloa, wlio visited a great part of Peru and Chili, the kinsdom of New Granada, and several of the provinces boroering on the Mexican Gulf, while em- ployed in the same service witli the French mathematicians during the space of ten years, and who afterwards had an opportunity of viewing the North-Americans, asserts, that if we have seen one American, we may be said to have seen them all, their colour and make are so nearly the same. Notic. Americanas, p. 308. A more early observer, Pedro de Cieca de Leon, one of the conquerors of Peru, who had likewise traversed many provinces of America, affirms that the people, men and women, idthough there is such a multitude of tribes or nations as to be almost innumerable, and such diversity of climates, ap- pear nevertheless like the cbildj-en of one father and mo- ther. Chronica del' Peru, parte i. There is, no doubt, a certain combination of features, and peculiarity of aspect, which forms what may be called a European 4^r Asiatic countenance. There must likewise be one that 410 SKyr& Hi> iLLirsTRATioirftr VMty be deoooiinated Araeiidm, coamion to the wbde race. This may be supposed to strike tbe timveUer at 6nst sight, while not only the various shades, which distinguish people of different regionb, but the peculiar features which discriminate individuals, escape the notice of a transient observer. But when persons who had resided so long among the Americans concur in bearing testimony to the similarity of their appearance in every cUmate, we may conclude that it is more remarkable than that of any other race. See likewise Garcia Origen de los Indies, p. 54. 242. Torquemada Monarch. Indiana, ii. 571. NOTE XLVIIL p. S39. M. le Chevalier de Pinto observes, that in tbe interior parts of Brasil, he had been informed that some persons resembling the white people of Darien have been found; but that the breed did not continue, and their children be- came like other Americans. This race, however, is very imperfectly known. pems me. NOTE XLIX. 341. The testimonies of different travellers, concerning the Patagonians^ have been collected and stated witli a consi- derable degree of accuracy by the author of Recherches Fhiiosophiques, c. 281, Sec. 181, c. Since the publication of his work, several navigators have visited the Magellanic r^ions, and, like their predecessors, differ very widely in their accounts of its inhabitants. By Com- modore Byron and his crew, who sailed through the Straits in 1764, the common size of the Patagonians was esti- mated to be eight feet, and many of them much taller. Phil. Ivii. By Captains Wallis and Carteret, who actually measured them in 1766, they were found to be from six feet to six feet five and seven inches in height. 22. These, however, seem to have been die very people whose size had been rated so high in the year 1764; tor several of them had beads and red baize of the same kind with what had been put on board Captain Wallis's ship, and he naturally ccm- cluded that they had got thesefirom Mr. Byron. Hawkesw. i. In 1767 tliey were again measured by M. Bougainville, whose account differs little fix)m that of Captain Wallis. Voy. 129. To these I shall ^dd a testimony of great KOTES AKD IIXUSTRATIOKS^ 41 1 weight In the year 1762, Don BemaRto Ibegnez de fichavarri acoompamed the Marquis de Valdelirios to Buenos A3rre8y and resided there several years. He is a very intelligent author, and his reputation for veracity un« impeached among hb countrymen. In speaking of the country towards the southern extremity of America. By what Indians/ says he. is it possessed i Not certainly by the fabulous Patagonians, who are supposed to occupy this district I have from many eye-witnesses, who have lived among those Indians, and traded much with them, a true and accurate description of their persons. They are of the same stature with Spaniards. I never saw one who rose in height two varas and two or three inches. t. e. about 80 or 81. 932 inches nglish, if Echavarri makes his computation according to the vara of Madrid. This agrees nearly with the measurement of Captain Wallis. Reyno Jesuitico, 238. Falkner, who resided as a missionary forty years in the southern parts of America, says that * the Patagonians, or Puelches, are a large bodied people; but I never heard of that gigantic race which others have mentioned, though I have seen persons of all the different tribes of southern Indians. Introd. 26, M. Dobriz- hofier, a Jesuit, who resided eighteen years in Paraguay, and who had seen great numbers of the various tribes which inhabit the countries situated upon the Straits of Magellan, confirms, in every point, the tesUraony of his brother-missionary Falkner. Dobrizhofier enters into some detail with respect to the opinions of several authors con- cerning the stature of the Patagonians. Having mentioned the reports of some early travellers with regard to the ex- traordinary size of some bones found on tliat coast which were supposed to be human; and having endeavoured to show that these bones belonged to some large marine or land animal, he concludes. de hisce ossibus crede quic- quidlibuerit, dummodo, me suasore, Patagonespro giganti* bus desinas habere. Hist, de Abissonibus, vol. 19. NOTE L. 345. Antonio Sanchez Ribeiro, a learned and ingenious phy- sician, published a dissertation in the year 1765, in Which he endeavours to prove, that this disease was not intro- duced from America, but took its rise in Europe, and was brought on by an epidemical and malignant disorder. IK4 4 1 9t NOTES AND I LLUSTEATIOBTS. I choose to alter mto a disquisition on this subject^ which I should not have mentioned if it had not been intimately connected with this part of my inquiries^ it would not be difficult to point out some mistakes with respect to the facts upon which he founds, as well as some errors in the coi^ sequences which he draws from them. The rapid com-> munication of this disease from Spain over Curope>seen6 liowever to resemble the {MFogress of an epidemic, rather than that of a disease transmitted by infection^ The first mention of it is in the year 1493, and before the year 1497 it had made its appearance in most countries of Europe^ with such alarming symptoms as rendered it necessary for the civil magistrate to interpose^ in order to check it^ career. — Since the publication of this work, a second edi- tion of Dr. Sanchez's Dissertation has been communicated to me. It contains several additional facts in confirma-> Uon of his c^inion, which is supported witli such plausible arguments, as render it a subject of inquiry well deserving the attention of learned physicians^ NOTE LI. 34a The people of Otaheite have no denomination for any number above two hundred, Yhich is sufficient for their transactions. Voyages, by Hawkesworth, ii. 228. NOTE UI. 355, As the view which I have given of rude nations is ex- tremely diflerent from that e^ibited by very respectable authors, it may be proper to produce some of the many authorities on which" I found my description. The man- ners of the savage tribes in America have never been view- ed by persons more capable of observing tlem with dis- cernment, than the philosophers employed by France and Spain, in the year 1735, to determine the figiae of the eartli. Bouguer, D. Antonio d'Ulloa, and D. Jorge Juan, resided long arhong the natives of die least civilized provinces in Peru. de la Condamine had not only the same advantages with them for observaUon, but, in his voyage down the Maragnou, h, e had an oppcMtunity cfin- specting th^ s^te of the various nations seated on its baaiks, in its vast conrse across the conUi(ient of South America. There is a wonderfi^l resemblance in their representation i>f the character of the America, ns. They ai^ all ex- NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 4 J S •* tremely indoleiit. says M. Bouguer. they are stupid, they pass wboie days sitting in the same place, without moving, or speaking a single word. It is not easy to de- scribe the degree of their indiilerence for wealth, and all its advantages. One does not well know what motive to propose to them, when one would persuade them to per- form any service. It is vain to ofier them money; they answer, that they are not hungry. Voyage au Perou, p. lOfi. If one considers them as men, the narrowness <^f their understanding seems to beincompatiUe with the excellence of the soul. Their imbecilUty is so visible, that one can hardly form an idea of them diferent from what one has of the brutes. Nothing disturbs the tranquillity of their souls, equally insensible ta disasters and to pro- sperity. Though half-naked, they are as contented as a monarch in his most splendid array. Riches do not at- tract them in the smallest d^ee, and the authority of dig- nities to which they may aspire are so litde the objects of their amotion, that an Indian will receive witli the same indifference the office of a ^udge (Alcade) or that of a hangman, if deprived oL the former and appointed to tlie tatter. Nothing can move or change tliem. Inteiest lias no powier over theiPy and they often refuse to perform a small service, though certain of a great recompense. Fear makes no impression upon tliem, and respect as little. Their disposition is so singular that there is no method of influencing them, no noeans of rousing them from that in- difference which is proof against all the endeavours of the Tviisest persons; no expedient which can induce tliem to abandon that gross ignorance, or lay aside that careless negligence, which disconcert the prudence and di8ap,x>int the care of such as are attentive to their welfare. Voyage d'Ulloa, tom. 335. 356. Of tliose singular qualities he produces many extraordinary instances, p. 336—. 347. * Insensibility. says M. de la Condamine. is the basis of the American character. I leave others to determine, whedier this should be dignified with the name of apathy, or disgraced with that of stupidity. It arises, ivithout doubt, from the small number of tlieir ideas, which do not extepd beyond their wants. Gluttons «ven to voracity, when they have wherewithal to satisfy their appetite. Temperate, wlien necessity obliges them, to such a degree, tliat tliey can endure want without seeming to desire any thing, rusillanimous and cofardly to excess, unless when 414 KOTES AND ILLUSTBATIOMTS. they are rendered desperate by drunkenn. Averye to labour^ indifiereat to every motive of glory, honour, or gratitude; occupied entirely by the object that is preient, and always determined by it alone, M^ithout any solicitude about futurity; incapable of foresight or of reflection; abandoning themselves, when under no restraint, to a pu- erile joy, which they express by fHsking about and immo- derate fits of laughter; without object or design, they pass their lite ^vithout thinking, and grow old without advancii^ beyond childhood, of which they retain all the defects. this descri ption were ap{ icable only to the Indians in soine provinces of Peru, who are slaves in every respect but the name, one might believe, that this degree of degeneracy was occasioned by the servile dependence to which they are seduced; the example of the modem Greeks l>eing proof how far servitude may degrade the human species. But the Indians in the missions of the Jesuits, and the savages who still enjoy unimpaired liberty, being as limited in th^r faculties, not to say as stupid, as Uie other, one cannot ob- serve, without humiliation, that man, when abandoned to simple nature, and deprived of the advantages resulting from education and society, difiers but little frx>m the brute creation. Voyage de la Riv. de Amaz. 5, 53. de Chanvalon, an intelligent and philosophical observer, who isited M artinico in 1751, sind resided there six years, gives the following description of the Candbs. It is not the red colour of their complexion, it is not the singularity of their features, which constitutes the chief difference be- tween them aad us. It is their excessive simphcity: it is the limited degitre of their faculties. Their reason is not more enlightened or more provident than the instinct of brutes. I'he reason of the most gross peasants, that of the Negroes brought up in the parts of Africa most remote from intercourse with Europeans, is such, that we discover appearances of intelligence, which, though imperfect, is capable of increase. But of this the understand'mg of the Caraibs seems to be hardly susceptible. If sound philo- sophy and religion did not afibrd us their light, if we were to decide according to the first impression which the view of that people makes upon the m'md, we should be dbposed to believe that they do net belong to thesame species with •us. Their stupid eyes are the true mirror of their souls; it appears tp be without functions. Their indolence is ex- treme^ they have never th least solicitude about the mo- NOTESAND ILLUSTRATIOWB. 415 ment which is to succted that which is praeent. Voyage k la Martinique, p. 44, 45. de la Borde, Tertra, and Rochefort confirm this description. The* charao- teristics of the Californians. says P. Venegas. as well as of ■ all other Jndians, are stupidity, and insensibility; want of knowledge and reflection; inconstancy, impetu- osity, and blindness of appetite; an excessive sloth, and abhorrence of all labour and fatigue; an excessive love of pleasure and amusement of every kind^ however trifling or brutal; pusillanimity; and, in fine, a most wretched want every thing which constitutes the real man, and renders him rational, inventive, tractable, and useful to himself and society. It is not easy for Europeans, who never were out of their own country, to conceive an adequate idea of those people; for, even in the least fi'equented comers of th» fflobe, there is not a nation so stupid, of such contracted ideas, and so weak both in body and mind, as the un- happy Califomians. Their understanding comprehends htde more than what they see; abstract ideas, and much less a chain of reasoning, being far beyond their power; so that they scarce ever improve their first ideas, and these are in general false, or at least inadequate. It is in vain to represent to them any future advantages which will re- sult to them firom doing or abstaining from this or that particular immediately present; the relation of means and ends being beyond the stretch of their faculties. Nor have they the least notion of pursuing such intentions as will procure themselves some future good, or guard them against future evils. Their will is proportional to^heir faculties, and all their passions move in a very narrow sphere. Ambition they have none, and are more desirous of being accounted strong than valiant. The objects of ambition with us, honour, fame, reputation, titles, posts^ and distinctions of superiority, are unknown among ^m; so that this powerful spring of action, the cause of so much seeminggood and real evil in the world, has no power here. This disposition of mind, as it gives them up to an amazing languor and lassitude, their lives fleeting away in a perpetual inactivity and detestation of labour, so it likewise induces them to be attracted by the first object which their own fancy, or the persuasion of another, places before thehi; and at the same time renders them as pron^ to alter their resolutions with the same facility. They look with indifierence upon any kijfidness done them; nor is 416 If OTES AND C LLirS TR ATIONS. even the Iwureieineinbranceofit to be expected frointbeiii; In a word, the uAbappy mortals may be compared to children, in whom the development of reason is not com- pleted. They may indeed he called a nation who never arrive at manhood/ Hist. oS California, Engfeh Trans* i. 64, 67. EUif gjves a similar account of the want of foresight and inconsiderate disposition of the people adjacent to Hudson's Bay. Voyage, p. 194, 195. The incapacity of the Americans is so remarkable, that Negroes from all the different provinces erf Africa are ob- served to be more capable of improving by instruction. They acquire tlie kpowledge of several particulars which the Americans cannot comprehend. Hence the Negroes, though slaves, value themselves as a superior order of beings, and look down upon the Americans with con- tempt, as void of capacity and of rational discernment. UUoa Notic. Americ. 3^2, i)5. NOTE LIII. 361. Dobrizhofier, the last traveller 1 know who has resided among any tribe of the ruder Americans, has expluned so fully tiie various reasons which have induced their women to suckle their children long, and never to undertake rear- ing such as were feeble or distorted, and even to destroy a considerable number of their ofispi irig, as to throw great, light on the observations I have made, p. 72, 73. Hist, de Abissonibus, vol. 107* 221. So dee,ily were these ideas imprinted in the minds of the Americans, that the Peruvians, a dvilized people when compared with tlie barbarous tribes whose manners 1 anidescribiiig, retained them; and even their intercourse witli the Spaniards has not been able to root tliem out. When tvinns are bom in any family, it is still considered as an ominous event, and the farents have recourse to rigorous acts of morufication, in order to avert the calamities with which they are threatened. When a child is born with any deformity, they will not, if they can possibly avoid it, bring it to be bap- Uzed, and it is with difficulty they can be brought to rear lU Arriaga Extirpac. 'dela Idolat. del Peru, p. 32, 33. END OF THU: FIRST VOLUME. I'rinted by fc M A. Taylor, SfaocL ane^ London. At AUI- 14 ig3f n ^y Google.

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A McQuade o Lobo Solitário Octagon De Volta Para O Futuro De Volta Para O Futuro II De Volta Para O Futuro III Dirty Harry (Clint Eastwood) Perseguidor Implacável Magnum 44 Sem Medo da Morte Impacto Fulminante Dirty Harry Na Lista Negra Elvis Presley A Mulher que Eu Amo Ama-me Com Ternura (Love Me Tender) Amor a Toda Velocidade Balada Sangrenta Com Caipira Não Se Brinca Coração Rebelde Ele e as Três Noviças Estrela de Fogo Feitiço Havaiano Joe é Muito Vivo Louco Por Garotas O Barco do Amor O Cavaleiro Romântico O Prisioneiro do Rock Ritmos e Confusões Saudades de Um Pracinha Seresteiro em Acapulco Viva Um Pouquinho, Ame Um Pouquinho Ettore Scola Concorrência Desleal Feios, Sujos e Malvados Nós Que Nos Amávamos Tanto Um Dia Muito Especial François Truffaut A Sereia do Mississipi Beijos Proibidos Domicílio Conjugal Jules e Jim - Uma Mulher Para Dois O Garoto Selvagem O Último Metrô Frederico Fellini A Estrada da Vida A Trapaça Abismo de um Sonho Amarcord Boccaccio '70 Cidade das Mulheres Fellini 8 1/2 Mulheres e Luzes Noites de Cabíria O Amor na Cidade Os Boas Vidas Os Palhaços Fritz Lang A Morte Cansada As Aranhas Dr. Mabuse - Parte 1: O Jogador Dr. Mabuse - Parte 2: O inferno do Crime Liliom M - O Vampiro de Düsseldorf Metropolis Os Mil Olhos do Dr. Mabuse Os Nibelungos - Parte 1: A Morte de Siegfried Os Nibelungos - Parte 2: A Vingança de Kriemhild O Tigre de Bengala Sepulcro Indiano Herbie, o Fusca Se Meu Fusca Falasse As Novas Aventuras do Fusca Um Fusca em Monte Carlo Herbie, Meu Fusca Turbinado Indiana Jones Indiana Jones e Os Caçadores da Arca Perdida Indiana Jones e O Templo da Perdição Indiana Jones e A Última Cruzada Indiana Jones e o Reino da Caveira de Cristal Ingmar Bergman A Paixão de Ana Cenas de Um Casamento - Duplo Noites de Circo O Olho do Diabo O Ovo da Serpente O Sétimo Selo Persona - Quando Duas Mulheres Pecam Sorrisos de Uma Noite de Amor Jean-Luc Godard A Chinesa Alphaville Banda à Parte Carmen de Godard Detetive O Demônio das Onze horas O Desprezo Rogopag - Relações Humanas Tempo de Guerra Uma Mulher é Uma Mulher Week-end à Francesa Jerry Lewis A Barbada do Biruta A Família Fuleira A Farra dos Malandros As Loucuras de Jerry Lewis Bancando a Ama Seca Cinderelo Sem Sapato Mocinho Encrenqueiro O Delinquente Delicado O Fofoqueiro O Meninão O Professor Aloprado O Rei do Circo O Rei dos Mágicos O Terror das Mulheres Qual o Caminho para Guerra Um Golpe das Arábias Karatê Kid Karatê Kid, A Hora da Verdade Karatê Kid 2, A Hora da Verdade Continua Karatê Kid 3, O Desafio Final Luchino Visconti O Leopardo Rocco e Seus Irmãos Luis Buñuel A Idade do Ouro - Um Cão Andaluz A Ilusão Viaja de Trem Ensaio de Um Crime Escravos do Rancor Nazarin O Alucinado O Anjo Exterminador Os Esquecidos Robinson Crusoé Subida ao Céu Marco Ferreri A Comilança Crônica de Um Amor Louco Marilyn Monroe Nunca Fui Santa O Rio das Almas Perdidas Os Desajustados Michelangelo Antonioni A Aventura A Noite As Amigas Depois Daquele Beijo Identificação de Uma Mulher O Gordo e o Magro Dois Fantasmas Vivos Os Mestres do Baile Os Toureiros Utopia Os Três Patetas Os Três Patetas em Parada Musical Branca de Neve e Os Três Patetas O Foguete Errante Os Três Patetas com Hécules no Olimpo Os Três Patetas em Órbita Os Reis do Faroeste Pare, Olhe e Ria Orson Welles A Marca da Maldade Soberba Dom Quixote Mr. Arkadin Otelo Pier Paolo Pasolini Arabian nights - As Mil e Uma Noites Decameron Mamma Roma Medéia Planeta dos Macacos O Planeta dos Macacos De Volta ao Planeta dos Macacos A Fuga do Planeta dos Macacos A Conquista do Planeta dos Macacos A Batalha do Planeta dos Macacos Rambo Rambo II Rambo III Rambo IV Roberto Rossellini Alemanha, Ano Zero De Crápula a Herói Paisà Roma, Cidade Aberta Rocky Rocky, Um Lutador Rocky II, A Revanche Rocky III, O Desafio Supremo Rocky IV Rocky V Rocky Balboa Star Wars I. A Ameaça Fantasma II. O Ataque dos Clones III. A Vingança dos Sith IV. Uma Nova Esperança V. O Império Contra Ataca VI. O Retorno de Jedi Superman Superman, O Filme Superman II - A Aventura Continua Superman III Superman IV - Em Busca da Paz Tarzan Tarzan, O Destemido A Fuga de Tarzan O Tesouro de Tarzan Tarzan Contra O Mundo Tarzan e o Mistério do Deserto Tarzan, O Vencedor Tarzan e A Fúria Selvagem Tarzan e a Tribo Nagasu A Maior Aventura De Tarzan Tarzan, O Filho da Selva Tarzan, O Magnífico Os Três Desafios de Tarzan Tarzan e O Vale do Ouro Tarzan e O Menino da Selva Tarzan e O Grande Rio Van Damme Cyborg, O Dragão do Futuro Morte Súbita O Grande Dragão Branco Vittorio De Sica Duas Mulheres Ladrões de Bicicleta Matrimônio à Italiana Milagre em Milão Os Girassóis da Rússia Pão, Amor e Ciúme Pão, Amor e Fantasia Quando a Mulher Erra Umberto D Vítimas da Tormenta Werner Herzog Aguirre - A Cólera dos Deuses Cobra Verde Fitzcarraldo Nosferatu - O Vampiro da Noite O Enigma de Kasper Hauser Stroszek Yasujiro Ozu A Rotina Tem Seu Encanto Bom Dia Contos de Tóquio Coral de Tóquio Coração Caprichoso Dia de Outono Ervas Flutuantes Meninos de Tóquio Os Irmãos da Família Toda Pai e Filha 007. 007 Contra O Satânico Dr. No Moscou Contra 007 007 Contra Goldfinger 007 Contra A Chantagem Atômica Com 007 Só Se Vive Duas Vezes 007 A Serviço Secreto de Sua Majestade 007 Os Diamantes São Eternos 007 Viva e Deixe Morrer 007 Contra O Homem com a Pistola de Ouro 007 O Espião Que Me Amava 007 Contra o Foguete da Morte 007 Somente Para Seus Olhos 007 Contra Octopussy 007 Nunca Mais Outra Vez 007 Na Mira Dos Assassinos 007 Marcado Para Morrer 007 Permissão Para Matar 007 O Amanhã Nunca Morre 007 Um Novo Dia Para Morrer.

What is the pencil a prisma color pencil. The princess is back 🥰❤️. Merci pour ta régularité et la qualité de tes vidéos. objectif : 1 000 000 ✨😉♥️💤😘😘. I so patiently tried not to fall asleep to see the finale of the painting and there she goes that I can't see it tonight. Well, what can I do she's a princess after all and I love her ❤.

Watched it at x2 and she starts to look like how the music sounds. Trusting the devil is better than the Yankee who kill millions of buffalo just to stave the native American Indian into submission. Beautiful anthem. Greetings from Oman and England. Vários Artistas - Sharp, Punk and Oi! Coletânea com bandas Sharp e outras não sharp mais que tem atitude anti-racistas. Por ordem: Klasse Kriminale - É uma das maiores bandas do oi! italiano e que trás neste disco uma versão do clássico de Bob Marley, Get up, stand up! Guttersnipe - É uma banda sueca que lançou um disco e dois singles em outras compilações. The Way - É uma banda punk austríaca com dois discos e alguns singles em outras coletânea. The Harries - Vem com seu punk rock direto da Holanda e também tem poucos discos e algumas demos na bagagem. Distortion - Tenho pouca informação mas eles encontram-se bastante ocupados preparando um novo material. The Casualties - Conhecida banda norte americana de New Jersey com boas músicas. The Steam Pig Oi. Direto de Dubli, Irlanda e com apenas um disco consegui se destacar como uma boa banda oi! tendo boas recomendações em zines. Kondenados Por Kristo - É uma banda relativamente nova na cena espanhola. Tem seu primeiro demo gravado algum tempos atrás e tem influencias de Blitz, Partisans, Oxymoron, Braindance. Oi! The Arrase - É outra banda da Espanha. Se você gostou dessa música você iria gostar de assistir uma apresentação dela com certeza. Stage Bottles - Fez essa música em homenagem ao carro de Ian Stuart (blood & Honor e Skrewdriver. Letra bastante engraçada para essa banda que tem como frase - As vezes anti-social mas sempre anti-fascistas. 01 Klasse Kriminale - Get Up, Stand Up 02 Guttersnipe - Nazi Bastard 03 The Way - Fascist Scum 04 The Harries - Eva Is A Nazi Skinhead Girl 05 Distortion - Violent Britain 06 Oi! The Arrase - Anem Hi Tots 07 The Casualties - Politicians 08 The Steam Pig - Life Under Their Fascist Thumb 09 Kondenados Por Kristo - Mata Nazis 10 The Steam Pig - Skins And Punks And Other Breakfast Cereals 11 The Harries - Unite To Lie 12 The Way - Stupid Blockhead 13 Oi! The Arrase - Bootboys 14 Kondenados Por Kristo - Ernesto 15 Stage Bottles - Dead But Not Forgiven 16 Kondenados Por Kristo - Nunca Mas Tamanho do arquivo: 38. 36MB Download. Vários Artistas - Class Pride World Wide vol 1 Os discos Class Pride World Wide é uma sequência de coletâneas mundialmente famosas com bandas anti-fascistas. 01 Street Troopers - Don't Let Them Win 02 Stage Bottles - Dead But Not Forgiven 03 Reazione - Forse Un Giorno Vincera! 04 Worker - Betrayed 05 Remences - Sota Control 06 The Oppressed - Substitute 07 Brigada Flores Magon - Continente Olvidado 08 FFD - Proletario 09 H-Block 101 - Aunty Pauline 10 Klasse Kriminale - I Ragazzi Sono Innocenti Part 2 11 Scrapy - Still Standing 12 Blastcaps - The Shining Light 13 Pinkerton Thugs - Propaganda By The Deed 14 Opcio K-95 - Skinhead Only Red 15 Los Fastidios - S. H. A. R. P. 16 Fermin Muguruza - New Roz 17 Les Partisans - Radio Rebelle 18 Blaggers I. T. 1949 19 Ya Basta. Chiapas Tamanho do arquivo: 52. 3MB Download. Vários Artistas - Skinhead Unity Nosso último disco do ano de 2008. Nessa compilação temos 4 bandas que tocam um belissimo oi. The Oppressed, United Front, e United We Stand e Oi! Valcans. 01 United We Stand-We got the power 02 United We Stand-Never say die 03 United We Stand-Oi! Aint dead 04 United Front-Old time bruiser 05 United Front-Bad luck stories 06 United Front-Skins, punks, and Glasgow drunks 07 Oi! Valcans-In the city 08 Oi! Valcans-Drive with you 09 Oi! Valcans-Never stop music 10 The Oppressed-United we stand 11 The Oppressed-Nobodys fool 12 The Oppressed-Paedophile Tamanho do arqivo: 46. 03 MB Download. Oxblood - 6 Hard Years A banda foi formada por 4 skinheads cansado da cena de Nova Yorque no ano de 1992. Desde essa época a banda está na ativa cantando sobre sua realidade, a de ser skin em NYC. Esse é o primeiro e único disco da banda até o momento, e que nos remete, sonoramente, à bandas como The Oppressed, 4 Skins, The Businness, dentre outras. Vale a pena para quem quer conhecer algo diferente do que vem usualmente de NYC. Aproveitando que voltaram a tocar, da sua formação original apenas o guitarra Mac não está, sendo substituído pelo contemporâneo Dave, que na última formação já era o guitarra enquanto Mac apenas cantava. A banda está realizando shows nos Estados Unidos e Europa onde podemos destacar o Festival em 2008 junto com 4Skins e Indecent Exposure e a tour Européia com o Red Alert. Frank Bruno (Vocais) Mac (Guitarra) Paul (Baixo) e Harry (Bateria. O lançamento ainda conta com participações especiais de Carl e Phil do Templars. Ruthless Violence Oi! Oi! Oi Tracklist: 01-Oxblood 02-Under the boot 03-Warpath 04-Traitor 05-Our colors 06-Working class hell 07-Die hards 08-Our city 09-In the first 10-Justice 11-Wanted man 12-Revenge 13-Ruthless violence 14-The other side 15-Law man 16-Traitor 17-Police 18-Under the boot 19-Oxblood 20-Working class life 21-Our colors 22-Die hards Download. Stage Bottles - Corruption & Murder Banda Alemã que se assume anti-fascistas e anti-racistas. Do caralho o som deles. 01 Drinking on and on 02 All you need is hate 03 Have your fun 04You´ll never walk alone 05 Furious and in passion 06 Far away from real life 07 Dead but not forgiven 08 Power of the city 09 Out of work 10 Politicians don´t change nothing 11 The jester in our mind 12 They´re watching me (faixa bônus) 13 We´ve got to fight (faixa bônus) Tamanho do arquivo: 67. 76 MB Donwload. HardxTimes - We Take Shit From No One Banda SHARP francesa com um oi pesado e com cara de oi ruêiro. Muito bom. Recomendo essa porra. 01 Pas de honte 02 Temps de sang 03 Not so late 04 Errance 05 Ultra violence 06 Skinhead youth 07 Rebelle 08 (Um)justified violence 09 Demain m appartient 10 Put me down 11 Liens sacres Tamanho do arquivo: 24. 45 MB Download. Urban Noise - Una Vida de Lucha Banda colombiana da cidade de Bogotá. Este é o primeiro disco deles e mostra que não é só no Brasil que os sharp são contra a farsa nacionalista. 01 s. h. a. r. p. 02 una vida de lucha 03 los guerreros troyanos 04 los mejores luchadores 05 millonarios 06 espiritu del 69 07 skinhead 08 a por ellos 09 bogota d. c. 10 urban noise 11 rock'n'roll skinhead 12 fiel compañero Tamanho do arquivo: 67. 66 MB Download. The Prowlers - Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow Banda canadense antifascistas e fãs do The Oppressed. Fim do ano passado fizeram uma grande tour com o pessoal do The Oppressed. pelos Eua e Canadá. 01 Drunken skinhead 02 Easy target 03 Hard times 04 In memory 05 Joe Hawkins (Cover do The Oppressed) 06 Lost cause 07 New breed 08 Smash them up 09 Tonight tonight 10 We come out first 11 We wont back down 12 We're taking back the pubs Tamanho do arquivo: 28. 21 MB Download. Oi Polloi - Unite And Win Segundo disco que eu vou postando deles aqui. Banda Anarco que participou do surgimento do anarcopunk junto com o Crass, Antisect, Crucifix, Poison Girls, Kaaos. 01 - punx 'n skins 02 - we don't need them 03 - kill the bill 04 - lowest of the low 05 - nuclear waste 06 - commies and nazis 07 - pigs for slaughter 08 - scum 09 - thrown on the scrapheap 10 - punx picnic in princes street gardens 11 - mindless few 12 - unite and win 13 - minority authority 14 - skinhead 15 - boot down the door 16 - american's out 17 - thugs in uniform 18 - pigs for slaughter 19 - rich scumbag 20 - never give in Tamanho do arquivo: 89. 09 MB Download. The Oppressed - Fuck Fascism (Ep) Ep muito bom com 3 músicas dessa magnífica banda. Foda-se fascistas! 01 Fuck Fascism 02 Sleeping With The Enemy 03 Work Together Tamanho do arquivo: 8. 03 MB Download. Oi! The Arrase - Anarkoi! Banda que entra na minha lista de melhores bandas oi. Fazem jus a palavra oi fazendo e "pregando" a união entre punx e skins. A banda é de Maiorca, espanha e com isso um bom incentivo ao lado libertário em suas letras. 01 Tu Eliges 02 Punks y skins (I) 03 Antisocial 04 A Comisaria 05 Me Largo 06 Boot Boys 07 Hasta El Fin 08 Autoorganización 09 Alerta 10 Estupidos Politicos 11 Odio 12 No Hay Futuro, No Hay Esperanza 13 L'enric 14 Punks Y Skins (II) 15 El Problema 16 Aire 17 Skinhead 18 Pueblo libre 19 Solidaridad 20 A Por Ellos 21 Somos De Mallorca Tamanho do arquivo: 56. 81 MB Download. Street Troopers - Take The Battle To The Streets Banda SHARP de Montreal, Canadá. Eles tocam uma mistura de oi! com uma certa pegada de HCNY. Muito bom o som deles. 01 Intro 02 Take The Battle To The Streets 03 Street Troopers 04 Clockwork Fun 05 Be Wise 06 Traitor 07 We Won't Give In 08 Jamaican Police 09 Oi! Against Racism 10 Yeah, Right! 11 United Front 12 Smash The Needle 13 Ska Train Tamanho do arquivo: 40. 8 MB Download. facecontrol - Demo 2006 Facecontrol é uma banda Russa formada por skinheads anarquistas e Straight edge. Este é sua primeira demo lançada em 2006 e já mostra que naquela altura eles já botavam pra fuder. Nesta demo tem também músicas do 4-Skins e Minor Threat. 01 A. C. B (4-skins) 02 03 Skinhead 04 05 06 07 Small Man Big Mouth (Minor Threat) 08 Tamanho do arquivo: 16. 05 MB Download. Contra-Ataque - Oi! Contra-Ataque é uma banda gaúcha que foi formada por punks e skins e esse é o primeiro disco deles. 01 Briga de Rua 02 Desemprego 03 Juventude Operária 04 Corrosão 05 Saida do Jogo 06 Reação 07 União 08 Skinheads Tamanho do arquivo: 16. 51 MB Download. Klasse Kriminale -Strength & Unity Klasse Kriminale é uma banda italiana de punk rock/oi! de Linguria, região da Itália. A banda foi formada pelo vocalista, Marco em 1985. O som deles é uma mistura de oi! punk, ska e reggae. As letras discutem temas sociais como trabalho, desemprego, drogas mídia, vida nas ruas e outras coisas. A banda tem influencias do the Clash, Sham 69, Angelic Upstats e the Specials. Em 1988, depois de algumas trocas em seu line-up, o Klasse Kriminale gravou seu primeiro single. Em 1989, eles gravaram seu primeiro álbum, Ci Incotreremo Ancora Un Giorno. A banda tocou com bandas como The Stab, Rappresaglia, Guetto 84, Nabat, Red Alert, The Lukers, Charged GBH, The Oppressed, Angelic Upstarts, Sham 69, Red London, Public Toys, Agnostic Front, Snap her, Stage Bottles, US Bombs, Dropkick Murphys, The Business e o The Toasters. Eles tocam em eventos e festivais ANTI-RACISTA e ANTI-FASCISTA na Europa como o "Holidays In The Sun. The 2000 Paradiso Belgian Oi! Festival" e "Punk & Disorderly 2005" em Berlim. Marco, que produziu o fanzine "Kriminal Class" produziu a compilação "Oi! It's A World League. Oi! Agaist Silvio" e "Oi! Against Racism" 01 Non È Un Gioco 02 Daniele 03 Nulla 04 Demolition Dance 05 Klasse Kriminale 06 Ribelli 07 Sono Stanco 08 The March Of The Rude Boys & Rude Girls 09 Dove È Finito Il Punk 10 Skinhead 11 Redemption Song 12 Strength & Unity 13 Ace Boon Jamming 14 Rivedrete Ancora Gli Skinhead 15 Land Of Hope And Glory Tamanho do arquivo: 54. 94 MB Download. Kaos Urbano - El Orden Del Kaos Kaos Urbano é uma banda de Madri, Espanha, que tem em suas letras sempre retratando o seu anti-fascismo, anti-nacionalismo e claro capitalismo. É considerada uma das mais importantes bandas anti-fascistas da Espanha. 01 El orden del kaos 02 Engendros de la nacion 03 La memoria de los vencidos 04 Los hijos de la calle 05 Divide y venceras 06 El odio 07 Vagos y maleantes 08 Ley de vida 09 Una vida marcada 10 bastardos Tamanho do arquivo: 63. 4 MB Download. The A. Y. I. L. Istanbul Skins O The A. R é uma banda de Istambul, Turquia, e que em pouco tempo se destacou sendo uma das mais famosa desse país. Myspace da banda. 01 Istanbul Skins 02 AYIP 03 Sansliysan Yasarsin 04 Bezelye 05 Kallez 06 Bugunpazar 07 Karsiyiz Biz Savasa 08 Sokakar Sahidim Ol. Tamanho do Arquivo: 22. 1 MB Download. Mancha Negra - Punk Rock Operário [1994-2004] Disco dessa banda da cidade do Porto, Portugal, com músicas gravadas entre 94 e 2004 entre demos e participações em coletâneas. 01 Desemprego 02 Triste Fim 03 Essa Policia 04 Beco Sem Saída 05 Geração Sega 06 Oi! Grito De Guerra 07 Já Não Acredito 08 Bem Vindos Ao Subúrbio 09 Férias Em Custoias 10 Alerta Vermelho 11 Oi! Skinheads 12 S. Tamanho do arquivo: 43. 55 MB Donwload. Los Fastidios - Siempre Contra Banda Street Punk/ Oi! da Itália. Declaradamente antifascistas, contra crueldade com animais e contra o preconceito racial, a banda surgiu em 1992 e tem letras em ingles e italiano. Particularmente, uma das minhas bandas Oi! favoritas. De Verona, Itália, Los Fastidios é uma banda que surgiu a 16 anos e vem consquistando um bom espaço no cenário Oi! europeu. Banda assumidamente antifascista, com membros S. P e R. S. H e defensores dos direitos dos animais, é uma banda que passa muita energia por meio de suas músicas, cantam em inglês e italiano e já arriscaram uma música em francês. É uma banda que também é meio rejeitada por fazer uma música em prol de homossexuais (Johnny And The Queer Boot Boys do álbum Siempre Contra) e isso é claro, por aqui não será levado como insulto de maneira alguma. Los Fastidios - Siempre Contra 1 - Non Sarai Mai Solo 2 - Fiume Di Parole 3 - Petit Drepeau 4 - Revolution 5 - La Staffetta 6 - Cruelty Free 7 - Perche 8 - Passarella Solidale 9 - Johnny And The Queers Boot Boys 10 - Questa Musica Ci Appartiene 11 - Skankin' Town 12 - Antifa Hooligans Download: Senha: Los Fastidios & FFD - Hasta La Baldoria! Tamanho do arquivo: 45. 26 MB Download: █████████████████████████████████████████ DOWNLOAD - FILMES E DOCIMENTÁRIOS [2003] 16 Years of Alcohol [DVDRip] Sinopse Filmado, na sua totalidade, em Edimburgo durante três períodos diferentes da vida de Frankie Mac, 16 Anos de Álcool" transmite o desafio da consciência de um homem em busca de esperança. Durante a infância, passando pela a adolescência até à idade adulta, Frankie Mac observa o mundo à sua volta a afundar-se numa espiral de álcool e violência. Líder de um gangue, onde os interesses são música, roupas e violência, Frankie considera ter um conjunto de grandes oportunidades que nunca pensou almejar. Mas serão estas verdadeiras oportunidades? Com a tomada de consciência própria da idade ele tem, finalmente, uma oportunidade para sentir o poder do verdadeiro amor e perceber o que é ter esperança! Informações Técnicas Título Nacional: 16 Years of Alcohol Título Original: 16 Years of Alcohol Ano de Lançamento: 2003 País de Origem: Reino Unido Tempo de Duração: 102 minutos Gênero: Drama/Crime Diretor: Richard Jobson Roteiro: Richard Jobson Elenco Kevin McKidd. Frankie Laura Fraser. Helen Susan Lynch. Mary Jim Carter. Dirctor Ewen Bremner. Jake Elaine C. Smith. AA meeting woman Kate Robbins. Fighting couple woman Marcia Rose. Female Actor Lewis Macleod. Frankie's Father Lisa May Cooper. Frankie's Mother Tamanho do Arquivo: 700 MB Qualidade do Vídeo: DVDRip Idioma do Áudio: Inglês Download Torrent + Legenda em Português. Neds Neds: é um filme britanico, produzido em 2010 pelo diretor Peter Mullan, que ganhou o primeiro de melhor filme no Festival de Cinema de San Sebastián, em setembro de 2010. O título vem de uma giria dada aos jovens anti-sociais na Escócia, conhecido como Neds. O filme é ambientado na década de 1970 em Glasgow e durante as filmagens foram recrutados novos atores, da propria Escocia, para autenticidade a pelicula, a maioria deles estreiando como atores. O filme foi lançado no Reino Unido e Irlanda, em 21 de janeiro de 2011. No elenco: Conor McCarron, Martin Bell, Grant Wray, Marcus Nash & Linda Cuthbert. Sinopse: o filme mostra a vida de um estudante brilhante, mas que por conta das inumeras chacotas de seus colegas de classe, começa a mudar sua vida fazendo as escolhas erradas e se envolve com uma gangue de jovens, assim ele coloca em risco um futuro promissor e ainda todos que estão em sua volta. Nome Original: Neds Direção: Peter Mullan Gênero: Drama Lançamento: 2010 Duração: 124 Minutos Qualidade de Áudio: 10 Qualidade de Vídeo: 10 Formato: MKV Tamanho: 352Mb Ídioma: Inglês Legenda: Português, Links, dOwnloads do filme, Part. 01 Part. 02 Part. 03, Download legenda. This is England Sinopse Shaun tem 12 anos e vive com a mãe em uma pequena cidade costeira na Inglaterra, em 1983. Solitário, sofre com a ausência do pai, morto na Guerra das Malvinas. No começo das férias escolares, conhece uma gangue de skinheads, na qual encontra a amizade e os modelos de comportamento que procurava. Numa festa, é apresentado a Combo, skinhead mais velho que acabou de sair da prisão e o adota como protegido. A postura racista do homem impressiona os jovens, mas todos o admiram, e logo a gangue começa a aterrorizar as minorias étnicas da vizinhança. Ficha Técnica Título Original: This is England Gênero: Drama Tempo de Duração: 95 minutos Ano de Lançamento (Inglaterra) 2006 Direção e Roteiro: Shane Meadows Download Torrent + Legenda em Portu. This Is England'86 Estreando na TV inglesa a minissérie This Is England86, que mostra o que aconteceu com os personagens do filme dirigido Shane Meadows três anos depois. O primeiro episódio, serão exibidos quatro, começa com uma cena do filme, aquela onde Combo conversa com Shaun dentro do carro. Após esse momento acontece a passagem de tempo [isso é interessante, afinal Thomas Turgoose é o único membro do elenco que realmente mudou fisicamente] o pequeno Shaun já está grande e está prestes a fazer uma prova para obter o Certificado do Ensino Médio. Após o término da prova percebe-se que o personagem já não faz mais parte da turma de Woody, ele se sente culpado pelo que aconteceu com Milk na casa do Combo. Por isso evita encontrar com seus antigos amigos. Enquanto isso, também vemos que Woody e Lol estão prestes a se casar. Seus melhores amigos: Milk, Smell, Garget, Kes, Meggy estão presentes nesse momento tão importante para o casal. Quando assisti o primeiro promo fiquei preocupado, o personagem Combo não aparece nele. Stephen Graham é um dos destaques do filme, seria péssimo não tê-lo em algum dos episódios. Mas, segundo o próprio diretor, ele vai voltar sim, o que me deixa ansioso para saber como os demais personagens vão encarar isso - principalmente Milk. O elenco é um grande ponto positivo da produção, destaque para Thomas Turgoose, RosamundHanson e Vicky McClure que está muito bem como a doce Lol. Aliás, não sei se foi impressão minha, mas a personagem está sendo o destaque na minissérie. Por ter postado ja algum tempo, desdo 1º filme, resolvi postar a foto do pessoal para mostrar algumas mudanças dos personagens. This Is England não é This Is England sem uma boa trilha sonora, e na minissérie as músicas são tão boas quanto as do filme. Nesse primeiro episódio o destaque vai para Man of The World, de Fleetwood Mac, grupo britânico formado em 1967. Também fazem parte dessa primeira playlist: Lee Dorsey, Spear of Desteny, Johnny Nash e The House Martins. O programa se diferencia um pouco do filme, o roteiro é mais focado na relação entre a galera - os personagens. Isso não quer dizer que seja ruim, muito pelo contrário, Shane Meadows arrebenta mais uma vez. Além disso, a fotografia está linda e outro movimento foi incluso na história, o Scooterboy, subcultura onde os membros usavam vespas, lambretas e scooters. Espero que consiga um bom índice de audiência, seria sofrido ter apenas uma primeira temporada. This Is England é tecnicamente impecável, mas vocês sabem, não é o tipo de programa e história que chama atenção grande público. Links para Downloads. 1º Episódio) Link 1. download,765,417998096, 365588 Link 2 - Torrent ( 2º Episódio) Link 1 Link 2 - Torrent ( 3º Episódio) Link 1 Link 2 ( 4º Episódio) Link 1 # Link 2 Foto de uma parte do elenco do filme e da minissérie. LEGENDAS. 1Pt - 2Pt - 3Pt - 4Ing) Download -Legendas. Doc. Troyanos Treiler Documentário argentino de maio de 2011, mais um parecer sobre o que é skinhead e um foco maior na S. P e nos antifascistas. Bem curtinho em espanhol, mas fácil de entender, se tivesse legenda eu traduziria. Site: Download. Quadrophenia - away of life Quadrophenia é um filme de 1979 baseado no álbum homônimo do The Who. Estrela Phil Daniels no papel de Jimmy, um mod do começo dos anos 60. Também conta com participações de Toyah Willcox, Mark Wingett, John Altman, Leslie Ash, Ray Winstone e Sting. Na Londres de 1964 Jimmy Cooper é um membro de uma gangue Mod - jovens bem vestidos que dirigem vespas Lambretta. Os mods estão sempre brigando com os Rockers, que vestem jaquetas de couro e dirigem motocicletas. Desiludido com seus pais e seu emprego, Jimmy só encontra uma válvula de escape para sua angústia adolescente quando está com seus amigos mods Dave, Chalky e Spider. Um feriado de três dias é a desculpa para a rivalidade entre as duas gangues chegar às vias de fato, enquanto ambas descem para a cidade litorânea de Brighton para o confronto definitivo. Quadrophenia é uma reflexão sobre a Grã-Bretanha pré-Tatcher, documentando o narcisismo movido a anfetaminas da cultura jovem dos anos 60. Este filme foi a estréia do diretor Franc Roddam. Em 2004 a revista Total Film elegeu Quadrophenia o 35o. melhor filme britânico de todos os tempos. Fullscreen 1. 33:1 Dolby Digital Stereo Languages - English, French, German, Spanish Subtitles - French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish Region Free / PAL / Colour Running Time 114 Minutes Fulldvd - 4, 8 GB) Trilha Sonora: The Who, High Numbers, Cross Section, James Brown, Cross Section, Kingsmen, The Cascades, Booker T. the MG's, The Chiffons, High Numbers. Download. Clubbed Clubbed: esse filme eu já tinha postado aqui, apenas os links para assistir, hoje estou colocando os links para download - Está pelicula mostra bem como foi a cena de clubes do fim dos anos 70 e inicio dos 80, mas o interessante também fica por conta do visual inspirado nas marcas famosas que os hooligans usavam nesse periodo. o filme mostra a vida de Danny, um operariado que logo após sofre humilhações por "Boneheads" na frente de seus filhos resolve dar uma guinada em sua vida e conseguir um trabalho mais digno, reuni alguns amigos e monta uma equipe de segurança para trabalhar em clubes locais, a situação complica quando ele se envolve com membros de gangues: clubbed-film-soundtrack # There's Got To Be Rain In Your Life - Dorothy Norwood # Train To Tampa - Sam Dees Train To Tampa - Sam Dees # Warlock (Rhythm Track. Jackie Mittoo Warlock (Rhythm Track. Jackie Mittoo # Determination (Take 4. Roland Alphonso Determinação (Take 4. Roland Alphonso # Cry To Me (Long Version. Loleatta Holloway Cry To Me (Long Version. Loleatta Holloway # Hugh Mingus - Nine Ton Peanut Smugglers Hugh Mingus - Nove Ton amendoim Smugglers # I'll Get Off At The Next Stop - Carol Anderson Eu vou descer na parada seguinte - Carol Anderson # Twenty Years Later (Radio Edit. Bobby Hutton Twenty Years Later (Radio Edit. Bobby Hutton # Funky Soul - David Batiste & The Gladiators Funky Soul - David Batiste & The Gladiators # Cram - Tony Cook Cram - Tony Cook # Testimony Of A Fool (Special Edit. Bobby Purify Testimony Of A Fool (Special Edit. Bobby Purify # Blowing My Mind To Pieces - Bob Relf Blowing My Mind To Pieces - Bob Relf # Anything Is Fair In Love & War - Sam Dees Anything Is Fair In Love & War - Sam Dees # Danny's Theme Stereo 1-2 - Paul Heard Tema de Danny Stereo 1-2 - Paul Heard # Sparky's Theme Stereo 1-2 - Paul Heard Tema Sparky's Stereo 1-2 - Paul Heard # Danny's Strings - Paul Heard Strings Danny's - Paul Heard Download Torrent + Legenda em Português. Small Faces [1996] Small Faces1996: filme que retrata a juventude no ano de 1968, focando a vida de Lex Maclean e seus dois irmãos mais velhos, Alan & Bobby, que vivem com sua mãe Lorna. Alan é um artista e muito bom aluno, cheio de esperanças. já Bobby é lento e cheio de vicios, e participa de uma gangue local, Lex por sua vez como irmão mais novo, na falta de um pai, acaba se espelhando nos irmão pra viver - mas sua vida muda quando ele arruma encrenca com uma outra gangue local, temida e psicopata! Com tudo ele fica associado aos hooligans e logo vai estar neste meio, se envolvendo com as brigas diarias e vinganças que agora ocupam seu tempo - esse filme tem uma peculiaridade de não mostrar o mundo dos adultos e sim a guerra de gangues que foi um lado particular na Inglaterra dos anos 60. Size: 809 MB Download Torrent (Sem legenda: Treiler. Skin (Filme - 2008) Baseado em fatos reais, a historia se passa em 1979, quando um menino em busca de se libertar das angustias de seu pai, traumatizado pelos horrores da 2ª Guerra, busca na cena Skinhead o caminho e descobre que apenas vai dificultar mais sua vida, logo após se envolver com Boneheads - Filme vencedor de varios premios: International Emmy Awards 2009 / Cinema Tours Ecrans Films Festival / Movie Squad Award Netherlands Film Festival / Golden Calf Netherlands Film Festival. Total Size: 1. 47 GB Download. The Football Factory (Violência Máxima) 2004] Sinopse: Tommy é um jovem entediado, sem ambições e com poucas perspectivas na vida. Ele desperdiça seus dias com drogas e com um pouco de sexo casual. Sua única alegria é esperar pelo futebol do final de semana, quando terá a oportunidade de se meter numa briga e de vez em quando acertar algum torcedor rival. Porém, quando a violência extrapola todos os limites, Tommy se vê em meio a uma sangrenta guerra entre torcidas organizadas. Um caminho sem volta, repleto de pesadelos, que o faz repensar sua vida: isto tudo valeria a pena? Com personagens extremos, situações repletas de tensão, e pontuado com o típico humor negro inglês, o filme é ainda um fascinante estudo sobre a obsessão de muitos torcedores pela agressividade nas competições desportivas Elenci: Danny Dyer, Jamie Foreman, Tamer Hassan, Roland Manookian, Dudley Sutton, Frank Harper, Neil Maskell, Tony Denham, Calum McNab, John Junkin, Sophie Linfield, Kara Tointon, Michele Hallak, Daniel Naylor, Alison Egan, Adam Bolton, Philip Dunbar, Ronnie Large, Harry Lynch, Andrew Routledge, Terry McKenna, Darren Wilson, Joe McCorry, Reggie Bisset, Claire McNamara, Christopher Ravenscroft, Lin Blakley, Danny Rees. Direção: Nick Love Genero: Crime/Drama Audio: Inglês Tamanho: 700Mb Qualidade: DVDRip Legendas pt-br: Anexada ao Post Tamanho do rquivo: 696. 99 MB Download. Awaydays [2009] Sinopse: Na linha de This is England, Surge agora este Awaydays. Baseado no livro de Kevin Sampson, que retratava fielmente a cena Casual, que surgiu no final dos anos 80 em Inglaterra. Neste novissimo Awaydays, um grupo de amigos reune-se á volta de futebol, roupa desportiva, música, copos e alguma porrada com grupos rivais. Enfim, estavamos nos anos 80, Margaret Tatcher governava com a sua mão de ferro e os jovens tinham-se de entreter com alguma coisa. Vivia-se muito na rua e nela havia códigos próprios que surgiam diariamente entre os jovens ingleses. O punk ardeu rápido, o mod revival já era e o Casual nascia nesse preciso momento, inspirado nas viagens dos apoiantes/supporters ás competições europeus de futebol das equipas inglesas que traziam para as ilhas o último grito das marcas desportivas italianas e do norte da europa. A trilha sonora fica por conta de Joy Division, The Cure e demais bandas pós-punk. Ficha Técnica: Título no Brasil: Awaydays Título Original: Awaydays País de Origem: UK Gênero: Ação, Drama, Aventura Tempo de Duração: 100 min Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Site Oficial: Estúdio/Distrib: Red Union Films Direção: Pat Holden Elenco: Stephen Graham. John Godden Nicky Bell. Paul Carty Liam Boyle. Elvis Oliver Lee. Baby Millan Lee Battle. Billy Powell Sean Ward. Robbie Michael Ryan. Marty O'Conner Ian Puleston-Davies. Uncle Bob Holly Grainger. Molly (as Holliday Grainger) Sacha Parkinson. Natasha Samantha McCarthy. Jackie Dean Smith. Ruggerbugger 1 Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 703 Mb Qualidade: DVDRIP Legenda: Pt-Pt Download Torrent: Download 2. The Firm (Filme - 2009) Parece que a onda de filmes sobre hooligans chegou pra ficar, mas uma obra está pra sair, assim como Cass, Hoolingas & AwayDays - Essa é uma adaptação de um filme feito para a tv em 1984, o filme mostra bem a cena Casual, o nome "Firma" é como são conhecidas as gangues formadas neste meio, no centro da historia está o personagem Dom, um jovem aspirante a "Casual" seu carisma facilita para ser aceito e logo se torna um lider, tudo gira em torno dos confronto de gangues de torcida. Runtime: 86 Min Size: 700MB Source: DVD5 Resolution: 700x320 Video: 997 Kbps Audio: 128 Kbps Language: English Legend English Download. Cass Filme baseado na biografia de Cass Pennant, ex-hooligan da West Ham - Historia veridica passada nos anos 80 sobre um garoto negro jamaicano (Cass) adotado por uma família branca e que sofre muitos preconceitos nas ruas, então ele começa a busca por um sentido na vida que o leva a ser líder da famosa torcida "Inter City Firm" do West Ham, anos mais tarde, após abandonar a torcida e a violência ele escreveu sua biografia e agora juntamente com o diretor "Jon S Baird" dirigem esse filme contando sua historia. O filme saiu na mesma época de outro filme do genero, Holligans" mas esse ainda não chegou no Brasil - mas pra não deixar ninguem curioso aqui vai o Torrent pra quem quiser baixar e conferir: Elenco: Gavin Brocker Leo Gregory Nathalie Press Nonso Anozie Paul Kaye Robbie Gee Tamer Hassan Informações: Tamanho: 1. 37 GB Sementes: 209 Leechers: 596 Download Torrent + Legenda em Port. Diario de un skin Sinopse Baseado em fatos reais conta a história de Antonio Salas, um jornalista investigativo, que após perder seu amigo de trabalho Victor pelas mãos de um grupo de skinheads. Isto leva ele a tomar uma decisão drástica e arriscada se infiltrar nos grupos neo-nazista em Madrid para encontrar os verdadeiros assassinos de seu amigo. Título: El Diario de un Skin Título original: Diario de un Skin Director: Jacobo Rispa Guión: Antonio Onetti & Ramón Campos Género: Drama Idioma: Español Duración: 85 minutos Fecha: 2004 Nacionalidad: España Producción: Estudios Picasso, Filmanova Distribuidora: SAV Reparto: Tristán Ulloa, Ginés García Millán, Juana Acosta, Macarena Gómez, Fernando Cayo, Juan Fernández. Download Torrent + legenda em Inglês. Made In Britain Sinopse Trevor é um jovem skinhead de 16 anos, violento e sem nenhum respeito a qualquer autoridade. Investe o seu tempo roubando carros e em atos de vandalismo, e esperando sentado em centros de detenção enquanto aguarda o seu futuro destino. Enquanto todos tentam ajudar Trevor a se adaptar à s normas da sociedade, ele responde com desprezo e discursos cheios de ódio. Título: Made In Britain - Hecho en Gran Bretaña Título original: Made In Britain Director: Alan Clarke Guión: David Leland Género: Drama Idioma: Ingles ( Subtitulos Español) Duración: 76 minutos Fecha: 1982 Nacionalidad: Reino Unido Producción: Margaret Matheson Música: The Exploited Distribuidora: Blue Underground Download. FÜHRER EX FÜHRER EX é o tipo de filme que ninguém notou na locadora. 1 porque é alemão, 2 porque fala de uma Alemanha da década de 80, quando um muro dividia os socialistas dos capitalistas e tal tema é atrativo para poucos e 3 pela falta de divulgação. Eu por exemplo nunca havia ouvido ou lido a respeito. Entre um Woody Allen e uma atriz oscarizada inclui o alemão na lista dos dvd's que aluguei na última visita a locadora. Até porque nenhum dos 3 motivos citados acima me é empecilho. O filme é sobre a experiência de dois amigos - Tommy e Heiko - numa Alemanha - ainda - separatista e o encontro inevitável deles com a violência que permeava tais 1986, dois jovens ociosos, descontentes e de famílias desestruturadas ( um deles não tem nenhum familiar e o outro apenas a mãe)vagam pela Alemanha socialista e sonham com uma viagem a Austrália. Sonham com o capitalismo, a competição, anseiam vencer e mudar o rumo de suas histórias. Permitindo algumas alusões a ritos de passagens como a 1 desilusão amorosa, o foco do filme é a ideologia dos meninos e tal intenção ressalta quando um deles passa um período na cadeia. Em épocas protagonizadas pelo PCC ( Primeiro Comando da Capital) violência gratuita, facções dentro da cadeia, sistema penitenciário falido e pelos meninos "falcões" de MV Bill, o filme não surpreende e soa como déjà vu. Mas isso não desmerece tal produção - indicada ao Leão de Ouro em Veneza. O filme poderia ser mais enxuto, menos cuidadoso com o tema e mais dicado para maiores de 16 anos, a história é pertinente porque nos mostra mais uma vez, o que faz a falta de oportunidades na vida de um jovem. Direção: Winfried Bonengel Título Original: FÜHRER EX Ano: Alemanha, 2002) Download – 9 partes: Download – Torrent 2 partes: Download – Torrent (Lingua – Italiano) Legenda–Inglês. Rise of the Footdoldier Sinopse Baseado em fatos reais, Guerra entre Gangues mostra a ascensão meteórica de Carlton Leach, um temido líder dos hooligans, torcedores de futebol ultra violentos, que se tornou membro de uma gangue de bandidos entre os anos 80 e 90. Em três décadas, sua vida de drogas, violência e armas é seguida desde a fase hooligan, passando por envolvimentos criminosos em festas raves, até sua ascensão ao poder como um dos mais perigosos e respeitados delinqüentes da Inglaterra. O filme traz uma horripilante visão sobre o perigoso e sedutor mundo do crime organizado, onde sacrifícios extraordinários devem ser feitos para garantir a sobrevivência. Informações Técnicas Título no Brasil: Guerra Entre Gangues Título Original: Rise of the Footdoldier País de Origem: Inglaterra Gênero: Ação Tempo de Duração: 119 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2007 Site Oficial: Estúdio/Distrib. Flashstar Direção: Julian Gilbey Elenco Ricci Harnett. Carlton Leach Terry Stone. Tony Tucker Craig Fairbrass. Pat Tate Roland Manookian. Craig Rolfe Coralie Rose. Denny Neil Maskell. Darren Nicholls Billy Murray. Mickey Steele Ian Virgo. Jimmy Gerenuk Kierston Wareing. Kate Carter Patrick Regis. Eddie Lara Belmont. Karen Emily Beecham. Kelly Frank Harper. Jack Whomes Jason Maza. Rob Mark Killeen. Terry Download Torrent + Legenda em Portu. Milk - A Voz da Igualdade "Milk – A Voz da Igualdade”, filme do polêmico, vanguardista e crítico Gus Van m Sant, um dos mais engajados diretores americanos, chega finalmente ao cinema, trazendo o peso de vários prêmios e indicações nos principais festivais de cinema do mundo. Bafta, Globo de Ouro, Independent Spirit Awards, e o mais popular de todos. o Oscar. Mas não é isso que faz dele o filme essencial que é. Acima de tudo, mais que um filme gay, “Milk” discute algo maior, a liberdade individual. A liberdade de simplesmente ser quem se é. Que não é mas deveria ser inerente a qualquer ser humano. O personagem Harvey Milk, vivido com segurança e entrega absoluta por Sean Penn, foi o primeiro americano assumidamente gay a ser eleito a um cargo público. Na cidade, hoje considerada a cidade mais gay dos EUA, São Francisco. A construção do personagem por Sean Penn é incrível. A voz modificada, o olhar, as mãos. Em momento algum, Sean olha, fala e se comporta como Sean Penn. Esquecemos dele e vemos somente Harvey Milk. Liberdade. É isso que filme discute. Mas também o ódio dos intolerantes, a incompreensão de políticos, religiosos e do povo em geral, em não aceitar o diferente. E muitas vezes, em não se aceitar. Talvez esse o grande motivo o fim do personagem. Assassinado brutalmente por seu colega de trabalho Dan White, interpretado pelo ótimo Josh Brolin. Interessante observar a presença constante de Anita Bryant, lutando contra a liberdade de expressão e contra os direitos gays, porém sempre em imagens documentais. Anita Bryant é um dos personagens do filme, mas não interpretada por nem uma atriz. É sempre realmente, a própria Anita que aparece no filme com suas declarações de intolerância. Anita Bryant virou sinônimo dessa intolerância, e sua luta contra os direitos homossexuais, acabou os unindo e fortalecendo movimentos GLS em todo os EUA. Uma historia de luta pelos direitos individuais, contra o ódio dos intolerante, s e apesar de tudo, também de conquistas e vitórias. O filme “Milk”, é baseado em fatos reais. O diretor faz uma curiosa mistura de dramaturgia ficcional com imagens documentais. A mistura desses dois elementos é o que esta contecendo de mais vanguardista no cinema hoje. Wu Yong, diretor chinês de “Inutil” faz algo parecido. Documentários, onde chega a construir a cenas com personagens reais. Gus Van Sant faz o contrario, reconstrói a cena com atores, mistura imagens reais e faz a fotografia voltar lentamente a ficção. A fotografia de Harris Savides, é um presente para o espectador. A mistura de imagens de arquivo deu liberdade a construção de uma fotografia granulada, que nos faz parecer estar assistindo algo mais documental que ficcional. O roteiro, realizado a partir de pesquisa, entrevistas e material doado (vídeo, fitas cassetes, diários) e uma fita onde o próprio Harley Milk conta sua historia, é apenas o primeiro roteiro de Dustin Lance Black, e foi premiado com Oscar de Roteiro Original e também foi indicado ao Bafta na mesma categoria. “Milk” é um filme essencial. Não pelo cinema que é, mas pela historia que conta, pela mensagem que passa. Liberdade individual, aceitação do novo, do diferente, o entender que diferente não é anormal, e sim, simplesmente diferente. Harvey Milk foi um ser humano corajoso e exemplar. A ser seguido e acima de tudo compreendido. Ficha Técnica: Título no Brasil: Milk - A Voz da Igualdade Título Original: Milk País de Origem: EUA Gênero: Drama Tempo de Duração: 128 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2008 Estréia no Brasil: 06/02/2009 Elenco: Sean Penn. Harvey Milk Emile Hirsch. Cleve Jones Josh Brolin. Dan White Diego Luna. Jack Lira James Franco. Scott Smith Dados do Arquivo: Tamanho: 800 MB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: Pt-Br Download Torrent + Legenda em Português. Blood Creek Sinopse: Em 1936, os Wollners – uma família de origem alemã vivendo na pequena cidade rural Town Creek, em Maryland (EUA) – são contatados pelo Terceiro Reich e incumbidos de receber a visita do professor Richard Wirth. Preci sando de dinheiro, eles aceitam a presença de Wirth em sua casa. Aqui se inicia um terrível jogo de sobrevivêcia para os Wollners, sempre vigiados de perto pelos nazistas. Após 71 anos, em 2007, um jovem de 25 anos de idade chamado Evan Marshall não vê muito futuro em sua vida. Ele nunca teve respostas sobre o desaparecimento do irmão mais velho, Victor, quando ele foi acampar próximo a Town Creek. Mas um dia Victor retorna para casa quando consegue escapar de seus raptores. Evan, a pedido do irmão, não pergunta nada. Apenas o ajuda a preparar as armas e segui-lo numa missão de vingança em Town Creek. Elenco: Dominic Purcell … Victor Marshall Henry Cavill … Evan Marshall Michael Fassbender … Richard Wirth Emma Booth … Liese Rainer Winkelvoss … Otto Tony Barger … Larry Matthew Benson … Store Owner Albert Gherasim … Owen László Mátray … Karl Joy McBrinn … Sra. Wollner Gerard McSorley … Sr. Marshall Andreea Perminov … Liese Florin Piersic Jr. … Meth Freak Vlad Voda … Vic Jr. Shea Whigham … Luke Winter Ave Zoli … Barb Ana Popescu … Meth Freeks girlfriend Ficha Técnica: Título no Brasil: Blood Creek Título Original: Blood Creek País de Origem: EUA Gênero: Drama Ano de Lançamento: 2010 Estúdio/Distrib: Califórnia Filmes Direção: Joel Schumacher Download Torrent + legenda e Português. Download – Bastardos Inglórios – Dual Audio – DVDRip INFORMAÇÕES DO ARQUIVO Áudio: Português / Inglês Legenda: Indisponível Tamanho: 930 Mb Formato: AVI Qualidade: DVDRip Qualidade de Audio: 10 Qualidade de Vídeo: 10 INFORMAÇÕES DO FILME Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Gênero: Drama / Guerra Duração: 152 Min Sinopse: No primeiro ano da ocupação da França pela Alemanha, Shosanna Dreyfus testemunha a execução de sua família pelas mãos do coronel nazista Hans Landa (Waltz. Shosanna escapa por pouco e parte para Paris, onde assume uma identidade falsa e se torna proprietária de um outro lugar da Europa, o tenente Aldo Raine (Pitt) organiza um grupo de soldados americanos judeus para praticarem atos violentos de vingança. Posteriormente chamados pelo inimigo de “os Bastardos”, o esquadrão de Raine se une à atriz alemã Bridget von Hammersmark (Kruger) em uma missão para derrubar os líderes do Terceiro Reich. O destino conspira para que os caminhos de todos se cruzem em um cinema, onde Shosanna pretende colocar em prática seu próprio plano de vingança. Download - Mega-Upload. Acorda pra Vida (Waking Life) 2001 Após não conseguir acordar de um sonho, um jovem passa a encontrar pessoas da vida real em seu mundo imaginário, com quem têm longas conversas sobre os vários estados da consciência humana e discussões filosóficas e religiosas. Julie Delpy (Celine - voz) Ethan Hawke (Jesse - voz) Guy Forsyth (Guy Forsyth) Timothy "Speed" Levitch (Timothy "Speed" Levitch - voz) Louis Mackey (Louis Mackey - voz) Steven Soderbegh (Steven Soderbergh - voz) Charles Gunning (voz) Peter Atherton (voz) Louis Black (voz) Trevor Jack Brooks (voz) Steve Brudniak (voz) John Christensen (voz) Richard Linklater Adam Goldberg Mona Lee Título Original: Waking Life Gênero: Animação Tempo de Duração: 97 minutos Ano de Lançamento (EUA) 2001 Site Oficial: Estúdio: Detour Film Production / Independent Film Channel / Line Research / Thousand Words Distribuição: 20th Century Fox Film Corporation Direção: Richard Linklater Roteiro: Richard Linklater Produção: Tommy Pallotta, Jonah Smith, Anne Walker-McBay e Palmer West Música: Glover Gill Fotografia: Richard Linklater e Tommy Pallotta Direção de Arte: Bob Sabiston Edição: Sandra Adair Quantidade de Midias: 1 Tamanho: 700mb Qualidade: DVDRip Download. Gran Torino (Legendado) Sinopse: Walt Kowalski é um veterano da guerra da Coréia que, pressionado por seus vizinhos imigrantes, deverá confrontar-se com um jovem que tentou roubar seu valioso Gran Torino 1972. O filme é uma verdadeira prova para Kowalski, que deverá aprender a conviver com uma cultura muito diferente da sua. Tamanho: 799 Mb Formato: AVI Qualidade: DVDRip Gênero: Ação, Drama Lançamento: 2009 Download Torrent+legenda. Entre o Céu e o Inferno Sinopse: Era (christina Ricci) uma jovem viciada e ninfomaníaca, é encontrada ferida à beira de uma estrada por Lazarus, ex- músico, homem temente à Deus e recém abandonado por sua esposa. Do encontro dessas duas almas perdidas, surge uma amizade improvável, baseado em perda, desejo e sobretudo pela busca da redenção. Tudo isso envolto no melhor do mundo do blues. Gênero: Drama Duração: 115 min Ano de Lançamento: 2006 Tamanho: 872MB Formato: DVDRip Qualidade de Áudio: 10 Qualidade de Vídeo: 10 Vídeo Codec: XviD Áudio Codec: MP3 Idioma: português/inglês Servidor: Megaupload Download. ANTIFA: Chasseurs de Skins (2008. Download (Legenda em Português) Sinopse: O renascimento do movimento skinhead no início da década de 1980 coincidiu, na Europa, com o crescimento dos partidos de extrema-direita, que se empenhavam em cooptar para suas fileiras jovens da classe operária cuja autoestima havia sido corroída pela crise econômica. Na França, o partido de extrema direita Frente Nacional (Front National - FN) de Jean Marie Le Pen, chegou a obter 20% dos votos, num momento em que a imigração no país atingia o seu auge e os relatos de agressões racistas nas ruas eram diários. Com o lema “a França para os franceses”, os fascistas do FN e de outros grupos ainda mais radicais recrutavam seguidores em cada esquina e 99, 9% dos skins franceses acabaram cooptados pela extrema-direita, num processo semelhante ao que vinha também ocorrendo em outros países europeus, como a Inglaterra, onde houve uma adesão em massa de skinheads ao National Front e ao BNP (British National Party. Ao mesmo tempo em que essas gangues manipuladas pelos partidos de extrema direita estavam na iminência de assumir o controle das ruas de Paris, uma forte cena punk/underground se desenvolvia por toda a França. E foi deste caldo de cultura libertário e multiétnico que pulsava nas ruas e nos squats que surgiram as primeiras gangues de Caçadores de Skinheads, dedicadas não apenas à autodefesa em shows e squats, mas, principalmente, a escorraçar as gangues fascistas das ruas. É a história desse processo de desfascistização das ruas de Paris que Antifa: Chasseurs de Skins conta, explorando também a pré-história do movimento skinhead na França e as primeiras gangues rockers antirracistas, como os As-nays e os Black Panthers, que na década de 1970 enfrentavam gangues de rockers racistas, e que, por sua vez, inspiraram as gangues de Caçadores de Skins propriamente ditas, como os Ducky Boys, os Red Warriors e os Ruddy Fox. Eram gangues multiétnicas, extremamente combativas e fortes, formadas por professores e/ou campeões de alguma arte marcial (Muay Thai, Full Contact, Kung Fu, etc. como era o caso dos Ducky Boys e dos Red Warriors. Origem: França Ano: 2008 Formato: AVI Áudio: Francês Legenda: Português DOWNLOAD DO DOCUMENTÁRIO: DOWNLOAD DA LEGENDA. A Queda! As Últimas Horas de Hitler Sinopse: “Der Untergang” (título original) é história. Uma reconstituição dos últimos dias do Império Nazista. O longa se passa entre os dias 30 de abril e 8 de maio de 1945. Este período abrange o último aniversário de Hitler, seu casamento com Eva Braun, seu suicídio e o cessar fogo completo entre a Alemanha e as tropas vencedoras da União Soviética. O 3º Reich durou 12 anos (1933/45) e sucumbiu em apenas 12 dias, e são justamente esses últimos momentos que o filme retrata. Baseado nos livros “Der Untergang” (“No Banker de Hitler: Os Últimos Dias do 3º Reich”) de Joachim Fest, e “Bis zur letzten Stunde” (“Até a Hora Final: A Última Secretária de Hitler”) de Traudl Junge e Melissa Müller, “A Queda! ” conta com uma competente direção de Oliver Hirschbiegel. O cineasta contou com a ajuda de uma equipe técnica em total sintonia e com a presença de atores de primeira grandeza no cinema europeu. O maior deles é Bruno Ganz (“Pão e Tulipas” e “Sob o Domínio do Mal”) que dá vida justamente a Adolf Hitler. Como a mais detestável figura do século passado, Ganz surge com a maior performance artística deste século. Tudo bem que estamos no início do século, mas sua interpretação vai ser difícil de ser superada nos próximos anos. O ator está impecável como Hitler. Ele não apenas se parece com o comandante alemão, ele consegue convencer que é Hitler. Durante os 156 minutos de projeção vocês se esquece que se trata de um filme e acompanha como se fosse um documentário, como se aquele indivíduo sendo filmado fosse realmente o pai dos nazistas Informações do filme. Ano de Lançamento: 2004 Título: A Queda – As Últimas Horas de Hitler Gênero: Drama Duração: 156 Min Audio: Potugues Dublado e Alemão Tamanho: 715 MB Formato: Avi – DvdRip Qualidade de Audio: 10 Qualidade de Vídeo: 10 Download 1: Download 2. DOCUMENTÁRIOS [Documentário] Skinhead Attitude Sinopse: Documentário acerca das várias faces do movimento Skinhead, na Europa e na América (Norte. Tendo a frente dois skinheads, Tradicional e SHARP, eles viajam conversando com vários icones da cultura, como Laurel Aitken, Jimmy Pursey, Enrico, dentre outros. O documentário vem para esclarecer que Skinhead não tem relação com os movimentos fascistas e que o termo ' skinhead' vem sendo usado erroneamente principalmente pela mídia para caracterizar grupos racistas. O movimento Skinhead tem suas origens na Jamáica, sendo portanto contraditório alguém se chamar skinhead e ter uma atitude rascista. Ficha Técnica: Gênero: Documentary Diretor: Daniel Schweizer Roteiro: Daniel Schweizer País de Origem: Switzerland, France, Germany Elenco: Laurel Aitken Buster Bloodvessel Jimmy Pursey Ian Stuart Gavin Watson Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 700 Mb Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: pt-br Download. AFRICA UNITE, the 60th Birthday Celebration of the Honor Rebel Bob Marley Bob Marley foi a alma do reggae. Apoiou a luta contra o apartheid, abraçou o movimento de independência no Zimbábue e foi um exemplo para a comunidade negra internacional. Em fevereiro de 2005, mais de vinte anos após sua morte, um grande show aconteceu na capital da Etiópia, Addis Abeba, para celebrar seu 60º aniversário. Três gerações de Marleys participaram do evento com o objetivo de inspirar as novas pessoas da África a se unir pelo futuro do continente. Foram mobilizadas cerca de 300 mil fãs, músicos, seguidores, autoridades, parentes e ativistas. Além do extenso material, da trilha sonora e muitos jovens admiradores, registrou-se também a presença do ator Danny Glover, da cantora Angélique Kidjo (ambos embaixadores da Boa Vontade da UNICEF) de Mrs. Booker, mãe de Bob Marley, e da princesa Mary, neta do imperador Haile Selassie. A Fundação Bob Marley (Bob Marley Foundation) em parceria com a Fundação Rita Marley (Rita Marley Foundation) As fundações fornecem auxílio às organizações que conduzem programas que ajudam principalmente crianças, jovens e idosos. Incentivam o trabalho e a cultura, despertando nos beneficiados o empreendedorismo, com a preocupação social de que, todos possam ajudar a si mesmo e não dependam exclusivamente de doações. Os rendimentos gerados vão diretamente para as fundações com os projetos já em andamento em toda a África. O evento intitulado de Africa Unite, ganha ênfase nesse ano: AFRICA UNITE, the 60th Birthday Celebration of the Honor Rebel Bob Marley. FICHA TÉCNICA Diretor: Stephanie Black Elenco: Rita Marley, Danny Glover, Ziggy Marley, Angélique Kidjo, Lauryn Hill, Teddy Afro, Bob Andy, Cedella Booker, Damian Marley, Stephen Marley, Julian Marley, Kymani Marley, Sharon Marley, Cedella Marley, Dudley Thompson Produção: Stephanie Black Fotografia: Arthur Jafa, Kyle Kibbe, Malik Hassan Sayeed, Carla Swanson Duração: 1:28:30seg... Ano: 2008 País: EUA Gênero: Documentário Cor: Colorido Audio: Inglês Download: Part 1: Part 2. Impactos Fatais [Racism: A History] 2007) Sinopse: Como parte da comemoração do bicentenário da Lei de Abolição ao Tráfico de Escravos (1807) a BBC 4, dentro da chamada "Abolition Season" exibiu uma série composta por três episódios, independentes entre si, abordando a história e os aspectos do racismo pelo mundo. São eles: O Poder do Dinheiro. Impactos Fatais" e "Um Legado Selvagem. Impactos Fatais: É a mais superficial das diferenças humanas, tem apenas a profundidade da pele. No entanto, como construção ideológica, a ideia de raça impulsionou guerras, influenciou a política e definiu a economia mundial por mais de cinco séculos. O programa aborda as teorias raciais desenvolvidas na era vitoriana, a eugenia, o darwinismo social e o racismo científico, desenvolvendo a narrativa a partir da descoberta dos restos mortais encontrados no deserto da Namíbia pertencentes às primeiras vítimas do que ficaria conhecido como campo de concentração, 30 anos antes de o nazismo chegar ao poder na Alemanha. Tais teorias levaram ao desenvolvimento da Eugenia e das políticas raciais nazistas. O documentário sustenta que os genocídios coloniais, o campo de morte da ilha de Shark, a destruição dos aborígenes tasmanianos e os 30 milhões de indianos vítimas da fome, foram apagados da história da Europa, e que a perda desta memória encoraja a crença de que a violência nazista foi uma aberração na história daquele continente. Mas que, assim como os ossos ressurgidos no deserto da Namíbia, esta história se recusa a ficar enterrada para sempre. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: Racism: A history País de Origem: Inglaterra Gênero: Documentário Tempo de Duração: 60 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2007 Site Oficial: Estúdio/Distrib: BBC Four Direção: Paul Tickell IMDb. 9. 6 Elenco: Sophie rrator Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 550MB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: Pt-Br Download. Tempo de Protesto [The Weather Underground] 2002) Sinopse: A história da ascensão e queda do grupo de ativistas extremistas The Weather Underground, nascido do Weathermen, movimento formado por jovens idealistas americanos que lutavam contra a guerra do Vietnã e contra o racismo nos anos 1960. O The Weather Underground tentou derrubar o governo americano por meios violentos nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. O grupo chegou a colocar uma bomba no Capitólio, conseguiu dar fuga da prisão ao líder Timothy Leary e publicou comunicados no jornal The New York Times. O filme recupera imagens de arquivo, mostra entrevistas com os líderes do grupo e faz um retrato de uma era de intensa luta política nos Estados Unidos. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: The Weather Underground País de Origem: USA Gênero: Documentário Tempo de Duração: 92 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2002 Estúdio/Distrib: The Free History Project Direção: Sam Green/ Bill Siegel IMDb. 7. 7 Elenco: Billy Ayers. Himself Kathleen Cleaver. Herself Bernadine Dohrn. Herself Brian Flanagan. Himself David Gilbert. Himself Todd Gitlin. Himself Fred Hampton. Himself Abbie Hoffman. Himself Naomi Jaffe. Herself Martin Luther King. Himself Timothy Leary. Himself Charles Manson. Himself Walter Mondale. Himself James Robison. Himself Mark Rudd. Himself Don Strickland. Himself Lili rrator Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 1. 37GB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: Pt-Br Download. Vlado - Trinta Anos Depois (2005) Sinopse: No dia 25 de Outubro de 1975, o jornalista Vladmir Herzoga presentou-se ao DOI-CODI (órgão da repressão política do regime militar) para prestar um depoimento. No fim da tarde do mesmo dia, a família e amigos de Vlado recebem a terrível notícia: Vlado estava morto e, segundo fonte oficial, teria cometido suicídio na prisão. O filme revela, a partir de depoimentos de amigos, familiares, colegas que viveram com ele a história, a amplitude das perseguições daqueles momentos, a trajetória do jornalista, desde sua infância, na Iugoslávia, com sua família de origem judaica, fugindo da perseguição nazista, suas idéias políticas, sua militância, seu senso de ética, até sua posse como Diretor de Jornalismo na TV Cultura de São Paulo e a perseguição a ele iniciada naquele momento e o horror dos porões do regime militar, onde imperava a tortura e os assassinatos políticos. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: Vlado - Trinta Anos Depois País de Origem: Brasil Gênero: Documentário Tempo de Duração: 85 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2005 Estúdio/Distrib: Oeste Filmes Direção: João Batista de Andrade IMDb. 6. 8 Elenco: Dom Paulo Evaristo Arns Aldir Blanc João Bosco Mino Carta Alberto Dines George Duque Estrada Dilea Frate Sérgio Gomes Clarice Herzog Rodolfo Konder Paulo Markun José Mindlin Fernando Morais Rose Nogueira Ruy Ohtake Clara Sharf Henry Sobel Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 700MB Qualidade: DVDRip àudio: Português Download. O Triunfo da Vontade [Triumph des Willens] 1935) Sinopse: O congresso Nacional-Socialista alemão de 1934 é documentado de maneira impressionante pela cineasta Leni Riefenstahl. No início, um bimotor desce dos céus, Adolf Hitler sai sorridente e é ovacionado pela multidão. Tudo é gigantesco: são paradas, desfiles monumentais e discursos para um público em total catarse. Um espetáculo cinematográfico hipnótico e terrificante que retrata, com imagens fortes, toda a pompa (e a barbárie) do regime nazista. Ficha Técnica: Titulo: O Triunfo da Vontade Titulo Original: Triumph des Willens Gênero: Documentário / Guerra Ano/Pais: 1935 / Germany Duração: 110 Min Director: Leni Riefenstahl Elenco: Adolf Hitler Max Amann Martin Bormann Walter Buch Walter Darré Otto Dietrich Sepp Dietrich Josef Goebbels Rudolf Hess Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 700 MB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: Pt-Br Download. BBC Os Últimos Nazistas [BBC The Last Nazis] Parte 1 a 3 (2009) Sinopse: Os Últimos Nazistas. Eles são acusados de alguns dos piores crimes de guerra do século 20. Agora uma proposta final foi feita para trazê-los à justiça antes que morram. À primeira vista, parecem ser uma galeria de vovôs, mas os octo/nonagenários são os fugitivos mais procurados de um dos regimes mais odiosos que o mundo já viu. Eles são os últimos nazistas restantes e o nome-código da operação para os encontrar - Operação Última Chance – já diz tudo. Esta trilogia conta três histórias constrangedoras. 1) Caçada ao Dr. Morte - No outono de 1941, um jovem médico austríaco chamado Aribert Heim foi nomeado para o Campo de Concentração de Mauthausen. Em seis semanas, ele assassinou centenas de ocupantes levando a cabo experiências horrorosas e desnecessárias. Injetava veneno diretamente nos corações dos pacientes, cronometrando o tempo para ver quanto demoravam para morrer. Amputava membros sem razão, e sem anestésico, e mantinha partes das vítimas, usando pele como uma cúpula de abajur e um crânio como um peso de papéis. Evadiu-se e nunca respondeu por seus crimes - mas agora 60 anos depois e perto de completar 90 anos, novas evidências surgiram sugerindo que ele ainda poderia estar vivo. Este filme segue o Dr. Efraim Zuroff na caçada ao mais procurado dos criminosos de guerra. 2) Os Mais Procurados, documenta a viagem de dois jovens cineastas que têm acesso, pela primeira vez, a um dos mais procurados criminosos de guerra nazista ainda vivo, numa tentativa de descobrir como suas ações no tempo da guerra moldaram suas vidas. 3) As Crianças da Raça Dominante. Na Alemanha dos anos 1930, um plano secreto foi elaborado para criar o que se chamou Raça Ariana, composta de crianças loiras e de olhos azuis. Essa elite estava sendo criada para povoar o novo Reich Alemão. Este projeto foi chamado Lebensborn - a principal idéia de Heinrich Himmler. Ele disse: Se nós tivermos sucesso estabelecendo esta raça nórdica e desta semente obtivermos 200 milhões, então o mundo pertencerá a nós. Os SS seriam uma máquina sexual em busca desse objetivo. Um Himmler ansioso ordenou que seus homens acasalassem, dentro e fora do casamento; meus homens me falam com olhos resplandecentes que tiveram há pouco uma criança ilegítima. Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 746 MB por parte Duração: 58 min / parte Qualidade: Xvid AC3 (a/v-10) Legenda: Pt-Br Download. Documentário] As Cruzadas (2008) Sinopse: Munido de cruzes e espadas, príncipes, cavalheiros e pessoas comuns, empreenderam jornadas que partiram da Europa em busca da Terra Santa. Esta deveria retornar ao domínio dos cristãos. Custasse o que custasse. Nesta séria, as grandes e sangrentas batalhas revelam como os cruzados conquistaram, com sacrifícios e sem trégua, uma cidade após a outra. A série ainda retrata, não apenas sob a ótica cristã, mas também pela islâmica, as complexas relações entre ambos os povos, a vida do sultão e líder mulçumano Saladino e o resultado de 200 anos de guerras entre duas das maiores religiões da história. Ficha Técnica: Estúdio: Log On/Culturamarcas Canal: The History Cannel Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 1, 0 Gb Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: pt-br Download.

Published on Oct 31, 2016   Desde 2007, o Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival tem vindo a afirmar-se como um dos maiores eventos culturais em Portugal. Na sua 10ª edição, qu. Na sua 10ª edição, qu... Que j'aime cette fille. 1999:blog-7806830995418400670 2020-01-07T19:36:24. 122-08:00 Bluray Filmes Torrent HD BlurayFilmestorrent Blogger 213 1 25, 2017-03-17T19:42:00. 001-07:00 2017-03-17T19:42:18. 508-07:00 Entre A Vingança e o Perdão Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: Entre A Vingança e o Perdão

Formato: MKV

Qualidade: WEB-DL – 1280 x 720

Áudio: Português e Inglês – AC3 5. 1

Legenda: Português

Gênero: Drama

Tamanho: 1 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 54Min. div>

SINOPSE: nbsp;Um ato de maldade leva a vida da esposa e filhos de um homem. Desesperado, ele se isola do mundo. Ele se vira contra Deus e os homens, até que duas crianças o descobrem e a amizade delas, começa a penetrar sua alma. Poderá ele subir acima das cinzas e aprender a perdoar, ou ele vai querer se vingar. span>

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-17T19:41:00. 002-07:00 2017-03-17T19:41:10. 317-07:00 13 minutos Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: 13 minutos

Formato: MKV

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, Alemão

Legenda: Português

Gênero: Drama, Guerra

Tamanho: 1 GB / 2 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 28Min. div>

SINOPSE: 13 minutos (2017) Torrent – Uma biografia de Georg Elser, o homem que tentou matar Adolf Hitler. Em 8 de novembro de 1939, Elser implantou uma bomba atrás de um púlpito usado por Hitler, em Munique. Mas o Führer deixou o local mais cedo que o esperado, contrariando o plano que poderia ter evitado a Segunda Guerra Mundial. div>

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-17T19:40:00. 000-07:00 2017-03-17T19:40:00. 161-07:00 Jack Reacher Sem Retorno Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: Jack Reacher: Sem Retorno

Formato: MKV

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, Inglês

Legenda: Português

Gênero: Ação, Crime, Drama, Mistério

Tamanho: 1. 41 GB / 2. 46 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 28Min. div>

SINOPSE: Jack Reacher: Sem Retorno (2016) Torrent – Jack Reacher (Tom Cruise) retorna à base militar onde serviu na Virgínia, onde pretende levar uma comandante local para jantar. Só que, logo ao chegar, descobre que ela foi sequestrada. Não demora muito para que ele assuma a responsabilidade de salvá-la. div>

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-17T19:38:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-17T19:38:34. 226-07:00 O Quarto dos Esquecidos Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: O Quarto dos Esquecidos

Formato: MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280 x 536

Áudio: Inglês – Surround

Legenda: Português

Gênero: Drama

Tamanho: 848 MB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 25Min. div>

SINOPSE: Dana (Kate Beckinsale) e David (Mel Raido) formam um casal marcado por um trauma recente. Eles decidem sair da cidade grande e mudar-se para uma área rural junto do filho Lucas. Dana pretende usar seus conhecimentos como arquiteta para reformar a nova casa e superar as dores passadas, até que ela percebe a existência de um quarto escondido, que não constava na planta. Perguntando para moradores locais, descobre que muitas casas da região tinham um cômodo destinado a ocultar segredos de família. div>

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-17T19:31:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-17T19:31:24. 688-07:00 Nove Meses 1995 Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: Nove Meses

Formato: MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280 x 544 e 1920 x 816

Áudio: Português – Surround

Legenda: S/L

Gênero: Comédia, Romance

Tamanho: 789 MB e 1. 55 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 1995

Duração: 1h 43Min. div>

SINOPSE: Samuel Falkner (Hugh Grant) um terapeuta de crianças, não tem nenhum filho e não faz planos para isto. Assim, fica bastante abalado quando Rebecca Taylor (Julianne Moore) sua namorada há cinco anos, diz que está grávida. Repentinamente Samuel tem pesadelos e fantasias paranóicas de como o matrimônio e a paternidade mudarão sua vida e, para piorar, conhece Martin Dwyer (Tom Arnodl) e Gail Fletcher Dwyer (Joan Cusack) que têm três filhas, sendo que Gail está grávida novamente. Samuel considera o modo de vida deste casal assustador, mesmo quando Martin e Gail dizem que ter um filho é o máximo. Samuel e Rebecca passam a brigar freqüentemente e, quando ele esquece o dia da ultra-sonografia, Rebecca não o perdoa e vai para a casa de Martin e Gail. Sozinho, ele vê a gravação da ultra-sonografia e isto o emociona, assim decide deixar de ser tão egoísta pois está na hora para enfrentar suas responsabilidades. Mas agora surgiu outro problema: Rebecca se recusa a falar com ele. div>

BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-17T19:30:00. 001-07:00 2017-03-17T19:30:10. 465-07:00 Sherlock 4ª Temporada Torrent 720p

»INFORMAÇÕES«

Baixar Série: Sherlock

Formato: MKV

Qualidade: HDTV – 1280×720

Áudio: Inglês

Legenda: Português

Gênero: Drama, Mistério, Crime

Tamanho: 2 GB P/ Episódio

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 30Min. Por episódio

SINOPSE: A temporada 4 começa com o Sherlock Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch) mais uma vez em solo britânico enquanto o Dr. Watson (Martin Freeman) e sua esposa Mary (Amanda Abbington) se preparam para seu maior desafio: tornar-se pais. div>

Caso haja algum problema de reprodução: nbsp;K-Lite-Codec-Pack

Episódio 01: nbsp;HDTV  nbsp;Legenda

Episódio 02: nbsp;HDTV  nbsp;Legenda

Episódio 03: nbsp;HDTV  nbsp;Legenda

»INFORMAÇÕES«
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Formato:
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Áudio: nbsp;Português, Inglês
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Duração: 

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-16T16:13:00. 002-07:00 2017-03-16T16:13:18. 687-07:00 Outras Pessoas 2016 Download Torrent – WEB-DL 720p e 1080p 5. 1 Dual Áudio

»INFORMAÇÕES«
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Áudio: nbsp;Português, Inglês
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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-16T16:12:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-16T16:12:27. 057-07:00 Snowden Herói ou Traidor 2016 Download Torrent – BluRay 1080p 5. 1 Legendado

»INFORMAÇÕES«
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Áudio: nbsp;Inglês
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Duração: 

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-16T16:11:00. 005-07:00 2017-03-16T16:11:41. 420-07:00 Última Chance para Emma Torrent 720p

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-16T16:10:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-16T16:10:43. 904-07:00 Sacrifício Torrent 720p

SINOPSE: nbsp; Sacrifício 2017 Torrent Download –Tora Hamilton (Radha Mitchell) é uma cirurgiã renomada que se muda para um local distante situado na Escócia, as Ilhas Shetland. Certo dia, explorando os arredores de sua nova propriedade, ela descobre que um corpo de uma jovem mulher está enterrado. Ignorando a razão, Tora embarca em uma jornada misteriosa e perigosa para saciar sua curiosidade sobre a identidade da mulher. No entanto, o que Tora não sabe é que seu desejo de saber pode custar a sua vida. div>

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-16T16:09:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-16T16:09:35. 449-07:00 Liga da Justiça Sombria Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme:
Formato:
Qualidade:
Áudio: nbsp;Português – Surround
Legenda:
Gênero:
Tamanho: nbsp;578 MB / nbsp;1. 17 GB
Qualidade de Áudio:
Qualidade de Vídeo:
Ano de Lançamento:
Duração: 

Um grupo de anti-heróis sobrenaturais se unem para enfrentar ameaças ocultas, ameaças sobrenaturais, ameaças que talvez Batman, Superman e companhia não conseguiriam vencer. O clã é formado por personagens como John Constantine, Zatanna, o Monstro do Pântano, Etrigan, o Demônio, e a Orquídea Negra. 008px. br. span>

BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T19:03:00. 006-07:00 2017-03-15T19:03:48. 570-07:00 Primavera Dublado Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: Primavera

Formato:MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, Chinês

Legenda: Portugues

Gênero: Terror Ficção Científica Romance

Tamanho: 1 GB, 2. GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2015

Duração: 1h 34Min. div>

 

SINOPSE: nbsp;O Shaolin do Sertão Torrent Download –Baixar Primavera – Blu-ray Rip 720p, 1080p Torrent Dual Áudio (2016) Depois de perder a mãe após batalhar contra uma doença, Evan percebe que sua vida está sem direção, e resolve pegar todo o seu dinheiro e se aventurar pela Europa sem destino certo. Quando ele chega à Itália, ele conhece a jovem Louise, por quem se apaixona. Os dois iniciam um romance, mas um segredo de Louise pode destruir a história do casal. div>

 

 

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T19:02:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-15T19:02:28. 086-07:00 O Shaolin do Sertão Torrent 720p

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Baixar Filme: O Shaolin do Sertão

Formato:MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, ingles

Legenda: Portugues

Gênero: Comédia

Tamanho: 1 GB / 2 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 40Min. div>

 

 

 

SINOPSE: nbsp;O Shaolin do Sertão Torrent Download –Ceará, 1982. Aluízio Li – Liduíno (Edmilson Filho) – é um aficionado por artes marciais que vive com a cabeça no mundo das lutas de tanto sonhar e assistir a filmes chineses. Ele acredita ser um monge Shaolin, se vestindo e se comportando tal qual suas referências cinematográficas, no entanto é o motivo maior de chacotas em sua cidade natal, Quixadá, no sertão cearense. Seus dias de paz acabarão quando o lutador aposentado de vale-tudo Toni Tora Pleura (Fábio Goulart) anuncia um “tour” de desafios aos valentões de várias cidades do interior do Ceará, incluindo Quixadá. div>

 

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T19:01:00. 001-07:00 2017-03-15T19:01:12. 551-07:00 O Despertar da Lenda Dublado 720p

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Baixar Filme: O Despertar da Lenda

Formato:MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, Chinês

Legenda: Portugues

Gênero: Ação

Tamanho: 1. 20 GB / 2. 20 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 50Min. div>

 

SINOPSE: nbsp;O Despertar da Lenda Torrent Download –Um extraordinário e muito habilidoso lutador de artes marciais (Eddie Peng) retorna a sua cidade natal onde seu pai foi assassinado. Sua intenção é enfrentar o impiedoso chefão do crime e trazer justiça não só para ele, mas para as pessoas do local. div>

 

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:59:00. 006-07:00 2017-03-15T18:59:55. 939-07:00 Sr. Seis Dublado 720p

»INFORMAÇÕES«

Baixar Filme: Sr. Seis

Formato:MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, Chinês

Legenda: Portugues

Gênero: Ação

Tamanho: 1, 41GB / 2, 19 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 40Min. div>

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:58:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-15T18:58:39. 277-07:00 Indignação Dublado 720p

»INFORMAÇÕES«

Baixar Filme: Indignação

Formato:MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280*720 / 1920*1080

Áudio: Português, Inglês

Legenda: Portugues

Gênero:Drama, Romance

Tamanho: 1, 41GB / 2, 19 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 40Min. div>

 

SINOPSE: nbsp;Indignação Torrent Download –Em 1951, Marcus (Logan Lerman) um jovem judeu de Nova Jersey, é uns dos recém chegados à Universidade Winesburg, em Ohio. Local também em que um breve momento sua vida converge com a brilhante filha de um ex-aluno. div>

 

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»INFORMAÇÕES«

Baixar Serie: The OA 2016 – 1ª Temporada

Formato: MKV

Qualidade: WEB-DL – 1280*720

Áudio: Português, Inglês

Legenda: Português

Gênero: nbsp;Fantasy Mistério Drama

Tamanho:5 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2016

Duração: 45Min. /Episodio

 

SINOPSE: The OA 2016 – 1ª Temporada Completa (2017) Torrent – Prairie Johnson é uma garotinha cega que desaparece. Sete anos depois, ela retorna, com a visão perfeita. A jovem (Brit Marling) tenta explicar aos pais o que aconteceu durante a sua ausência. Para a surpresa de todos, ela diz que nunca realmente se foi, mas estava em outro plano da existência… Num lugar invisível. div>

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Baixar Filme: O Mal Entre Nós

Formato: MP4

Qualidade: BluRay – 1280×720 e 1920×1080

Áudio: Português – Surround

Legenda: S/L

Gênero: Terror / Suspense

Tamanho: 676 MB / 1. 39 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h 31Min. div>

 

SINOPSE: Durante o feriado de Quatro de Julho, seis melhores amigos são vítimas do sadismo de uma misteriosa organização e acabam transformados em canibais sedentos de sangue. div>

 

 

Trailer:

 

BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:53:00. 004-07:00 2017-03-15T18:53:51. 357-07:00 Graves 2016 1ª Temporada Legendado 720p

Baixar Serie: nbsp;Graves
Formato: nbsp;MP4, MKV
Qualidade:
Áudio:
Servidor:
Gênero: nbsp;Comedy
Tamanho: nbsp;–
Ano de Lançamento: nbsp;2016
 

SinopseTrailer:

 

 

Graves 2016 – 1ª Temporada Completa

Episódio 01 720p  Legendas

Episódio 02 720p  Legendas

Episódio 03 720p  Legendas

Episódio 04 720p  Legendas

Episódio 05 720p  Legendas

Episódio 06 720p  Legendas

Episódio 07 720p  Legendas

Episódio 08 720p  Legendas

Episódio 09 720p  Legendas

Episódio 10 720p  Legendas

BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:51:00. 005-07:00 2017-03-15T18:51:45. 913-07:00 Aftermath 2016 – 1ª Temporada Download Torrent – WEB-DL 720p Legendado

»INFORMAÇÕES«
Baixar Serie: nbsp;Aftermath
Formato: nbsp;MP4, MKV
Qualidade:
Áudio:
Legenda:
Servidor:
Gênero: nbsp;Ficção
Tamanho: nbsp;–
Qualidade de Áudio:
Qualidade de Vídeo:
Ano de Lançamento: nbsp;2016

Trailer:

 

Aftermath 2016 – 1ª Temporada

Episódio 01 720p 

Episódio 02 720p . strong>

Episódio 03 720p 

Episódio 04 720p 

Episódio 05 720p 

Episódio 06 720p 

Episódio 07 720p 

Episódio 08 720p 

Episódio 09 720p 

Episódio 10 720p 

Episódio 11 720p 

Episódio 12 720p 

Episódio 13 720p 

BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:49:00. 004-07:00 2017-03-15T18:49:55. 044-07:00 Once Upon a Time 2011 1ª Temporada Completa Download Torrent - WEB-DL 720p e 1080p 5. 1 Dual Áudio

 

»INFORMAÇÕES«
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Áudio: nbsp;Português, Inglês
Legenda:
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Tamanho:13 GB / 17 GB
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Ano de Lançamento:
Duração:
Codec de Vídeo:
Codec de Áudio: 

Once Upon a Time 2011 1ª Temporada Completa (2017) Torrent – A trama acompanha a linhagem de uma família escravizada, começando pelo retrato do corajoso Kunta Kinte (LeVar Burton) um guerreiro que nunca abandona a sua fé. A história segue por gerações, mostrando a visão de seus descendentes em momentos importantes da história americana, como a Guerra Civil, até ao fim da escravidão. 008px; >Trailer:

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:48:00. 002-07:00 2017-03-15T18:48:18. 121-07:00 Eyewitness 2016 1ª Temporada Torrent 720p

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Português




Codec de Vídeo: 

Eyewitness 2016 1ª Temporada Completa (2017) Torrent – Dois jovens e inocentes rapazes testemunham um assassinato num bosque, mal conseguindo escapar ilesos. Os dois prometem um ao outro não dizer nada para ninguém, a fim de manter sua relação em segredo e evitar qualquer tipo de vingança da parte do assassino. Entretanto, logo irão descobrir que não podem mudar o fato de que viram o que viram, e isso mudará tudo em suas vidas. 008px; >Trailer:

 

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Caso haja algum problema de reprodução: nbsp;K-Lite-Codec-Pack

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p  Legendas

BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:46:00. 002-07:00 2017-03-15T18:46:19. 643-07:00 Fauda 2017 1ª Temporada Completa Torrent 720p

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Baixar Serie: Fauda

Formato: MKV

Qualidade: WEB-DL – 1280*720

Áudio: Português

Legenda: SL

Gênero: Drama, Historia

Tamanho: 4. 24 GB

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2017

Duração: 1h. /Episodio

Fauda 2017 1ª Temporada Completa (2017) Torrent – Após descobrir que Abu Ahmed comparecerá ao casamento do irmão, Doron se une à sua antiga equipe para um ataque surpresa. Mas o plano dá errado logo de cara... 008px; >Trailer:

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BlurayFilmestorrent 0, 2017-03-15T18:44:00. 003-07:00 2017-03-15T18:44:31. 305-07:00 Falling Water 2016 1ª Temporada Legendado Torrent 720p

»INFORMAÇÕES«

Baixar Serie: Falling Water

Formato: MP4, MKV

Qualidade: HDTV – 720p

Áudio: Inglês

Legenda: Português

Servidor: Torrent

Gênero: Drama, Mistério, Ficção

Tamanho: –

Qualidade de Áudio: 10

Qualidade de Vídeo: 10

Ano de Lançamento: 2016

Sinopse:Quando três estranhos que estão envolvidos em buscas intensas e importantes – um procura sua namorada desaparecida, um procura seu filho desaparecido e o terceiro busca uma cura para sua mãe – se vêem sonhando partes separadas de um mesmo sonho que é muito importante para a busca de cada um. Quanto mais eles procuram saber porquê isso está acontecendo, mais parece que o sonho tem significados muito mais profundos que eles pensavam, podendo dar pistas sobre o destino de todo o planeta. div>

Trailer:

Falling Water 2016 1ª Temporada

Episódio 01: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 02: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 03: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 04: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 05: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 06: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 07: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 08: nbsp;720p

Episódio 09: nbsp;720p 

Episódio 10: nbsp;720p 

BlurayFilmestorrent 0.

 

J'adore toutes ces séries de questions qui nous permettent d'en apprendre plus sur nos Youtubeurs préféré(e)s ! Je trouve également vos vidéos apaisantes, ça fait du bien. Chúng tôi đã thêm chú thích đóng của 16 ngôn ngữ. Vui lòng nhấp vào cc trên Google Chrome Explorer để hiển thị nó. Chào mừng bạn đến với Đăng ký Thích và Chia sẻ. YES! I LOVE HOUA. 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Arsenal de Shao junho está em suas mãos Se você deixar de passar despercebido, você pode sempre para viagem seus inimigos com estilo usando de Shao junho capacitando arsenal de combate: close-combate de artes marciais, uma poderosa espada Kian e sua lâmina única sapato escondido. Navegue múltiplos planos Alternar entre tona, médio e ambientes de fundo e escolher caminhos diferentes de acordo com suas necessidades. Abra novos caminhos, missões secundárias completas, pegue colecionáveis escondidos, ou tomar o caminho mais rápido para o seu alvo Requisitos Mínimos: Processador: Intel Core 2 Duo E8200 @ 2. 6 GHz ou AMD Athlon II X2 240 @ 2. 8 GHz Memória RAM: 2 GB Memória de Vídeo: 1 GB Direct3D: Sim Versão do DirectX: 10 Sistemas Operacionas: Windows 7, Windows 8 Espaço: 4 GB livres em disco Como Instalar: 1. Descompacte 2. Monte a imagem com Virtual CloneDrive ou DaemonTools 3. Instale o jogo 4. Copie tudo da pasta SKIDROW para a pasta de instalação do jogo 5. Bloquei o jogo no seu firewall e marque o Crack como Confiável em seu programa antivírus 6. Jogue o jogo 7. Apoie as empresas de software que você realmente gosta! Compre-os! Como Traduzir: Primeiramente acesse o jogo > ajuda > opções > troque a linguagem. Caso não funcione faça o procedimento abaixo. 1. vá na pasta do jogo 2. Procure por 3. abra-o e procure por language 4. altere de english para brazilian 5. salve e jogue. Imagens: Baixar Torrent Assassins Creed Chronicles China Crack + Tradução Baixe aqui Download Crack FIX RELOADED lança:  Download Hatred Survival Completo PC Torrent + Crack com menus e legendas em português. Acompanha DLC “Survival” novos personagens, um sistema de fraude, novas Conquistas … Título da versão: rvival-RELOADED Gênero: Ação, Tiro Tamanho: 2. 18GB Desenvolvedor: Destructive Creations Distribuidora: Destructive Creations Data de lançamento: 1/jun/2015 Tipos de Jogo: Um Jogador Classificação. 18+ O ódio preenche todo o seu corpo. Você está doente e cansado de existência inútil da humanidade. A única coisa que importa é a sua arma eo Armageddon puro que pretende desencadear. Você vai sair para uma caçada, e você vai limpar os arredores de todos os seres humanos de Nova York com sangue frio. Você vai atirar, você vai machucar, você vai matar, e você vai morrer. Não há regras, não há compaixão, sem misericórdia, nenhum ponto em ir para trás. Você é o senhor da vida e da morte agora – e você tem controle total sobre a vida de escória humana inútil. Você também será executado, você terá que pensar, você vai precisar para se esconder e lutar para trás quando as forças armadas vêm para levá-lo para baixo. Você não terá nenhuma misericórdia para eles, porque eles se atrevem a ficar no seu caminho. Apenas brutalidade e destruição pode limpar esta terra. Apenas uma matança vai fazer você morrer espetacularmente e ir para o inferno. Requisitos Mínimos: OS: Microsoft Windows Vista (SP2) com DirectX 11 atualização (KB971512–x64) Windows 7 (Service Pack 1) e Windows 8. 1 – (somente 64-bit. Processador: 2. 6 GHz Intel Core i5-750 ou 3. 2 GHz AMD Phenom II X4 955 Memória: 4 GB RAM Gráficos: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 460 ou Radeon HD5850 AMD (1 GB de VRAM) DirectX: Versão 11 Disco Rígido: 4 GB de espaço disponível Placa de Som: placa de som integrada ou dedicada compatível com DirectX 11 Notas adicionais: O ódio vai lançar apenas na versão “64 bits” do sistema operacional. – Extraia os arquivos compactados com WinRAR o Arquivo Com (Daemon Tools ou Virtual CloneDrive) 2. Execute e instale o jogo o crack da pasta RELOADED para o diretório de instalação! 5. Apoie as empresas e desenvolvedoras de jogos, Compre-os! Imagens: Título da versão: Rocket League FLT Gênero: Ação / Corrida / Esporte Plataforma: PC Tamanho: 2. 2 GB Ano de Lançamento: 2015 Formato: ISO Idioma: inglês, Frances, italiano, alemão espanhol. Adicionado: Versão 1. 05 + Crack Fix Descrição do Jogo: Um jogo Sports-Ação futurista, foguete League, equipa jogadores com veículos de velas de reforço que pode ser caiu em bolas de gols incríveis ou épico salva através de múltiplas arenas, altamente detalhadas. Usando um sistema de física avançada para simular as interações realistas, Foguetão League depende de massa e momento para dar aos jogadores uma sensação completa de controle intuitivo neste inacreditável, de alta octanagem re-imaginação da associação de futebol. Características do Jogo: – All-novo modo de temporada que permite aos jogadores desfrutar de uma experiência completa single-player. – Extensas personalizações Battle-de viaturas com mais de 10 bilhões de combinações possíveis – Itens desbloqueáveis e veículos, rastreamento de estatísticas, tabelas, e mais Addictive ação online 8-jogador com uma variedade de diferentes tamanhos e configurações da equipe – Incrível 2, 3 e 4 jogadores no modo ecrã dividido que pode ser jogado localmente ou tomadas online contra outros jogadores splitscreen – Replays com qualidade de transmissão que lhe permitem avançar, voltar, ou ver a ação de qualquer lugar na arena – Jogabilidade de plataforma cruzada competitiva com os usuários PlayStation4 Requisitos Minimos do Game: SO: Windows Vista SP2 ou mais recente Processador: 2. 0 GHz Dual core Memória: 2 GB RAM Gráficos: NVIDIA 8800 ou ATI 2900 DirectX: 9. 0c Versão Rede: Conexão banda larga à Internet Disco Rígido: 2 GB de espaço disponível Imagens do Game: Rocket League Completo – PC Torrent Versão 1. 05 12/09/2015 Download Crack FIX v2 Baixe Aqui Afro Samurai 2 Revenge of Kuma Volume One-CODEX Sobre o jogo: Embarque em uma jornada de redenção, motivada por vingança amargo - doce! A saga de Afro Samurai repleto de acção continua, mas desta vez segue o caminho de Kuma, um dos mais próximos amigos de infância de afro. Depois de testemunhar o abate de todos aqueles que amava e de frente perto da morte ele mesmo, Kuma subiu das cinzas como uma máquina de matar ciberneticamente melhorada, com um objetivo em mente, uma vingança sangrenta. Afro Samurai 2 Revenge of Kuma Volume One tampa Nome: Afro Samurai 2 Revenge of Kuma Volume One - CODEX Gênero: Ação, Aventura Desenvolvedor: Redacted Studios Editora: contra o mal Data de lançamento: 22 de setembro de 2015 Nome de lançamento: Afro Samurai 2 Revenge of Kuma Volume One - CODEX Tamanho: 1. 5 GB FINAL FANTASY V-RELOADED Posted by NetPremium, 11:35, JOGOS PC Sobre o jogo Vinte anos após o original FINAL FANTASY V lançado no Japão, o RPG clássico tem encontrado o seu caminho para PC! Embarque em uma aventura épica como quatro heróis são movidos juntos pelo destino: Bartz e seu companheiro chocobo, Princesa Lenna de Castelo Tycoon, o misterioso Galuf, eo capitão pirata Faris. Os cristais que trazem paz e prosperidade para o mundo - terra, água, fogo e ar - perderam seu poder e estão à beira da destruição. Características Personalize personagens com um grau sem precedentes de liberdade com o sistema de trabalho e capacidade - 26 classes de trabalho exclusivos! Designer de personagens veterano Kazuko Shibuya voltou para recriar os personagens e gráficos para uma melhor experiência! Controles atualizados e sistema de batalha em tempo ativo são otimizados para combate fluido para PC. Esta nova versão também inclui "The Temple Selado" a partir da versão 2006, bem como o Tetsuya Nomura concebido chefe Enuo opcional, e uma trilha sonora extraordinária Inclui cartões de troca de vapor e realizações. Título: FINAL FANTASY V Gênero: RPG Desenvolvedor: SQUARE ENIX Editora: SQUARE ENIX Data de lançamento: 24 de setembro de 2015 FINAL FANTASY RELOADED-V TAMANHO: 964 MB TORRENT: BLOOD BOWL 2-CODEX Posted by NetPremium, 06:52, JOGOS PC TOUCHDOWN! Blood Bowl 2 esmaga Warhammer e futebol americano juntos, em um cocktail explosivo de estratégia baseado em turnos, humor e brutalidade, adaptado do famoso jogo de tabuleiro Jogos de Workshop. Novo motor gráfico de Blood Bowl 2 e realização voando alto faz um retrato fiel da fúria e intensidade do Blood Bowl clássico jogos.   O modo de jogo a solo terá que levar as famosas Reavers Reikland.   O ex-estrela da equipa Blood Bowl você está encarregado de trazê-los de volta à glória, depois de uma campanha história completa apoiado pelos comentaristas hilariantes Jim Bob & de Cabalvision.   Cada partida da campanha é única, com eventos inesperados e surpreendentes constantemente renovando a experiência! Os modos multiplayer são maiores e mais ricos do que nunca.   No modo online persistente, criar e gerenciar sua própria equipe composta de uma das oito corridas do mundo Warhammer - Os seres humanos, orcs, anões, Skaven, High Elves, Dark Elves, Caos, e os recém-chegados Bretonnia.   Você irá desenvolver sua equipe, ganhando XP e desbloquear novas habilidades.   Mas cuidado!   Em campo, todas as perdas são permanentes. Organize campeonatos inteiramente customizáveis, das qualificações para finale, e usar o novo Mercado de Transferências de comprar e vender os seus jogadores, e construir o seu sonho equipa Blood Bowl! A próxima geração de Blood Bowl toca para baixo hoje, você vai ser o campeão? Título: Blood Bowl 2 Gênero: Esportes, Estratégia Desenvolvedor: Cyanide Studios Editor: Focus Home Interactive Data de lançamento: 22 de setembro de 2015 Blood Bowl 2-CODEX TAMANHO: 3, 9 GB. - Extrato - Queimar ou montar o - Execute o arquivo e instalar - Cópia rachadura de CODEX dir para installDir - Tocar Notas: quando você recebe uma tela de login, basta clicar em "Play off-line. Mínimo: SO: Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 Processador: AMD / Intel dual-core de 2, 5 GHz Memória: 3072 MB de RAM Gráficos: 768 MB 100% DirectX 10 e Shaders 4. 0 COMPATÍVEL ATI RADEON HD 5670 / NVIDIA GeForce GTX 260 ou superior Hard Drive: 8 GB de espaço disponível Placa de som: compatível com DirectX Notas adicionais: LIGAÇÃO À INTERNET necessária para a ativação JOGO * NOT Windows XP APOIADO Soma-RELOADED Posted by NetPremium, 06:45, JOGOS PC SOBRE O JOGO SOMA é um jogo de horror sci-fi de atrito Jogos, os criadores de Amnesia: The Dark Descent.   É uma história inquietante sobre a identidade, a consciência, eo que significa ser humano. O rádio está morto, comida está acabando, e as máquinas começaram a pensar que são pessoas.   Instalação subaquática PATHOS-II sofreu um isolamento insuportável e nós vamos ter que tomar algumas decisões difíceis.   O que pode ser feito?   O que faz sentido?   O que é deixado para lutar por? Entre no mundo da SOMA e enfrentar horrores enterrados sob as ondas do mar.   Aprofunde através de terminais bloqueados e documentos secretos para descobrir a verdade por trás do caos.   Procure os últimos habitantes e tomar parte nos eventos que acabará por moldar o destino da estação.   Mas cuidado, o perigo espreita em cada esquina: os seres humanos corrompidos, criaturas torcidas, robôs insanos, e até mesmo uma inescrutável onipresente AI   Você terá que descobrir como lidar com cada um deles.   Basta lembrar que não há luta para trás, ou você ser mais esperto que seus inimigos ou você começa pronto para ser executado. Título: SOMA   Gênero: Ação, Aventura, Indie   Desenvolvedor: Frictional Games   Editora: Jogos de fricção   Data de lançamento: 22 de setembro de 2015 RELOADED   Soma-SIZE:   11. 2 GB Mínimo:   OS: 64-bit Windows 7   Processador: Core i3 / AMD A6 2. 4Ghz   de memória: 4 GB RAM   Gráficos: NVIDIA GeForce GT 240 / AMD Radeon HD 5570.   Hard Drive: 25 GB de espaço disponível   Notas adicionais: gráficos integrados Intel não são suportada.   Eles devem trabalhar (HD série 4000 Intel ou melhor) mas com problemas. Recomendado:   OS: 64-bit do Windows 7   Processador: Core i5 / AMD FX 2. 4Ghz   Memória: 8 GB de RAM   Gráficos: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 480 / AMD Radeon HD 5970.   Hard Drive: 25 GB de espaço disponível   Notas adicionais: Integrado gráficos Intel não são suportada.   Eles devem trabalhar (HD série 4000 Intel ou melhor) mas com problemas. MORTAL KOMBAT X PROPER-RELOADED Quem é o próximo?   Experimente a próxima geração do nº 1 Combate Franchise. Mortal Kombat X combina inigualável apresentação, cinematográfica com toda uma nova jogabilidade.   Pela primeira vez, os jogadores podem escolher entre diversas variações de cada personagem impactando a estratégia e estilo de luta. Título: Mortal Kombat X Gênero: Ação Desenvolvedor: Netherrealm Studios, High Voltage Software Editora: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Data de lançamento: 13 de abril de 2015 Mortal Kombat X Proper-RELOADED TAMANHO: 22 PARTE x 1500 MB = 31, 4 GB OS: 64-bit: Vista, Win 7, Win 8, Win 10 Processador: Intel Core i5-750, 2, 67 GHz, AMD Phenom II X4 965, 3. 4 GHz Memória: 3 GB de RAM Gráficos: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 460, AMD Radeon HD 5850 de rede: conexão banda larga à Internet Hard Drive: 36 GB de espaço disponível OS: 64-bit: Win 7, Win 8, Win 10 Processador: Intel Core i7-3770, 3, 4 GHz, AMD FX-8350, 4. 0 GHz Memória: 8 GB de RAM Gráficos: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660, AMD Radeon HD 7950 de Rede: Conexão banda larga à Internet Hard Drive: 40 GB de espaço disponível Assassins Creed Rogue-CODEX História do século 18, a América do Norte.   Em meio ao caos e violência da Guerra Franco-Indígena, Shay Patrick Cormac, um jovem membro destemido da Irmandade de Assassin, passa por uma transformação escuro que será para sempre moldar o futuro das colônias americanas.   Depois de uma perigosa missão foi tragicamente errado, Shay vira as costas para os assassinos que, em resposta, tentam acabar com sua vida.   Ponha de lado por aqueles que ele chamou uma vez irmãos, Shay sai em uma missão de exterminar todos os que se voltaram contra ele e, finalmente, tornar-se o caçador assassino mais temido na história. Apresentando Assassins Creed Vampira, o capítulo mais negro da Creed franquia do assassino ainda.   Como Shay, você vai experimentar a lenta transformação do assassino Assassino de Hunter.   Siga o seu próprio credo e partiu em uma viagem extraordinária através de New York City, o vale do rio selvagem, e para longe, para as águas geladas do Atlântico Norte em busca de seu objetivo final - Bringing Down the Assassins para o bem. CARACTERÍSTICAS Torne-se o Ultimate Assassin Hunter - Pela primeira vez, a experiência universo de Assassin Creed a partir da perspectiva de um templário.   Jogue como Shay, que, para além das habilidades mortais de um Mestre Assassino, também possui habilidades nunca antes visto e armas: o rifle de ar mortal do Equip Shay tanto para combate curto e longo alcance.   Distrair, eliminar ou confundir seus inimigos usando uma variedade de munições, incluindo balas e granadas especializados o Proteja-se de Assassins escondidas com sua visão de águia reforçada.   Constantemente avaliar seu entorno e detectar Assassins escondidos nas sombras, nos telhados e nas multidões Lentamente Desça até Darkness - transformação de Witness Shay de um Assassino aventureiro para um sombrio e comprometidos Templar disposto a caçar seus antigos irmãos.   Experiência em primeira mão os eventos que levarão Shay por um caminho escuro e colocá-lo em um curso que irá mudar para sempre o destino da Irmandade assassino. Nova e jogabilidade melhorada Naval - Arrematar em seu navio, The Morrigan, e lutar contra o seu caminho através dos mares gelados do Atlântico Norte e as águas estreitas de vales fluviais da América.   Assassins Creed Vampira tem por base o premiado experiência naval da bandeira Creed IV Black Assassins com toda uma nova jogabilidade, incluindo: o Novas táticas do inimigo: Defenda-se dos assassinos como eles tentam embarcar em seu navio e derrubar a sua tripulação.   Combatê-los rapidamente para evitar a perda de muitos membros da tripulação. O Novas armas: A inclusão de óleo, o que deixa um rastro de fogo atrás para queimar os navios inimigos, ea arma Puckle queima, capaz de entregar fogo contínuo de metralhadora como. O Um ártico mundo cheio de possibilidades: Ram através de camadas de gelo a descobrir locais escondidos e usar icebergs como cobertura durante as batalhas navais. Vast World Open Diverse para explorar - a história de Shay lhe permitirá explorar três ambientes únicos: o Oceano Atlântico Norte Experimente os ventos frios e imponentes icebergs do Ártico neste parque naval expansiva o The River Valley Uma configuração grande híbrido da fronteira americana misturando navegação fluvial contínuo e exploração do solo o New York City Uma das cidades mais conhecidas do mundo, totalmente recriadas tal como existia no século 18. Título: Assassins Creed desonesto Gênero: Ação, Aventura Desenvolvedor: Ubisoft Sofia, Ubisoft Kiev Editora: Ubisoft Data de lançamento: 10 mar 2015 Assassins Creed Vampira-CODEX TAMANHO: 7. 87 GB SO: Windows 7 SP1 ou Windows 8 / 8. 1 (versões de 64 bits apenas) Processador: Intel Core2Quad Q6600 @ 2. 4 GHz ou AMD Athlon II X4 620 @ 2. 6 GHzH de memória: 2 GB RAM Gráficos: nVidia GeForce GTS450 ou AMD Radeon HD5670 (1024MB VRAM) ou Intel HD4600 Hard Drive: 12 GB de espaço disponível Placa de som: DirectX Placa de som compatível com o mais recente driver de Notas adicionais: Compatível Placas de Vídeo no momento do lançamento: NVIDIA GeForce GTS 450 ou melhor, GeForce 500, 600, 700, série 900 / AMD Radeon HD 5670 ou melhor, a Radeon HD 6000, 7000, R7, R9 série / Intel HD4600, HD5200 / Nota: versões para portáteis destes cartões podem funcionar mas não são suportadas oficialmente. Halo Spartan Strike-CODEX Halo: Greve Spartan, desenvolvido pela 343 Industries em conjunto com Vanguard Games, é uma entrada de celular dentro do universo de Halo estimado. Aprofunde-se 30 missões desafiadoras através de cidades e selvas usando um arsenal devastador de armas, habilidades e veículos, incluindo o icônico Warthog contra os inimigos aliança e Promethean. Você é um super-soldado Spartan nesta simulação ONI classificadas que começa durante os acontecimentos de Halo 2 em New Mombasa em 2552. tropas do CSNU liderança através numerosas missões de luta contra novos inimigos para salvar a Terra de ser ultrapassado. Esmagar seus inimigos usando o icônico Warthog ou varrê-los do campo de batalha usando o novo Kestrel VTOL.   Enfrenta inimigos Promethean;   mortais guerreiros mecânicos que procuram a aniquilação da humanidade.   Experimente uma história totalmente nova que vai levá-lo a partir de New Mombasa na Terra para o enigmático Gamma halo localizado na borda do espaço cartografado.   Compartilhe progresso entre o Windows 8 e Windows Phone 8 dispositivos, ou em Vapor via Steam Cloud.   compra através da loja do Windows Phone ou Windows e receber acesso às versões do Windows Phone e Windows do título para um preço.   Completar desafios semanais e tomar a primeira posição contra amigos no leaderboards que mostrar suas habilidades de jogo Halo.   Leve. controle com controles baseados em toque de precisão para a experiência móvel e suporte opcional para o teclado e mouse ou controlador Xbox USB em PCs.   Ganhe realizações em Halo: Spartan greve para desbloquear um exclusivo emblema, placa de identificação, e avatar em Halo: The Master Coleção chefe no Xbox One (vendido separadamente. Halo Spartan Strike-CODEX   SIZE: 1 GB Mínimo:   SO: Windows 7, 8 e 8, 1   Processador: Dual core   Memória: 1 GB de RAM   Gráficos: DirectX10 placa gráfica compatível w / RAM 512MB dedicados (ATI Radeon 3670, NVIDIA 8600 GT ou HD 3000 Intel)   DirectX: Versão 10   Hard Drive: 2550 MB de espaço disponível   Notas adicionais: exigido. DirectX nível de recurso 10 * Recomendado:   OS: Windows 7, 8 e 8, 1   Processador: Quad processador de núcleo   de memória: 2 GB RAM   Gráficos: DirectX10 placa gráfica compatível w / dedicada de 1GB RAM   DirectX: Versão 11   Hard Drive: 2550 MB de espaço disponível   Notas adicionais. nível de recurso DirectX 10 exigido.

When you eat 2 rice dishes in a row. Bonne vidéo! je suis d'accord pour la mentalité aux États-Unis. I had a feeling the Americans in the audience were offended apparently they want to be lie to. Blizzcon 2019 be like. Why watch it at home? Go to Mexico/Colombia and experience the real thing.

J'aime énormément l'idée du rocher entouré de plantes et d'algues au quel de petits êtres s'attachent. C'est une très belle image. Et à beurre, le couteau. Vous savez, ces petits couteaux de 10 cm.
Amazing master drawing, can you post more of this talented master drawings.

China started it first, dont blame US.

Great portraits. Thank you for sharing. I went to the museum of the human body in Berlin, it makes a lot of impression. Duly noted. I like the way he says that in Inglorious Bastards. Mitologia eclética Signos são mistura de lendas babilônicas, egípcias, gregas e romanas ÁRIES Na mitologia grega, Frixo, filho do rei Atamas, ia ser assassinado pela madrasta quando foi salvo por um carneiro com lã de ouro, enviado por sua mãe. O carneiro foi sacrificado e sua lã enterrada no pomar de Ares, deus da guerra, que deu nome ao signo TOURO Há 4 mil anos, era o primeiro signo do zodíaco. Coincidia com a primavera e marcava o início do ano. A imagem do touro vem de um mito grego em que Zeus, o chefe dos deuses, teria assumido a forma do animal para atrair uma princesa GÊMEOS Os irmãos Castor e Pólux, filhos de Zeus, apaixonaram-se por duas garotas comprometidas e desafiaram os rivais. Castor morreu no combate e Pólux pediu a Zeus que o matasse também. Em memória da amizade dos filhos, o pai colocou a imagem dos gêmeos no céu CÂNCER Em latim, cncer quer dizer caranguejo, animal que aparece em um dos 12 trabalhos de Hércules. Enviado por Hera, a esposa oficial de Zeus, o caranguejo foi morto pelo herói, mas a coragem do bicho lhe valeu uma imagem celeste por toda a eternidade LEÃO Mais uma criatura morta por Hércules. O herói não só estrangulou a besta com as próprias mãos como fez um manto com sua pele. Em homenagem ao grande feito, Zeus desenhou com estrelas a forma do animal no céu VIRGEM Para os romanos, a constelação representava Virgo, a deusa da justiça. Doente por causa da mania de guerra dos homens, Virgo teria sido o último ser celestial a subir para a morada dos deuses. Minerva, deusa da sabedoria, teria colocado uma imagem no céu em sua homenagem LIBRA Identificada pelos romanos, simboliza a balança usada por Virgo para pesar a alma dos homens em seu caminho para o mundo subterrâneo ou para o céu, determinando prazer ou dor eterna ESCORPIÃO Essa constelação aparece no episódio da morte do gigante Órion. Apoi, deus grego das protecias, ficou enciumado pela amizade de sua irmã Ártemis com o gigante e enviou um escorpião para mordê-lo. Zeus pôs o animal e a estrela Órion no céu como lembrança da história SAGITÁRIO Pela mitologia grega, Chiron era o mais sábio dos centauros, uma criatura meio homem, meio cavalo. Foi morto ao ser atingido acidentalmente por uma flecha de Hércules e foi homenageado por Zeus com uma constelação CAPRICÓRNIO Nas lendas gregas, a cabra que simboliza o signo tem rabo de peixe. É uma representação de Pan, deus da natureza que, para fugir do titã Tifon, jogou-se na água. Pan morreu porque, enquanto se transformava em peixe, estava com metade do corpo para fora da água AQUÁRIO É um dos signos aquáticos dos babilônicos, ao lado de Capricórnio e Peixes. No Oriente Médio, o mês de aquário seria correspondente ao período das chuvas, o que deu origem ao símbolo do signo: um homem virando um jarro de água PEIXES Pela lenda grega, Afrodite, deusa do amor, e seu filho Eros teriam se transformado em peixes para escapar do titã Tifon, que não suportava a água. Atena, deusa grega da sabedoria, criou a constelação para lembrar a fuga O Horóscopo Chinês é dividido também em doze signos, representando doze tipos diferentes de seres humanos. O enquadramento de cada nativo é feito pelo ano de nascimento, que se repete a cada período de doze anos, enquanto que, a cada dois anos, as características gerais são alteradas em função da mudança do Elemento que rege os signos. Além disso, cada período de duas horas é governado por um dos signos, o que acrescenta mais algumas características específicas. Assim, ao se analisar uma pessoa através do Horóscopo Chinês, é preciso que se verifique os seguintes aspectos: a) Características positivas e negativas do signo, que são doze, conforme a data de nascimento; b) Características acrescentadas pelo elemento, em grupo de cinco, que são: Metal, Água, Madeira, Fogo e Terra; c) Características adicionais do signo regente na hora do nascimento, num total de doze períodos diários de duas horas cada um. Características adicionais do signo regente na hora do nascimento, num total de doze períodos diários de duas horas cada um. Por outro lado, ao se analisar a maneira como o Horóscopo Chinês é elaborado, percebe-se que sempre há uma atenção especial à questão das oposições. Se um signo é extrovertido, o seguinte é introvertido. Se um é econômico, o outro é esbanjador, tudo colocado numa seqüência, para que os dois comportamentos divergentes seja evidenciados. Da mesma forma, ao analisar as pessoas de cada um dos signos, se verá que cada uma é observada sob seus aspectos positivos em oposição aos seus aspectos negativos. Os chineses sempre entenderam que duas forças governam o mundo: a positiva e a negativa. Se imaginarmos uma instalação elétrica, esse conceito fica bem entendido, pois nada funciona se ligado a apenas um dos fios. É preciso que os dois sejam ligados ao mesmo tempo, que coexistam, para que exista harmonia e fluxo constante de energia criadora. A isso eles dão o nome de Yang, que é o princípio masculino ou positivo, e Yin, que é o princípio feminino ou negativo. E preciso que se entenda que a palavra negativo não tem aqui uma conotação de coisa ruim ou má, mas apenas da oposição que complementa. Como o masculino sem o feminino nada gera, assim também o escuro não existe sem o claro, para evidenciá-lo. Num ano marcado pelo materialismo, por exemplo, não há espaço para extremismos. Quem quiser fazer predominar a espiritualidade vai esbarrar nas dificuldades práticas da vida. Da mesma formo que quem desejar pautar sua vida pelo materialismo, certamente caíra no vazio da desarmonia. Essa é a lição do Yang e do Yin. Yang (positivo) Optimista, social, franco e alegre. Adora viajar e praticar um bom desporto é uma pessoa extremamente persuasiva. Yin (negativo) Paixão pelos jogos e lucros fáceis. Superficialidade e alguma inconstância, que pode vir a provocar depressão, e desobediência. Compatibilidade com os outros signos: Rato - Bom nível de Compatibilidade. Boi - Compatibilidade excelente. Tigre - Não muito bom. Toleram-se. Coelho - Relações amigáveis. Dragão - Excelente nível de Compatibilidade. Serpente - Bom nível de Compatibilidade. Cavalo - Péssimo nível de Compatibilidade. Carneiro - Alguma antipatia. Macaco - Altamente compatível. Galo - Nível de Compatibilidade medíocre. Não se dão muito bem. Cão - Bom nível de Compatibilidade. Porco - Boa Compatibilidade. Objetivos comuns. Alguns "ratos" famosos: Julio Verne, Marlon Brando, Principe Charles, Shakespeare, Ives St. Laurent, Amadeu Mozart, James Callaghan, Jones Baldwin, Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, George Send, Sidney Potier. Boi Nascidos em 1913, 25, 37, 49, 61, 73, 85, 97, 09 Características: O Boi é uma pessoa que  esconde as suas emoções por trás da sua reserva e da sua introspecção, mas querendo ocultar, na verdade, a sua necessidade de auto-afirmação e a sua carência afectiva, que tenta ignorar. O Boi é um constante desafiador dos seus próprios limites e sabe como ocultar a sua ambição. A sua preocupação pelo futuro impede que ele viva o presente. Yin(negativo) Não respeita os seus limites. Yang(positivo) Sabe cuidar bem do seu dinheiro. No entanto,  às vezes torna-se muito dependente de projectos materiais. Rato - Muito compatível. Prosperidade juntos. Boi - Compatibilidade medíocre. Tigre - Extrema incompatibilidade. Diferenças ferrenhas. Coelho - Compatíveis. Relacionamentos sólidos. Dragão - Compatíveis. Sem grandes lutas. Serpente - Boa Compatibilidade. Cavalo - Compatibilidade medíocre. Carneiro - Compatibilidade medíocre. Tolerância recíproca. Macaco - Compatibilidade aceitável. Não haverão pontos em comum. Galo - Melhor combinação com o Boi. Cão – Combinação não muito boa. Animosidade. Porco - Sem grandes choques, mas sem laços muito fortes Alguns "bois" famosos: Tung Chee-Hwa, Sukarno, Richard Burton, Napoleão, Charlie Chaplin, Peter Sellers, Margaret Mead, Princesa Diana. Tigre Nascidos em 1914, 26, 38, 50, 62, 74, 86, 98, 10 O Tigre precisa de uma audiência inteligente, pois adora exibir toda a sua popularidade. Detestando, repartir essa audiência com outra pessoa e, caso tenha alguma concorrência na exclusividade da atenção, sabe muito bem como lidar com a sua situação. O convencional e a rotina não agradam aos nativos desse signo. Não se contentam com as meias verdades. Para eles, a vida é um constante desafio na busca da verdade absoluta que, por ser uma meta inatingível, determina o padrão de exigências que impõem a si mesmos. Yin(negativo) São atraídos facilmente por coisas novas e diferentes. Mas nem sempre isso é favorável o que gera conflitos nas suas vidas. Yang(positivo) Procuram revovar-se. Gostam de coisas verdadeiras e autênticas. Alguns "tigres" famosos: Sun Yat-Sen, Jiang Zemin, Ho Chih Minh, princesa Anne, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Lindbergh, Beethoven, rainha Beatrix, rei Juan Carlos I, Jonas Salk, rainha Elizabeth. Eu estou no auge com o pulso do universo. Em meus aposentos calmo e sozinho eu ouço as melodias da alma. Eu flutuo acima do decente e da deterioração do lugar comum. Eu conformo-me de forma subtil. Eu dou cor às minhas palavras em tons delicados de pastel. Eu estímulo a harmonia e a paz interna. Coelho Nascidos em 1915, 27, 39, 51, 63, 75, 87, 99, 11 O Coelho é um signo muito afortunado do horóscopo chinês, ele é o símbolo da longevidade. O Coelho simboliza a graciosidade, as boas maneiras, a sensatez, a bondade e a sensibilidade. Levará uma vida tranquila, terá muito sucesso nos seus negócios e ascenderá rapidamente em qualquer carreira que escolher. Yang (positivo) Humanismo, fé, mediunidade, intuição, misticismo, piedade, religiosidade, bondade, sacrifício e renúncia. Yin (negativo) Infidelidade, passividade e timidez., sensível as críticas e evitando confrontos. Rato - Compatibilidade boa. Respeito mutuo. Boi - Compatíveis, mas com reservas. Tigre - Incompatíveis ao extremo. Desentendimento constante. Coelho - Compatíveis, trabalham bem juntos. Dragão - Compatíveis com alguns choques de personalidade. Serpente - Compatibilidade boa mas sem laços profundos. Cavalo - Incompatíveis, relação sem nada em comum. Carneiro - Excelente nível de Compatibilidade, união muito próspera. Macaco - Não muito compatíveis, rivalidades constantes. Galo - Altamente incompatíveis, muita discórdia. Cão - Muito compatível, compreensão mútua. Porco - Muito compatível, vibração afim. Alguns "Coelhos famosos" Tom Jobim, Toscanini, Fidel Castro, Bejamin Spock, Candido Portinari, David Frost, Henu Miller, George C. Scott, Agatha Christie, etc. Dragão Nascidos em 1916, 28, 40, 52, 64, 76, 88, 00 São pessoas cheias de força e vitalidade e apesar de serem egoístas, excêntricos, dogmáticos, extravagantes, exigentes e irracionais tem uma legião fiel de admiradores. Yang (positivo) Autoconfiança, coragem, espírito de aventura, é com certeza muito trabalhadora. Yin (negativo) Gênio forte e temperamental, impaciente, agressiva. Rato - Excelente combinação, juntos alcançarão o sucesso. Boi - Compatibilidade boa, respeito mutuo. Tigre - Compatibilidade moderada, alguns choques e falta de compreensão. Coelho - Compatíveis até certo ponto. Tolerância mutua. Dragão - Compatibilidade razoável, trabalham bem juntos. Serpente - Boa Compatibilidade, felicidade mutua. Cavalo - Compatíveis, respeito mútuo. Carneiro - Compatibilidade moderada e fria. Haverá simpatia se houverem interesses comuns. Macaco - Excelente combinação no amor e negócios. Sucesso e felicidade mutua. Galo - Boa combinação, felicidade e prosperidade juntos. Cão - Incompatíveis, animosidade e conflitos. Não conseguem resolver seus problemas. Porco - Compatibilidade razoável. Sem grandes diferenças. Gente de Expressão do Signo de Dragão: Bruce Lee, Antony Quinn, Pelé, Padre Cícero, Ringo Starr, Savador Dali, Shirley Temple, S. Joana D'Arc, Mae Wes, Francisco Franco, Jimmy Connors, John Lennon. Cavalo Nascidos em 1918, 30, 42, 54, 66, 78, 90, 02 São  pessoas muito rápidas, talentosos e trabalhadoras. Por causa da sua natureza independente, recusam escutar os conselhos dos outros. O cavalo é também um individuo muito social. Tem qualidades fortes de liderança e gosta de estar na ribalta. Eles também gostam de ter um determinado grau de liberdade escolhendo não serem limitado por regras da sociedade e regulamentos. O cavalo gosta de se sentir apoiado e incentivado pelos outros, não gostando de se sentir um criado de ninguém. Devido aos seus muitos talentos o cavalo irá longe na sua vida. Apreciam desafios e são trabalhadores incansáveis e metódicos. O sucesso significa tudo para o cavalo. O cavalo presta muita atenção à sua aparência por isso são muito atractivos para o sexo oposto. Tendem a ter muitos romances antes de assentarem com um compromisso mais sério, mas uma vez que encontram a sua alma gêmea, são muito protetores e leais. Por um lado, o cavalo pode ser um tanto teimoso e egocêntrico, no entanto tem também  uma natureza disposta a ajudar os outros... Yang (positivo) Gosta muito do lado social e aproveita-se bem de seu talento no trabalho. Yin (negativo) Teimosos e com dificuldades em guardar segredos. Rato - Altamente incompatíveis, muitas animosidades. Boi - Incompatíveis, laços não muito estreitos. Tigre - Excelente Compatibilidade. Felicidade no amor e nos negócios. Coelho - Incompatíveis, ausência de cooperação. Dragão - Compatíveis, mas sem exageros. Serpente - Não muito compatíveis, dificuldade de comunicação. Cavalo –Boa Compatibilidade, formam um bom par. Carneiro - Boa Compatibilidade, afinidade mutua. Macaco - Não muito compatíveis, a não ser que movidos por interesses comuns. Galo - Não muito compatíveis, choques de personalidade. Cão - Excelente combinação, afinidade e compreensão. Porco - Compatibilidade moderada. Alguns interesses comuns. Alguns "Cavalos" conhecidos: Neil Armstrong, Rowan Atkinson, Margaret Beckett, Samuel Beckett, Ingmar, Leonard Bernstein, Sir John Betjeman, Karen Black, Cherie Blair, Eric Cantona, Helene Bonham Caster, Ray Charles, Chaplin, James Dean Cabra. Nascidos em 1919, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79, 91, 03 O Carneiro  ou Cabra é o signo mais feminino do horóscopo Chinês. É integro, sincero e emociona-se com facilidade. Tem tendências a ser uma pessoa gentil e compassiva, perdoando com grande facilidade.  Apesar de todas as qualidades, eles não suportam muito a disciplina ou  as criticas e acham muito difícil trabalharem sob algum tipo de pressão. Yang (positivo) Sensível, imaginativo, bondoso e sempre disposto a ajudar os outros, fazendo com que esta pessoa tenha uma capacidade executiva, possui boa memória. Yin (negativo) Caprichoso ao extremo, possessivo, ciumento. Rato - Incompatíveis, pequenas animosidades. Boi - Indiferença, não há cooperação. Tigre - Compatibilidade mediana. Sem confrontos graves. Coelho - Excelente Compatibilidade, sucesso e prosperidade. Dragão - Boa Compatibilidade, relações moderadas. Serpente - Compatíveis quando conveniente. Cavalo - Boa Compatibilidade, união feliz. Carneiro - Boa Compatibilidade, laços favoráveis. Macaco - Compatibilidade moderada, sem atração. Galo - Falhas de comunicação e reservas. Tolerância moderada. Cão - Incompatível, relacionamento difícil. Porco - Compatíveis, compreensão apoio. Alguns "carneiros" famosos: Antonio Conselheiro, Andy Warhol, Andrew Carnegie, Barbara Walter, Billie Jean King, Catherine Deneuve, Dino de Laurantis, Gorge Wallace, Getúlio Vargas, etc. Nascidos em 1920, 32, 44, 56, 68, 80, 92, 04 O Macaco é o inventor do horóscopo chinê com um imenso carisma. Nas múltiplas personalidades do macaco o que mais se destaca é a confiança. Yang (positivo) Simpatia, franqueza e optimismo Yin (negativo) Orgulho exagerado e menosprezo pelos outros, sendo arrogante. Rato - Muito compatível, amor e contentamento. Boi - Compatibilidade moderada, muitas barreiras. Tigre - Incompatíveis. incompreensão e suspeitas. Coelho - Compatibilidade moderada, rivalidade. Dragão - Excelente união, amor e compreensão recíproca. Serpente - Nada especial, Compatibilidade afetada por suspeitas mutuas. Cavalo - Compatibilidade boa, um aceitará o outro. Carneiro - Compatibilidade abalada pela falta de compreensão mutua. No máximo cordiais. Macaco - Compatíveis no trabalho e casamento. Sem rivalidades. Galo - Comunicação boa até certo ponto. Indiferentes. Cão - Compatíveis, amigáveis e respeito mutuo. Sem rivalidades. Porco - Boa Compatibilidade no amor e nos negócios. Alguns "macacos" famosos: Antonio Carlos Gomes, Andrew Young, Amadeo Modgliami, Bette Davis, Charles Dickens, Duqesa de Windsor, Buarque de Holanda, George Byron, Júlio Cesar, Leonardo da Vinci, etc. Galo Nascidos em 1921, 33, 45, 57, 69, 81, 93, 05 O Galo é o herói impávido do horóscopo, mal-compreendido por todos os outros signos. Exteriormente é autoconfiante e agressivo, mas por dentro não é assim tão seguro de si. Existem dois tipos de galos: os faladores  e os observadores perspicazes. Ambos adoram gabar as suas qualidades. O Galo é um perito em expressar-se, adora discutir e se puder, tentará converter o mundo inteiro ao seu modo de pensar, pois acha que está sempre certo. Yang (positivo) Muito fiél, sendo uma pessoa analítica, de confiança, eficiente, com boa memória. Yin (negativo)   Pessoa que não reconhece os seus próprios defeitos, extravagante, intolerante, e muito preocupada. Rato - Incompatíveis. No máximo se tolerarão. Boi - Excelente união, sucesso juntos. Tigre - Incompatíveis, pequenos choques que esfriam a relação. Coelho - Incompatíveis. Discórdia e falta de compreensão. Dragão - Compatíveis. União próspera e feliz. Serpente - Excelente união, compreensão e confiança mutua. Cavalo - Compatibilidade difícil, barreiras de personalidade a transpor. Carneiro - Reservas dificultam o relacionamento. Tolerância moderada. Macaco - Compatíveis até certo ponto. Tolerância ajuda quando há interesses comuns. Galo - Incompatíveis, choques e lutas interferem no relacionamento. Cão - Compatibilidade mediana, ressentimentos ocultos abalam a relação. Porco - Compatíveis, mas a personalidade de ambos atrapalha um pouco. Alguns "galos" famosos: Alex Haley, Carmem Miranda, Debora Kerr, Elton John, Edwin Land, Grover Cleveland, Papa Paulo VI, Ruy Barbosa, Garrincha, Alberto Santos Dumont, Sa Fontaine, Elis Regina, etc. Cão Nascidos em 1922, 34, 46, 58, 70, 82, 94, 06 O Cão  é honesto, inteligente e leal. No geral são atraentes e  não consegue um ignorar um pedido de socorro de quem quer que seja. As vezes protegem os interesses alheios mais ferozmente que seus os próprios interesses. Um cão raramente abandona o lar, e quando o faz, é por que as coisas realmente vão mal. Sentido de justiça, dotes artísticos extraordinários, fazendo com que seja uma pessoa ambiciosa, que atrai dinheiro, charmosa, justa. Yin (negativo) Depressão, nervosismo, impossibilidade de realizar tudo que deseja, acessos de pessimismo e crises nervosas, fazendo com que deteste criticas, intolere a agressividade, tendo um grande desejo de felicidade e harmonia, fazendo com que o seu estado de humor varie. Rato - Compatíveis, respeito mútuo. Boi - Média Compatibilidade, sem comunicação. Tigre - Excelente Compatibilidade, sucesso e prosperidade no amor e negócios. Coelho - Boa Compatibilidade, afinidade e confiança. Dragão - Incompatíveis ao extremo, desconfiança e incompreensão. Serpente - Compatíveis, áreas de interesse comum. Cavalo - Boa Compatibilidade, felicidade e sucesso. Carneiro - Incompatíveis, haverá no máximo tolerância. Não trabalham bem juntos. Macaco - Boa Compatibilidade, cooperação mútua. Galo - Compatibilidade moderada, alguns choques. Cão - Compatíveis. Relação amigável. Porco - Compatíveis moderadamente. Relacionamento agradável. Alguns "cães" famosos: Voltaire, Sergei Eisentein, Garcia Lorca, Noel Rosa, Procópio Ferreira, Victor Hugo, Herbert Hoover, Chou En Lai, Chiang Ching-kuo, etc. Porco Nascidos em 1923, 35, 47, 59, 71, 83, 95, 07 O Porco é bonzinho,  pretende alcançar a harmonia, tenta evitar qualquer tipo de discussão. Por essas e outras, o Porco terá sempre amizades duradouras e espera que os outros tolerem as suas fraquezas. É fácil confiar numa pessoa tão bondosa. E é exactamente essa ingenuidade crédula que o faz vítima. Yang: Actividade, tenacidade e ambição, prudência e coragem, fazendo com que seja uma pessoa magnética, desenvolta, perspicaz, tenaz e versátil. Yin:Sensualidade extremada, gênio vingativo, invejoso e irritável, faz com que seja uma pessoa terrível como inimiga. Rato - Compatíveis, relacionamento pacífico, partilham interesses comuns. Boi - Compatíveis de forma moderada, sem vínculos permanentes. Tigre - Compatíveis, trabalham bem juntos. Coelho - Compatíveis, possibilidade de sucesso, sem conflitos. Dragão - Compatíveis até certo ponto, cooperação mutua. Serpente - Incompatíveis, conflitos permanentes. Cavalo - Compatibilidade moderada, sem atração especial. Carneiro- Compatíveis, compreensão mútua, união feliz. Macaco - Compatíveis, mas com união delicada. Galo - Compatibilidade moderada, cooperação quando necessário. Cão - Compatíveis, respeito mútuo. Porco - Incompatíveis, choques de personalidade. Alguns "porcos" famosos: Alfred Hitichcock, Al Capone, Andrew Jackson, Bibi Andersson, Chian Kai Shek, John D. Rockefeller, Merle Oberon, Maria Callas, Norma Benguel fonte sonhosbr maishoroscopo mundoestranho.

This was divine. I just kept hoping it was going to show her reaction to the beautiful creation at the end! Something for another video. Who's with me. At 4:31. aint good. Amazing. ❤️. What a charming interviewer and classy gentleman. No surprise Petra wanted to leave.

いやもう凄すぎ！ 必ず追い付いてやる！. DOWNLOAD TORRENT- FILME E LEGENDA Sinopse: O aclamado diretor italiano Bernardo Bertolucci nos brinda com esta grandiosa adaptação da história real de Pu Yi, último imperador chinês, deposto no século XX quando um golpe revolucionário fez surgir a república na China. Nomeado imperador aos três anos de idade, Pu Yi viveu enclausurado na Cidade Proibida até os 24 anos quando foi forçado a abandonar o luxo e a segurança da realeza, passando a vivenciar as dificuldades e os sonhos daquele novo mundo além das muralhas do palácio. Tendo como pano de fundo as transformações políticas e sociais que atingiram a China entre o final do século XiX e a instituição do governo socialista de Ma Tse Tung em 1949, O Último Imperador ganhou vários prêmios entre eles quatro Globos de Ouro e nove Oscars (Melhor filme, diretor, fotografia, direção de arte, figurino, edição, trilha sonora, som e roteiro adaptado. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: The Last Emperor País de Origem: China, Itália, Inglaterra, França Gênero: Drama, Biografia Tempo de Duração: 162 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 1987 Site Oficial: Estúdio/Distrib. Hemdale Film Direção: Bernardo Bertolucci IMDb. 7. 9 Elenco: John Lone. Pu Yi - Adult Joan Chen. Wan Jung Peter O'Toole. Reginald 'R. J. Johnston Ruocheng Ying. The Governor Victor Wong. Chen Pao Shen Dennis Dun. Big Li Ryûichi Sakamoto. Amakasu Maggie Han. Eastern Jewel Ric Young. Interrogator Vivian Wu. Wen Hsiu Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa. Chang Jade Go. Ar Mo Fumihiko Ikeda. Yoshioka Richard Vuu. Pu Yi - 3 Years Tsou Tijger. Pu Yi - 8 Years Tao Wu. Pu Yi - 15 Years Guang Fan. Pu Chieh - Henry Kyi. Pu Chieh - 7 Years Alvin Riley III. Pu Chieh - 14 Years Lisa Lu. Tzu Hsui Hideo Takamatsu. General Ishikari Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 2GB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: Pt-Br.

If he could blow up the photo to carry to the show, he could blow up the photo to the size he demonstrated in front of the public. Before he demonstrate in public, he traced line by line from the blown up photo at home. Therefore he cheated the public that he drew the woman himself, not tracing from the photo. To me, this is cheating. George Wu, Architect, A.I.A., NCARB 2019-9-24. VEER. 2010 - FILME INDIANO EPICO LINK 1: DOWNLOAD TORRENT - FILME E LEGENDA LINK 2: FILME: Veer 2010 Hindi DVDRip XviD E-SuB xRG (MELHOR IMAGEM- REVISADA 01. 11. 2010) LEGENDA: COPIAR LINK) SINOPSE: Veer é um valente soldado Pindari, que tem a coragem de lutar contra o plano do exército britânico, para dominar a Índia. Ele não só se levantará contra o império britânico, mas também contra seu próprio povo, que têm problemas com a sua existência. Para piorar, seu amor é Yashodhara a princesa, filha de seu inimigo na tribo. Novo filme de Salman Khan, um épico passado nos anos 80 do século 19. A realização é de Anil Sharma. FICHA TECNICA: Diretor: Anil Sharma Escritores: Salman Khan e Shaktimaan Data Release: 22 Janeiro 2010 Gênero: Ação/Aventura/Drama/História/Romance/Romance País: India ELENCO: Salman Khan. Veer Sohail Khan. Punya Mithun Chakraborty. Prithvi Singh Jackie Shroff. Raja of Madhavgarh Zarine Khan. Princess Yashodhara Lisa Lazarus. Angelina Gita Soto. Poonam Neena Gupta. Mangla Aryan Vaid Bharat Dabholkar. Chaman Bunny Anand Shahbaaz Khan Puru Raaj Kumar. Kunwar Gajendra Singh DADOS: Qualidade: DVDRIP Tamanho. 1. 30gb Legenda-PT-PT(Assim que sair legenda pt-br sera adicionado ao post) TRAILER LUCIO FLÁVIO, O PASSAGEIRO DA AGONIA. 1977 - CINEMA NACIONAL - DOWNLOAD TORRENT- FILME E LEGENDA Sinopse: Nos anos 60 surge uma organização, batizada pela crônica policial brasileira como Esquadrão da Morte, que passa a combater o crime à margem da lei. Nessa conjuntura surgem vários episódios e personagens que marcaram uma época. Lúcio Flávio (Reginaldo Farias) é um deles, que se tornou um conhecido bandido no Rio de Janeiro. Tudo piora quando um banco é assalto em uma cidade do interior e o Dr. Bechara (Ivan Cândido) dá início a uma ação policial nos subúrbios do Rio, para localizar Lúcio. Ele e sua mulher, Janice (Ana Maria Magalhães) recebem a notícia da prisão de Mucuçu, integrante do bando de Lúcio, que também acaba sendo preso mas foge da delegacia. Certa noite é preso novamente por Bechara e levado para um presídio, onde agentes da Polícia Federal tentam em vão saber do seu envolvimento com Moretti (Paulo César Pereio) um policial. Lúcio é libertado por seus companheiros e, com a conivência de Moretti, assalta um banco. Tentando mudar de vida Lúcio vai com Janice para Belo Horizonte, mas seu destino já estava traçado. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: Lúcio Flávio, o Passageiro da Agonia País de Origem: Brasil Gênero: Policial, Drama Tempo de Duração: 120 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 1977 Site Oficial: Estúdio/Distrib. Embrafilme Direção: Hector Babenco IMDb. 7. 3 Elenco: Reginaldo Farias. Lúcio Flávio Ana Maria Magalhães. Janice Ivan Cândido. Dr. Bechara Ivan de Almeida. Liece Lady Francisco. Lígia Mílton Gonçalves. 132 Stepan Nercessian. Suicida Grande Otelo. Dondinho Sérgio Otero. Nijini Paulo César Pereio. Moretti Ivan Setta. Francisco C. O. Érico Vidal. Klaus Álvaro Freire. Policial federal José Dumont. Prisioneiro Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 1. 4GB Qualidade: DVDRip Legenda: ADRENALINA EM BANKOK. 2009 - ADRENALINA PURA - Download Torrent - Filme e Legenda Sinopse: Quatro mochileiros chegam na Tailândia para festa e beber. Um jogo de azar vai mal e com as suas vidas na linha de que desesperadamente decidem sequestrar uma filha de bilionários. As coisas dão errado quando seu “pai” não joga bola e prefere utilizar o sequestro para promover seus próprios interesses. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: Bangkok Adrenaline Gênero: Action, Comedy Duração: 90 Min Ano de Lançamento: 2010 Direção: Raimund Huber Elenco: Daniel O'Neill. Dan Priya Suandokemai. Irene Gwion Jacob Miles. Mike Conan Stevens. Conan Raimund Huber. Joh Directed By: Raimund Huber Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 700mb Legenda: PT-PT IDAS E VINDAS DO AMOR. 2009 - HISTÓRIAS ROMANTICAS DOWNLOAD TORRENT- FILME E LEGENDA Sinopse: O filme mostra cinco histórias românticas interligadas, que acontecem no Dia dos Namorados, em Los Angeles. Casais e solteiros vivenciam os altos e baixos de encontrar, manter ou terminar relacionamentos no dia do amor. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: Valentine's Day País de Origem: EUA Gênero: Comédia / Romance Tempo de Duração: 125 minutos Estréia no Brasil: 19/02/2010 Estúdio/Distrib. Warner Bros. Direção: Garry Marshall Jessica Alba. Morley Clarkson Kathy Bates. Susan Jessica Biel. Kara Monahan Bradley Cooper. Holden Eric Dane. Sean Jackson Patrick Dempsey. Harrison Copeland Hector Elizondo. Edgar Jamie Foxx. Kelvin Moore Jennifer Garner. Julia Fitzpatrick Topher Grace. Jason Anne Hathaway. Liz Carter Jenkins. Alex Ashton Kutcher. Reed Bennett Queen Latifah. Paula Thomas Taylor Lautner. Willy George Lopez. Alphonso Shirley MacLaine. Estelle Emma Roberts. Grace Julia Roberts. Captain Kate Hazeltine Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 1. 38GB Legenda: Pt-Br VICIO FRENÉTICO. 2009. REMAKE" DRAMA POLICIAL DOWNLOAD TORRENT - FILME E LEGENDA SINOPSE: Após salvar um prisioneiro de afogamento em decorrência do furacão Katrina, o detetive Terence McDonagh é promovido a tenente. Com as costas seriamente contundidas, passa a depender de analgésicos para aguentar a dor. Um ano depois, está viciado em Vicodin e cocaína, mas continua trabalhando em nome da lei. Quando uma família de imigrantes africanos é assassinada, ele é nomeado para o caso, e sai à procura do assassino. Mas seu próprio envolvimento em atividades ilegais compromete seus padrões morais e ameaça colocar sua missão em risco. Título no Brasil: Vicio Frenético Título Original: The Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans Gênero: Drama/Policial/Suspense Origem: EUA Duração: 121 minutos Estúdio/Distrib: Imagem filmes/Nu Imagem Filmes/First Look Pictures Direção: Werner Herzog IMDB: 7. 8 Nicolas Cage … Terence McDonagh Val Kilmer … Stevie Pruit Eva Mendes … Frankie Donnenfeld Fairuza Balk … Heidi Jennifer Coolidge … Genevieve Brad Dourif … Ned Schoenholtz Michael Shannon … Mundt Shawn Hatosy … Armand Benoit Denzel Whitaker … Daryl Shea Whigham … Justin Xzibit … Big Fate Tom Bower … Pat McDonough Irma P. Hall … Binnie Rogers Vondie Curtis-Hall … James Brasser Brandi Coleman … Yvonne Katie Chonacas … Tina Tamanho: 947MB Qualidade: DVDRIP Dual Áudio THE DARK LURKING. 2010 - MUITA ADRENALINA: FICÇÃO/TERROR - DOWNLOAD TORRENT - FILME E LEGENDA SINOPSE: The Dark Lunking é o título desta produção dirigida pelo australiano Greg Connors e poderíamos incluir na SciFi genre-terror. Estação de Pesquisa 320, localizada 800 metros abaixo solo Antárctico, deixou de ser operacional. Agora, centenas de pessoas passam fome e estao em constante mutação, criaturas com um apetite por carne humana. Oito sobreviventes exceder 13 infernais níveis para alcançar a superfície. Título Original: The Dark Lurking Gênero: Ação/Terror Tempo de Duração: 97 min Aash Aaron. The Commander Joel Amos Byrnes. Thriller Rabid Philippe Deseck. Philippe Ozzie Devrish. Kirkland Tamanho:700mb Qualidade ADMIRAL. 2008 - FILMAÇO RUSSO Download Torrent - Filme e Legenda SINOPSE: Admiral Kolchak é um verdadeiro herói de guerra e também um pai de família. Um dia ele conhece Anna, o amor de sua vida que se torna sua esposa e também sua melhor amiga. A revolução em seu coração enfrenta a revolução em seu próprio país. Seu destino se tornou o Supremacia da Rússia. Konstantin Khabensky... Admiral Kolchak (as Konstantin Khabenskiy) Liza Boyarskaya. Anna Timireva (as Elizaveta Boyarskaya) Sergei Bezrukov. General Kappel (as Sergey Bezrukov) Vladislav Vetrov. Sergey Timirev Anna Kovalchuk. Sofia Qualidade: DVDRip Tamanho: 1. 4GB Mídias: 2 OS CAVALEIROS DO APOCALIPSE. 2009 - AÇÃO E SUSPENSE EXTREMO - Download Torrent- FILME E LEGENDA -DUAL Sinopse: Aidan Breslin (Dennis Quaid) é um amargo detetive, que ficou emocionalmente distante de seus dois filhos pequenos após a morte prematura de sua dedicada esposa. Enquanto investiga uma série de assassinatos, ele descobre uma ligação entre ele e os suspeitos, em uma cadeia de assassinatos, que parecem ser baseados nas profecias bíblicas relativas aos Quatro Cavaleiros do Apocalipse: Guerra, fome, conquista e morte. elenco: Dennis Quaid. Aidan Breslin Ziyi Zhang. Kristen Lou Taylor Pucci. Alex Breslin Clifton Collins Jr. Stingray Barry Shabaka Henley. Tuck Patrick Fugit. Corey Eric Balfour. Taylor Paul Dooley. Father Whiteleather Thomas Mitchell. Thug Liam James. Sean Breslin Chelcie Ross. Police Chief Krupa ficha técnica: Titulo original:The Horsemen Duração:110 minutos (1 hora e 50 minutos) Gênero:Suspense Direção:Jonas Åkerlund Ano:2009 País de origem:EUA Qualidade:DVDRIP DUAL ÁUDIO CADÊ OS MORGANS. 2009 - COMÉDIA IMPERDÍVEL Download Torrent - Filme e legenda - DUAL ÁUDIO SINOPSE: Paul (Hugh Grant) e Meryl Morgan (Sarah Jessica Parker) formam um casal bem sucedido de Manhattan. Quando decidem se separar, isto causa uma surpresa geral entre seus conhecidos. Entretanto, a situação piora quando acidentalmente testemunham um assassinato e passam a ser perseguidos por um matador profissional. Para protegê-los, os agentes da polícia resolvem transferi-los para as montanhas de Wyoming. Em uma cidade onde a tecnologia e o conforto ao qual estão acostumados simplesmente não existe, os Morgan precisam se adaptar à nova vida. E, em meio às confusões geradas, reatar a velha paixão. Hugh Grant (Paul Morgan) Sarah Jessica Parker (Meryl Morgan) Natalia Klimas (Monique Rabelais) Vincenzo Amato (Girard Rabelais) Jesse Liebman (Adam Feller) Elisabeth Moss (Jackie Drake) Michael Kelly (Vincent) DADOS DO FILME: Informações Técnicas Título no Brasil: Cadê os Morgan? Título Original: Did You Hear About the Morgans? Gênero: Comédia Tempo de Duração: 103 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Estréia no Brasil: 26/03/2010 DADOS DO ARQUIVO:DUAL ÁUDIO Quantidade de Mídias: 1 Tamanho: 800MB Idioma do Audio: Português / Inglês Legendas: Anexada(s) ao Post Tipo de Compartilhamento: Tor DADOS TÉCNICOS: Qualidade do Vídeo: BDRip Resolução: 640×272 Vídeio Codec: XviD Áudio Codec: MP3 Formato de Tela: WideScreen(16x9) ELA É DEMAIS PARA MIM. 2010 Download Torrent- Filme e legenda SINOPSE: Molly (Alice Eve) é uma sexy planejadora de eventos que é atrasada por um segurança de aeroporto. Outro segurança, Kirk (Jay Baruchel) a ajuda, e a libera para pegar o voo. Com sorte, Kirk encontra o celular que ela esqueceu, e Molly liga para ele e o convida para uma festa quando ela retornar. Kirk se apaixona por Molly, mas seus amigos o alertam que ele não tem nenhuma chance, porque ele é um "5" e Molly com certeza é um "10. E como todos sabem, você só pode namorar uma garota que é no máximo 2 pontos acima, e Kirk só poderia namorar garotas "7. Entretanto, Molly pensa diferente, porque acha que Kirk é doce, honesto, e diferente dos outros homens que já namorou. Kirk, por outro lado, tem um grande problema de insegurança: Ele acha que ela o despensará no momento que perceber a burrada que fez. Sob essas circunstâncias, com todos contra Kirk e Molly, conseguirão construir um relacionamento durável? Jay Baruchel. Kirk Alice Eve. Molly T. J. Miller. Stainer Mike Vogel. Jack Nate Torrence. Devon Lindsay Sloane. Marnie Título no Brasil: Ela é Demais pra Mim Título Original: She´s Out of My League País de Origem: USA Gênero: Comédia Romântica Tempo de Duração: 104 minutos Lançamento no Brasil: 04/06/2010 Direção: Jim Field Smith DADOS DO ARQUIVO: Tamanho: 1. 4 Gb Idioma(s) de Áudio(s) Inglês Legenda(s) anexada Tipo de Compartilhamento: tor Qualidade do Vídeo: TS Resolução: 704 x 288 ScreenShots: 1, 2, 3 INFORMAÇÕES CINEFILAS - FILMES MAIS VISTOS NO BRASIL Box Office Brasil - Público 16 de Abril de 2010 a 18 de Abril de 2010 Filme Número de Cópias Público na Semana Semanas em Cartaz Market Share Público Total Arrecadação (em R) Arrecadação Total (em R) 1. (1) Chico Xavier 374 304. 247 3 27, 48% 2. 005. 072 3. 146. 228 18. 560. 531 Orçamento: R12. 000. 000 (estimado) 2. (2) Como Treinar o seu Dragão 353 248. 190 4 22, 41% 1. 614. 511 2. 173. 931 18. 118. 038 Orçamento: US165. 000 (estimado) 3. Caçador de Recompensa 136 150. 825 estréia 13, 62% 150. 910 1. 546. 760 1. 548. 052 Orçamento: US40. 000 (estimado) 4. (3) Uma Noite Fora de Série 175 116. 159 2 10, 49% 381. 589 1. 215. 343 3. 649. 110 Orçamento: US55. 000 (estimado) 5. As Melhores Coisas do Mundo 150 52. 778 estréia 4, 77% 52. 778 519. 275 519. 275 6. (4) Dupla Implacável 166 37. 368 2 3, 37% 180. 920 378. 313 1. 678. 459 Orçamento: US55. 000 (estimado) 7. (5) Caso 39 136 34. 214 2 3, 09% 144. 412 347. 651 1. 331. 496 Orçamento: US27. 000 (estimado) 8. (6) O Livro de Eli 159 36. 026 5 3, 25% 810. 131 330. 628 7. 335. 394 Orçamento: US80. 000 (estimado) 9. Zona Verde 50 24. 624 estréia 2, 22% 24. 624 295. 284 295. 284 Orçamento: US100. 000 (estimado) 10. (7) Ilha do Medo 114 21. 936 6 1, 98% 838. 108 220. 403 7. 919. 806 Orçamento: US80. 000 (estimado) 11. (8) Um Sonho Possível 84 20. 171 5 1, 82% 481. 691 209. 756 4. 789. 598 Orçamento: US29. 000 (estimado) 12. (12) O Segredo dos Seus Olhos 23 10. 402 8 0, 94% 197. 231 109. 472 2. 088. 518 Orçamento: 2. 000 (estimado) 13. (10) Surpresa em Dobro 35 11. 431 3 1, 03% 97. 162 96. 643 889. 776 14. (15) Avatar 10 4. 122 18 0, 37% 9. 099. 348 72. 967 102. 233. 610 Orçamento: US230. 000 (estimado) 15. (11) Simplesmente Complicado 35 5. 188 8 0, 47% 833. 208 58. 176 8. 007. 832 Orçamento: US85. 000 (estimado) 16. Vidas Que se Cruzam 20 5. 267 estréia 0, 48% 5. 305 54. 205 54. 929 Orçamento: US20. 000 (estimado) 17. Mary e Max - Uma Amizade Diferente 18 4. 228 estréia 0, 38% 5. 028 48. 291 56. 178 Orçamento: AUD 8. 240. 000 (estimado) 18. (17) A Caixa 31 5. 469 4 0, 49% 86. 998 47. 690 733. 198 Orçamento: US16. 000 (estimado) 19. (13) Lembranças 79 7. 008 6 0, 63% 411. 760 45. 830 3. 343. 410 Orçamento: US16. 000 (estimado) 20. (14) Percy Jackson e o Ladrão de Raios 92 7. 698 10 0, 70% 1. 992. 539 45. 069 15. 967. 574 6 PISTOLAS. 2010 - VOLTANDO AOS TEMPOS DO WESTERN DOWNLOAD TORRENT: FILME E LEGENDA Sinopse: Uma jovem pede a ajuda de um caçador de recompensas para lhe ensinar a ser uma pistoleira, para que ela possa caçar os homens que mataram sua família. Ficha Técnica: Título Original: 6 Guns Gênero: Faroeste Tempo de Duração: 85 minutos Estúdio/Distrib. The Global Asylum Direção: Shane Van Dyke Elenco: Barry Van Allison Sage Stevens Greg eriff Barr Brian Stevens Geoff Horn Shane Van Beall Carey Van Beall Jason Kleiber the El Paso Kid Jonathan Erin Marie arlet Peter ssian Pete Anya Dados Do Arquivo Tamanho: 701MB JESSE STONE: GELO FINO. 2009 - POLICIAL IMPERDIVEL Sinopse: O Chefe de Polícia de uma pequena cidade, Jesse Stone, quase perde o seu emprego depois da tentaiva de assassinato de seu amigo e colega o Capitão da Homicídios e ainda encara um sequestro de bebê ocorrido há sete anos atrás. Jeremy Akerman. Carter Hanson Kathy Baker. Rose Gammon John Beale. Perkins Fulvio Cecere. Teddy Leaf William Devane. Dix Joe the Dog. Reggie Tom Gallant. Councilman Collins J. William Grantham. Porter Jessica Hecht. Stephanie Morton Brian Heighton. Boston Doctor Todd Hofley. Alan Leslie Hope. Sidney Greenstreet Glen Lefchak. Homeless Guy (as Glenn Lefchak) Gary Levert. William Buttler Camryn Manheim. Elizabeth Blue Stephen McHattie. Captain Healy Dawn McKelvie Cyr. Nurse #1 (as Dawn Cyr) Joanna Miles. Mrs. Steinberg Scott Owen. Teddy's side kick William Sadler. Gino Fish Tom Selleck. Jesse Stone Kerri Smith. Sister Mary John Sherry Smith. Nurse #2 Kohl Sudduth. Luther 'Suitcase' Simpson Hal Tatlidil. Waiter Título no Brasil: Jesse Stone - Gelo Fino Título Original: Jesse Stone: Thin Ice Gênero: Romance/ Drama/ História / Aventura Tempo de Duração: 90 minutos Ano de Lançamento (EUA) 2009 Direção: Robert Harmon Roteiro: Michael Brandman, Ronni Kern Link IMDB: Dados do Arquivo: Tamanho: 700 MB Idioma do Audio: Inglês Tipo de Compartilhamento: tor; Qualidade do Vídeo: DVDRip Vídeo Codec: XviD Video Birtrate: 944 Kbps Audio Codec: Mp3 Audio Birtrate: 157 Kbps Resolução: 608 x 336 Frame Rate: 23. 97 UM PROFETA. 2009 Download Torrent- Filme e Legenda Sinopse: Malik é condenado a seis anos de prisão. Aos 19 anos, sem saber ler nem escrever, ele parece mais frágil do que na realidade é. Rapidamente se vê enredado nas lutas de gangues, com uma série de "missões" que deverá executar para conquistar a atenção de um dos líderes. Mas Malik é forte e esperto, rapidamente começa a criar os seus próprios planos… Tahar Rahim. Malik El Djebena Niels Arestrup. César Luciani Adel Bencherif. Ryad Hichem Yacoubi. Reyeb Reda Kateb. Jordi Jean-Philippe Ricci. Vettori Gilles Cohen. Prof Antoine Basler. Pilicci Leïla Bekhti. Djamila Pierre Leccia. Sampierro Foued Nassah. Antaro Jean-Emmanuel Pagni. Santi Frédéric Graziani. Chef de détention Slimane Dazi. Lattrache Rabah Loucif. L'avocat de Malik Título original: Un prophète Título Traduzido: A Prophet Gêneros: Drama, Policial Origem: França e Itália Direção: Jacques Audiard Roteiro: Thomas Bidegain e Jacques Audiard Tamanho: 1. 4 gb Legendas: Português Qualidade do Vídeo: DVDScreen Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Lançamento no Brasil: Sem previsão Tempo de Duração: 150 Min Audio Codec: MP3 Resolução: 352 Frame Rate: 23. 97 Fps DUPLA IMPLACÁVEL. 2010 - TRILLER/AÇÃO Download Torrent - Filme e Legenda Jovem funcionário de embaixada (Jonathan Rhys-Meyers) e um agente federal norte-americano (John Travolta) trabalham juntos na missão de impedir um ataque terrorista em Paris. Retorno de John Travolta aos cinemas. Ação adrenalina dirigido por Pierre Morel John Travolta. Charlie Wax Jonathan Rhys Meyers. James Reece Kasia Smutniak. Caroline Richard Durden. Embaixador Bennington Amber Rose Revah. Nichole Melissa Mars. Wax's Hooker Farid Elouardi. Le barbu Yin Bing. M. Wong FICHA TÉCNICA: Título no Brasil: Dupla Explosiva Título Original: From Paris with Love País de Origem: França Gênero: Ação Ano: 2010 Estréia no Brasil: 09/04/2010 Estúdio/Distrib. PlayArte Direção: Pierre Morel Qualidade: R5 Quantidade de mídias: 1 OS COLETORES. 2010 Dowloand Torrent - Filme e Legenda (atualizado: DVDRip) Em um futuro próximo, homens poderão comprar organismos artificiais. Ao ter seu coração transplantado, Remy precisa correr contra o tempo para pagar uma dívida. Jude Law. Remy Liev Schreiber. Frank Forest Whitaker. Jake Freivald Alice Braga. Beth Carice van Houten. Carol Liza Lapira. Alva Título: Os Coletores Título Original: Repo Men País: EUA/Canadá Gênero: Ação/Ficção Tempo: 111 min Ano: 2010 Estréia no Brasil: 17/09/2010 Direção: Miguel Sapochnik O FRANCO ATIRADOR. 1978 - CLASSICO DRAMA DE GUERRA NOTA 10 DOWNLOAD TORRENT- FILME E LEGENDA Sinopse: Michael (Robert De Niro) Nick (Christopher Walken) Steve (John Savage) Stan (John Cazale) e Axel (Chuck Aspegren) são operários de uma siderúrgica numa cinzenta cidade da Pennsylvania. Após o estafante período de trabalho nas fornalhas, eles vão ao bar da cidade para beber cerveja, jogar sinuca e um pouco de conversa fora. Os amigos também têm um passatempo, a caça. Mas para Michael, ao contrário dos outros, a caça não é apenas um jogo, e sim, um ritual sagrado (daí o título original "O Caçador de Cervos. Um cervo deve ser morto com apenas um tiro" prega ele, com total devoção pela sua arte. Até que chega a guerra do Vietnã e muda, para sempre, a vida de todos. Oscar de Melhor Filme, Diretor, Ator Coadjuvante (Christopher Walken) Montagem e Som. Título Original: Deer Hunter, The Gênero: Drama Origem/Ano: USA/1978 Duração: 183 min Direção: Michael Cimino Robert De Niro (Michael Vronsky) Christopher Walken (Nick Chevotarevich) Meryl Streep (Linda) John Cazale (Stosh) John Savage (Steven) Chuck Aspegren (Axel) Pierre Segui (Julien Grinda) Tamanho: 1. 36gb Qualidade: DVDrip MACBETH. 1971- CLASSICO DRAMA MEDIEVAL Sinopse: Após profecia de bruxas - que dizem que ele seria rei. Macbeth mata o soberano e assume o trono. Só que, em seu reinado de sangue, ele jamais alcança a paz: sua esposa, tomada pela culpa, começa a enlouquecer; ao mesmo tempo, os inimigos conspiram para retomar o poder. Título Original: The Tragedy of Macbeth Direção: Roman Polanski Roteiro: William Shakespeare (peça) Roman Polanski (roteiro adaptado) Kenneth Tynan (roteiro adaptado) País: Estados Unidos, Inglaterra Duração: 134 min. Jon Finch (Macbeth) Francesca Annis (Lady Macbeth) Martin Shaw (Banquo) Terence Bayler (Macduff) John Stride (Ross) Nicholas Selby (Duncan) Stephan Chase (Malcolm) Paul Shelley (Donalbain) Maisie MacFarquhar (Primeira bruxa) Elsie Taylor (Segunda bruxa) Noelle Rimmington (Terceira bruxa) Noel Davis (Seyton) Tamanho: 1. 36 GB O ULTIMO IMPERADOR. 1987 - CLASSICO DRAMA CHINES DOWNLOAD TORRENT- FILME E LEGENDA O aclamado diretor italiano Bernardo Bertolucci nos brinda com esta grandiosa adaptação da história real de Pu Yi, último imperador chinês, deposto no século XX quando um golpe revolucionário fez surgir a república na China. Nomeado imperador aos três anos de idade, Pu Yi viveu enclausurado na Cidade Proibida até os 24 anos quando foi forçado a abandonar o luxo e a segurança da realeza, passando a vivenciar as dificuldades e os sonhos daquele novo mundo além das muralhas do palácio. Tendo como pano de fundo as transformações políticas e sociais que atingiram a China entre o final do século XiX e a instituição do governo socialista de Ma Tse Tung em 1949, O Último Imperador ganhou vários prêmios entre eles quatro Globos de Ouro e nove Oscars (Melhor filme, diretor, fotografia, direção de arte, figurino, edição, trilha sonora, som e roteiro adaptado. Título Original: The Last Emperor País de Origem: China, Itália, Inglaterra, França Gênero: Drama, Biografia Tempo de Duração: 162 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 1987 Estúdio/Distrib. Hemdale Film Direção: Bernardo Bertolucci IMDb. 9 John Lone. Pu Yi - Adult Joan Chen. Wan Jung Peter O'Toole. Reginald 'R. Johnston Ruocheng Ying. The Governor Victor Wong. Chen Pao Shen Dennis Dun. Big Li Ryûichi Sakamoto. Amakasu Maggie Han. Eastern Jewel Ric Young. Interrogator Vivian Wu. Wen Hsiu Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa. Chang Jade Go. Ar Mo Fumihiko Ikeda. Yoshioka Richard Vuu. Pu Yi - 3 Years Tsou Tijger. Pu Yi - 8 Years Tao Wu. Pu Yi - 15 Years Guang Fan. Pu Chieh - Henry Kyi. Pu Chieh - 7 Years Alvin Riley III. Pu Chieh - 14 Years Lisa Lu. Tzu Hsui Hideo Takamatsu. General Ishikari Tamanho: 2GB ANJOS E DEMONIOS. 2009 - SUSPENSE INIGMÁTICO SINOPSE: Às vésperas do conclave que vai eleger o novo Papa, Robert Langdon é chamado por Maximilian Kohler. o diretor do CERN, um grande centro de pesquisas localizado na Suiça. para analisar os símbolos marcados à fogo no peito de um físico assassinado. Langdon descobre que o símbolo pertence aos Illuminati, uma poderosa fraternidade que considerava estar extinta há 400 anos. Depois de roubar uma devastadora arma do CERN, os Illuminati ameaçam explodir a Cidade do Vaticano e matar os quatro cardeais mais cotados para ser o novo Papa. Com o propósito de avisar os cardeais, ele vai para Roma ao lado da bela e misteriosa cientista Vittoria Vetra, a filha do físico assassinado. Lá, os dois se vêem em meio de uma guerra secular entre ciência e religião e percorrem igrejas e catedrais da cidade em uma busca que pode levá-los até os Illuminati e à última chance de salvação da Igreja. Tom Hanks (Robert Langdon) Yan Cui (Repórter chinês) Curt Lowens (Cardeal Ebner) Jonas Fisch (Policial suíço) Victor Alfieri (Chefe de polícia italiano) Masasa Moyo (Repórter sulafricano) Kristof Konrad (Repórter polonês) Stellan Skarsgård (Richter (rumor) Ewan McGregor (Carlo Ventresca) Ayelet Zurer (Vittoria Vetra) Toffoli Nico (Policial italiano (não creditado) FICHA TÉCNICA: Título original:Angels & Demons Gêneros: Policial, Drama, Mistério, Thrille Tempo:140min Direção: Ron Howard Roteiro: Akiva Goldsman, Dan Brown Qualidade:R5 Tamanho:700 MB IMORTAL. 2010. SUSPENSE EXTREMO) Permeando pelo mesmo clima assombroso das narrativas de Edgar Allan Poe, Imortal conduz o espectador para a história de Jonathan Merrick, um escritor de sucesso que de repente torna-se alvo dos feitiços da irresistível Ligeia. Marcada para morrer por conta de uma doença fatal, a bela mulher decide lutar contra a morte usando magias místicas capazes de sugar a alma do corpo humano. Tal poder, se bem efetuado, lhe dará a imortalidade. Como parte de sua empreitada, Ligeia arrasta Jonathan para o interior do seu mundo selvagem e assustador e ainda o separa de sua noiva, Rowena. Baseado no conto clássico de Edgar Allan Poe intitulado Ligeia, Imortal conta com o roteiro de John Shirley, o mesmo roteirista de O Corvo, sucesso dos anos 90, e a direção do estreante Michael Staniger FichaTécnica: Título no Brasil: Imortal Título Original: Edgar Allan Poe's Ligeia Gênero: Suspense Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Lançamento no Brasil: Sem previsão Direção: Michael Staininger Elenco Wes Bentley. Jonathan Kaitlin Doubleday. Rowena Sofya Skya. Ligeia Romanova Michael Madsen. George Eric Roberts. Vaslov Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa. Len Burris Mackenzie Rosman. Loreli Joel Lewis. Eddie Christa Campbell. Sra. Burris Lydia Hull. Waitress Jeff Most. Russian Priest Doug Fesler. Goth Party Goer Susan L. Fry. Teacher at Party Matthew Gowan. Club Goer Richard Hoffman Jr. Wedding Guest Informações Tamanho: 990 Mb DVDRip, Avi Dual Áudio SOLDADO UNIVERSAL 3 - REGENERAÇÃO. 2009 - ENCERRANDO A SERIE-TRILOGIA: Download Torrent - Filme e Legenda - Dublado) Download Torrent - Filme e Legenda Sinops e: Em Soldado Universal 3 - Regeneração, os rivais combatentes do Vietnã, que haviam sido ressuscitados em um programa militar de supersoldados, voltam a se enfrentar. Luc Deveraux (Van Damme) volta à ativa para combater a nova geração de soldados modificados geneticamente, liderados por NGU (Andrei “Pitbull” Arlovski) que tomam de assalto a velha usina de Chernobyl e ameaçam provocar uma nuvem radioativa. Para seu azar, um dos soldados reativados é um clone de seu antigo sargento, Andrew Scott (Lundgren. Ficha Técnica Título no Brasil: Soldado Universal 3 Título Original: Universal Soldier: Regeneration País de Origem: EUA Gênero: Ação Tempo de Duração: 98 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2009 Estúdio/Distrib. Califórnia Direção: John Hyams Elenco Jean-Claude Van Damme. Luc Deveraux Dolph Lundgren. Andrew Scott Andrei Arlovski. NGU Mike Pyle. Captain Kevin Burke Garry Cooper. Porter Corey Johnson. Coby Emily Joyce. Sandra Fleming Kerry Shale. Colin Aki Avni. General Boris Zahary Baharov. Commander Topoff Jon Foo. UniSol John Laskowski. Captain Violeta Markovska. Ivana Kristopher Van Varenberg. Miles Informações Tamanho: 700 Mb ambos DVDRip, Avi Legendado e Dublado MAR EM FÚRIA. 2000 Sinopse: Outubro de 1991. Acontecia a "tempestade perfeita" uma combinação de fatores tão rara que acontece apenas uma vez por século. Com ondas do tamanho de prédios de dez andares e ventos a quase 200 km/h, poucas pessoas a viram e sobreviveram para contar história. Até que os tripulantes do Andrea Gail, um barco de pesca comercial, se viu bem no centro deste gigantesco inferno em alto-mar. Ficha Técnica Título no Brasil: Mar em Fúria Título Original: The Perfect Storm País de Origem: EUA Gênero: Drama Tempo de Duração: 133 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 2000 Direção: Wolfgang Petersen Elenco George Clooney. Captain Billy Tyne Mark Wahlberg. Bobby Shatford Diane Lane. Christina Cotter John C. Reilly. Dale 'Murph' Murphy William Fichtner. David 'Sully' Sullivan John Hawkes. Mike 'Bugsy' Moran Allen Payne. Alfred Pierre Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. Linda Greenlaw Karen Allen. Melissa Brown Cherry Jones. Edie Bailey Bob Gunton. Alexander McAnally III Informações Tamanho: 698 Mb DVDRip, Avi Legendado A TEMPESTADE DO SÉCULO. 1999 - UMA HISTORIA DO MESTRE DO HORROR STEPHEN KING Sinopse: Little Tall é uma pequena cidade que fica em uma ilha longe do continente e está prestes para receber uma violenta tempestade de neve. Paralelamente Andre Linoge (Colm Feore) um forasteiro bastante estranho, chega na pequena cidade e cria pânico e morte entre os moradores. Ele sabe tudo sobre todos e quando Linoge conta a verdade sobre um deles a pessoa nega tal afirmação. Mike Anderson (Timothy Dale) o policial da cidade, tenta manter cada um em alerta contra a forte tempestade e Linoge. O forasteiro, por sua vez, repete sem cessar "Dê-me o que quero e eu irei embora" sem explicar o significado exato destas palavras. Ficha Técnica Título no Brasil: A Tempestade do Século Título Original: Storm of the Century País de Origem: Canadá / EUA Gênero: Terror Classificação etária: 12 anos Tempo de Duração: 260 minutos Ano de Lançamento: 1999 Direção: Craig R. Baxley Elenco Tim Daly. Mike Anderson Colm Feore. Andre Linoge / Reporter on TV / Minister on TV Debrah Farentino. Molly Anderson Casey Siemaszko. Alton 'Hatch' Hatcher Jeffrey DeMunn. Robbie Beals Julianne Nicholson. Cat Withers Dyllan Christopher. Ralph Emerick 'Ralphie' Anderson Becky Ann Baker. Ursula Godsoe Spencer Breslin. Donny Beals Myra Carter. Cora Stanhope Nada Despotovich. Sandra Beals Kathleen Chalfant. Joanna Stanhope Jeremy Jordan. Billy Soames Ron Perkins. Peter Godsoe Steve Rankin. Jack Carver Informações Tamanho: 2, 05 Gb DVDRip, Avi Legendado TRILOGIA MAD MAX - 1979/1981/1985 - EDIÇÃO COLECIONADOR Download Torrent - Filmes e Legendas Mad Max - 1979 SINOPSE: Em futuro decadente, policial tem sua família morta por gangue e parte, solitário, em busca de vingança e justiça. Mad Max 2 - A Caçada Continua - 1981 SINOPSE: Miller e Gibson mais uma vez juntos nesta sequência de 1979. O policial e guerreiro Mad Max está sozinho num mundo habitado por marginais e tenta ajudar uma comunidade atacada por saqueadores. Mad Max - Além da Cúpula do Trovão - 1985 SINOPSE: Encerra-se aqui (pelo menos a trilogia) em que o personagem de Gibson, Mad Max, luta sozinho pela sobrevivência num futuro desolado. Destaque para a cantora pop Tina Turner, que protagoniza uma luta sangrenta com Gibson. Tamanho Total: 2. 1 Gb cada PAPILLON. 1973 - CULT INESQUECIVEL Download Torrent - Filme e Legenda SINOPSE: A "Ilha do Diabo" não é somente uma prisão. É um purgatório onde homens pagam por seus crimes sofrendo as maiores degradações e brutalidades. Localizada na Guina Francesa, é um lugar cercado por uma floresta impenetrável e de onde é impossível que algum de seus prisioneiros consiga fugir. Henri Charrière (Steve McQueen) conhecido por "Papillon" devido à tatuagem de uma borboleta que carrega em seu peito. Louis Dega (Dustin Hoffman) é seu companheiro, um prisioneiro frágil e intelectualizado. Ininterruptamente, os dois trabalham em uma forma de fugir, pois o espírito de "Papillon" se recusa a ser corrompido pelo sistema selvagem, humilhante e desumano do sistema prisional. Esta é a verdadeira história da luta de 2 homens e sua obsessão por liberdade. Steve McQueen. Henri 'Papillon' Charriere Dustin Hoffman. Louis Dega Victor Jory. Indian chief Don Gordon. Julot Anthony Zerbe. Toussaint Leper Colony chief Robert Deman. Maturette Título: Papillon Título Original: Papillon País: EUA Gênero: Aventura Tempo: 160 min Ano: 1973 Direção: Franklin J. Schaffner Tamanho: 1. 75 Gb TARAS BULBA. 1962 - VERSÃO CULT BIOGRÁFICO Dounload Torrent - filme e Legenda SINOPSE: A história do líder cossaco e suas lutas contra os poloneses. Traído pelo próprio filho, ele é forçado a fazer uma difícil escolha. Superprodução baseada no clássico de Gogol, anteriormente filmado em 1936 na França e em 1939 na Inglaterra. Tony Curtis Yul Brynner Sam Wanamaker Brad Dexter Guy Rolfe Título: Taras Bulba País: Iugoslávia/EUA Ano: 1962 Gênero: Ação/Aventura/Drama Tempo: 122 min Diretor: J. Lee Thompson Tamanho: 1. 3 Gb DECISÕES EXTREMAS. 2010 SINOPSE: Os filhos do casal Aileen (Keri Russel) e John Crowley (Brendan Fraser) têm uma doença degenerativa. Marcados pela falta de esperança, suas trajetórias mudam quando descobrem um cientista (Harrison Ford) que pode trazer a cura. Título Original: Extraordinary Measures Estréia no Brasil: 21/05/2010 Estúdio/Distrib. Sony Pictures Direção: Tom Vaughan Harrison Ford. Robert Stonehill Brendan Fraser. John Crowley Keri Russell. Aileen Crowley Courtney B. Vance Dee Wallace. Sal Jared Harris. Webber Patrick Bauchau. Jurgen Axelsson Ayanna Berkshire. Wendy Temple Gavin Bristol. Webber's Assistant Meredith Droeger. Megan Crowley Lily Mariye. Waldman Jeanine Jackson. Nell Madden Tamanho: 720MB 3 HOMENS EM CONFLITO. 1966 - IMPERDÍVEL WESTERN "SPHAGUETTI" Download Torrent - Filme e legenda SINOPSE: Durante o auge da Guerra Civil, um misterioso pistoleiro (Eastwood) vaga pela fronteira oeste. Ele não possui um lar, lealdade ou companhia. Até que encontra dois estrangeiros (Eli Wallach e Lee Van Cleef) que são tão brutos e desapegados quanto ele. Unidos pelo destino, os três homens juntam suas forças pata tentar encontrar uma fortuna em ouro roubado. Mas trabalho em equipe não é uma coisa natural para voluntariosos pistoleiros, e eles logo descobrem que seu maior desafio é concentrar-se em sua perigosa missão - e em manterem-se vivos - atravessando um país arrasado pela guerra. Clint Eastwood (Blondie) Lee Van Cleef (Angel Eyes Sentenza) Eli Wallach (Tuco Benedito Pacifico Juan Maria Ramirez) Aldo Giuffrè (Oficial) Mario Brega (Wallace) Luigi Pistilli (Padre Pablito Ramirez) Rada Rassimov (Maria) John Bartho (Xerife) Antonio Casale (Jackson / Bill Carson) Angelo Novi (Monge) Antonio Casas (Stevens) Título Original: Il Buono, Il Brutto, Il Cattivo Distribuição: United Artists Direção: Sergio Leone Roteiro: Agenore Incrocci, Sergio Leone, Furio Scarpelli e Luciano Vincenzoni Produção: Alberto Grimaldi Música: Ennio Morricone Fotografia: Tonino Delli Colli Desenho de Produção: Carlo Simi Direção de Arte: Carlo Simi Figurino: Carlo Simi Edição: Eugenio Alabiso e Nino Baragli Quantidade de Mídias: 2 Tamanho: 1, 38 Mb Tipo de Compartilhamento: torrent Legendas: anexada(s) ao Post Qualidade do Vídeo: DVDrip Ano de Lançamento: 1966 Tempo de Duração: 161 Min Audio Bitrate: 156Kb/s Resolução: 640 x 272 Frame Rate: 23. 976 OS EMBALOS DE SÁBADO A NOITE 1 E 2 - RELEMBRANDO OS TEMPOS DA "DISCOTEQUE DANCE" Os Embalos de Sábado Continuam (Staying Alive) 1983 Download torrent - Filme e Legenda SINOPSE: Cinco anos se passaram e Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite de Tony Manero ainda fervem. Agora ele está empenhado em seu maior desafio: fazer sucesso como bailarino nos palcos da Broadway. John Travolta incendeia a tela, revivendo seu lendário personagem indicado para o Oscar. Cynthia Rhodes (Flashdance) e Finola Hughes arrasam como as mulheres da vida de Tony. E a trilha sonora empolga com cinco inesquecíveis canções dos Bee Gees, além do sucesso Far From Over, de Frank Stallone. Dirigido e escrito por outro astro do cinema, Sylvester Stallone, Os Embalos de Sábado Continuam apresenta John Travolta em uma de suas mais marcantes e inesquecíveis interpretações. título original:Staying Alive gênero:Musical duração:01 hs 36 min ano de lançamento:1983 site oficial: estúdio:Paramount Pictures / Cinema Group Ventures distribuidora:Paramount Pictures direção: Sylvester Stallone roteiro:Sylvester Stallone e Norman Wexler, baseado nos personagens criados por Nik Cohn produção:Sylvester Stallone e Robert Stigwood música:Bee Gees fotografia:Nick McLean direção de arte:Norman Newberry figurino:Tom Bronson e Bob Mackie edição:Mark Warner e Don Zimmerman Tamanho: 700 mb OS EMBALOS DE SÁBADO A NOITE 1 E 2 - RELEMBRANDO OS TEMPOS DA "DISTEQUE DANCE" Os Embalos de Sábado à Noite (Saturday Night Fever) 1977 Download torrent - filme e legenda SINOPSE: Tony Manero (John Travolta) um jovem do Brooklyn e um excelente dançarino de disco music, só encontra significado na vida quando dança, pois passar a semana trabalhando em uma loja de tintas não o gratifica de forma nenhuma. Assim ele se perfuma, se veste de um jeito fashion e vai para a discoteca no final de semana. Sob a influência de seu irmão, um padre frustrado, e de Stephanie (Karen Lynn Gorney) sua parceira de dança, começa a questionar a maneira como encara a vida e a limitação de suas perspectivas. Paralelamente Tony vive uma crise amorosa, enquanto se prepara para participar de um concurso em uma discoteca. Ficha técnica: título original:Saturday Night Fever gênero:Drama duração:01 hs 52 min ano de lançamento:1977 estúdio:Paramount Pictures direção: John Badham roteiro:Norman Wexler, com estória de Nik Cohn produção:Milt Felsen e Robert Stigwood música:Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb e David Shire fotografia:Ralf D. Bode direção de arte: figurino:Patrizia von Brandestein edição:David Rawlins Tamanho: 900 Quantidade de mídias: 1.